SCIENCE 8 (NAME: __________________________________________) (SECTION: __________________)

EARTH: referred as the “Blue Planet”, it is a planet in the Solar System sustaining life. LAYERS OF THE EARTH
 Called “Blue Planet” because the surface of Earth is: 71% water, 29% land 1) CRUST: thinnest; outermost layer.

OCEAN: big bodies of water, being all connected through seas, rivers, etc. ~ Oceanic Crust: layer of basalt, iron, and
~ Consists of Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern Ocean. magnesium lying under the ocean.
Hydrosphere: makes up the bodies of water (oceans, seas, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc.) > 6-10 km thick; formed via seafloor spreading
~ Made up of: 97% salt water, 69% fresh water trapped in ice. ~ Continental Crust: layer of granite, silica,
CONTINENTS: large landmasses surrounded by oceans. and aluminum, making up the landmass.
~ Consists of Asia, Africa, North/South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia. > 20-70 km thick; formed via accumulation
~ EURASIA: largest continental landmass; connected by Asia and Europe. of sediments, igneous activities, tectonic plates.
~ AFRO-EURASIA: larger landmass made up of Asia, Africa, and Europe. > less dense than oceanic crust.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY: formed by Alfred Wegener, it is a theory stating 2) MANTLE: thickest layer; under crust.
all continents were one supercontinent called “Pangaea”, which broke apart and drifted ~ Approximately 2,900 km thick.
to their current locations we know today. ~ Includes upper mantle and lower mantle.
 ALFRED WEGENER: (1880 – 1930) ~ coined the term Pangaea (all land). 3) CORE: innermost; hottest layer.
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY: supported the Continental Drift theory, explaining ~ Includes outer core and inner core.
the formation and movement of each landmass, and the formation of geographical Lithosphere: made of crust and upper mantle.
features such as mountains, plateaus, rivers, alongside earthquakes. ~ this is where tectonic plates can be found.
SEAFLOOR SPREADING: process in which ocean floor spreads apart at mid-ocean ~ solid, brittle, rigid, rocky.
ridges, causing magma to rise and cool down to harden, forming new ocean floor. Asthenosphere: made of the upper mantle.
TECTONIC PLATES: pieces of landmass in the lithosphere that move at the ~ hot and flexible layer
boundaries, causes geographical processes such as mountains, rivers, earthquakes, etc. ~ made up of semi-molten rocks.
SEVEN MAJOR TECTONIC PLATES: MOVEMENT OF BOUNDARIES: ~ a convector; transfers energy and heat from
 Pacific Plate Convergent: toward each other the core, causing it to move, which causes the
 North American Plate ~ forms mountains, plateaus, etc. lithospheric plates (tectonic plates) to move.
 South American Plate Divergent: move away from each other. LANDSCAPES: geographical land features
 Eurasian Plate ~ forms rivers, streams, lakes, etc. that make up different elevations & landforms
 African Plate Transform: slide past each other. Relief: variation in elevation within region.
 Indo-Australian Plate ~ forms earthquakes. ~ MOUNTAINS: natural landform that
 Antarctic Plate ~ reason of separation of Pangaea. reach high elevations.
VOLCANO: geological feature formed through escape of molten rock, ash, and gas. Mountain Range: group of individual mountains
MAGMA: molten rock beneath Earth’s surface. Turns to lava when reaches surface. Mountain System: group of mountain ranges
Volcanic Gases: gases released during eruption.  INCLUDES: Mountain Belt: mark tectonic boundaries
>>> TYPES OF VOLCANOES <<< ~ Water Vapor Includes Circum-Pacific (Pacific Ring of
~ simplest and most ~ Carbon Dioxide Fire) and Alphine-Himalayan
Belt.
common type. They are ~ Sulfur Dioxide ~ PLAINS: flat land areas close to sea level.
formed from pyroclastic ~ Nitrogen ~ PLATEAUS: broad, flat areas that rise up
fragments and materials falling down, creating cone shape. more than 600 meters.
PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS: materials alongside magma --they are typically used for farming.
that come during eruptions. Includes rocks and other materials. --formed through uplifting of rock layers.
~ broad, gently sloping sides. They are formed by eruption of
low-viscosity lava flowing over great distances.
~ tall, conical shape, being perfect triangles. They are formed from alternating layers of
lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders through different vents. Also called stratovolcanoes.
> According to PHIVOLCS, volcanoes are grouped based on eruption activity.
1) ACTIVE: erupting; has erupted within the last 10,000 years.
2) DORMANT: sleeping; has not erupted for a long time but could still erupt.
3) EXTINCT: dead; has no more magma supply, making future eruptions unlikely.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:
Hawaiian: most gentle; fluid basaltic lava is thrown into air in jets from vents or fissures (line of vents) at summit or flank.
~ Lava can still travel hundreds of miles, so there is still gender.
Strombolian: short, instant continuous bursts of fluid lava caused by bursting of large bubbles of gas, causing explosions to reach
heights of hundreds of meters.
Vulcanian: short, violent explosions of small sizes, releasing viscous magma. The materials from eruption can travel faster than 350
miles per second, and rise several kilometers into the air.
Plinian: most violent eruptions caused by fragmentation of gassy magma. Extremely destructive, obliterating mountain tops.
Countries in Pacific Ring of Fire: Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, USA (Alaska, Hawaii, West Coast)
WEATHER: conditions of atmosphere at given time and place. >> FORMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES <<
Air Masses: movements of air that cause weather changes. ~ Sun’s heat causes evaporation of ocean water, turning it into
water vapors water vapors when it rises. It cools and then condenses to form
~ Large bodies of air that have the same temperature and humidity. Cumulus clouds that can develop into Cumulonimbus clouds
FRONT: boundaries that form between different air masses. which creates a cyclonic circulation.
~ FOUR TYPES OF FRONTS: ~ As air moves into an organizing low-pressure area, the Coriolis
1) Cold Front: cold air shoves warm air up. Effect causes it to spin counterclockwise. This creates a cyclonic
~ Causes violent storms followed by clear weather. wall of strong winds, clouds, and rainfall, with a calm center “eye”
2) Warm Front: warm air rises over cold air. ~ The cyclone is strengthened by the continuous evaporation of
~ Causes prolonged rain and large clouds. warm ocean water, with the most intense winds & heaviest rainfall
3) Stationary Front: neither air mass moves. in the eyewall (cloud surrounding eye), w/ significant rainfall outside.
~ Causes rain to persist for several days. ~ For a cyclone to become stronger, it needs to stay over the ocean
4) Occluded Front: cold front overtakes warm front. By moving over the land, the cyclone will start weakening.
~ Weather is less severe than cold/warm front. >>> TO PUT IT SIMPLE: <<<
CYCLONES: large storms in low-pressure areas, containing Warm ocean water evaporates with moist air, condensates, coriolis
rising warm and dry air, bringing rainy and stormy weather. effect helps it move, cyclone grows until over land.
~ As warm air rises, cooler air moves in to replace it, causing Cyclogenesis: process of formation of tropical cyclones.
air currents to spin counterclockwise. ~ tropical cyclones have different names based on their place.
ANTICYCLONES: opposite of cyclone; occur in high-pressure Hurricane: Atlantic and East Pacific Ocean Cyclones actually
areas that bring clear, dry weather. Typhoon: North Pacific Ocean spin different than the
~ Forms when cold air moves in a clockwise direction. Cyclone: South Pacific and Indian Ocean other two (clockwise)
TROPICAL CYCLONES: large storms that develop in ~ When typhoon air approaches mountain range (windward side)
low-pressure areas that bring stormy weather. it is forced to rise in a process called orographic lifting.
CORIOLIS EFFECT: the effect in which path of winds shift as ~ As air rises, it cools, causing water vapor to condense and form
they move across Earth’s surface due to its rotation. This is the clouds called orographic clouds, being source of precipitation.
main reason as to why tropical cyclones do not move straight. This causes the windward side to absorb the rain and vegetate.
~ Northern Hemisphere: winds curve to left (counterclockwise) ~ Once air passes over mountain crest, it desceneds on the
~ Southern Hemisphere: winds curve to right (clockwise) (leeward side). This side becomes dry, forming a desert.
MONSOON: seasonal wind pattern bringing heavy rains during This region with less precipitation is called a rain shadow.
part of the year and dry condition in the other part. FUJIWHARA EFFECT: cyclones orbit around a common
~ From the Arabic word “mausim” meaning season. center, leading to their merge or formation of larger cyclone.
Southwest Monsoon (Habagat): May-Oct, bringing warm, moist air from the ocean which causes heavy rains, thunderstorms, floods.
Northeast Monsoon (Amihan): Nov-Feb, bringing cool, dry winds from China and Siberia, causing cooler temperature and less rain.
“BAGYO”: the term for tropical cyclones in the Philippines.
~ PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration) gives local names to tropical cyclones
when they enter PAR (Philippine Area of Responsibility). They have a list of 4 sets of Fiilipino names used in rotation every 4 years.
 The moment a tropical cyclone enters PAR, PAGASA gives it a name from the list alphabetically. If a typhoon is very deadly
or destructive, its name is retired and is replaced with a new name. TYPHOONS can cause landslides,
~ Each year, 20 tropical cyclones enter PAR with about 6-9 making landfall. floods, and storm surges.
They issue tropical cyclone wind signal (TCWS) warnings since March 2022. The following warnings are: The Philippines
~ TCWS #1: tropical depression; winds at 39-61 km/h in 36 hours. suspension of preschool. always get hit 1st
~ TCWS #2: tropical storm; winds at 62-88 km/h in 24 hours. suspension of highschool & below. by typhoons due
~ TCWS #3: severe tropical storm; winds at 89-117 km/h in 18 hours. suspension of college, university & below. to them moving
~ TCWS #4: typhoon; winds at 118-184 km/h in 12 hours. suspension of all westward, and
~ TCWS #5: super typhoon; winds at 185+ km/h in 12 hours. levels and below. due to geography.
 Tracking tropical cyclones allow people to be warned and prepare for typhoon’s impact, alongside alerting the public.
 Farmers would need to protect crops, and airplane flight schedules must be monitored and directed accordingly.
PAGASA uses HIMAWARI 9 geostationary weather sattelite provided by JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) since Dec. 2022.
 (used to be HIMAWARI 8 but it finished its mission)
~ They also regularly issue typhoon forecasts about path and strength of typhoons entering PAR, with intervals every 12-24 hours.
TRACK AND INTESITY FORECAST: BEFORE: DURING: AFTER:
_ Date & Time ~ Prepare items ~ Stay calm; indoors. ~ Wait until flood subsides
_ Center Position (Longitude, Latitude, Location) such as medkits, ~ Listen to the latest ~ Stay away from electric
_ Intensity (Maximum Sustained Winds, Category) water, food, weather reports lines and bodies of water
_ Movement (Direction and Speed) radio, etc. ~ Be cautious of ~ Survey property for damage
~ Storm signals are typically raised when a ~ Discuss about flooded areas and avoid ~ Stay updated
tropical cyclone is about to affect an area in PAR. evacuation. walking through them. ~ Offer help if possible
TIDES: regular rise and fall of sea level due to sun and moon’s gravitational pull. Occurs in cyclical pattern (due to synchronous
rotation of moon). They are also one of the most predictable phenomenon in nature.
~ The gravitational pull of the moon causes water to bulge on the side facing moon alongside the opposite side due to the centrifugal
force (interaction of different force of sun and moon) from Earth’s rotation, creating 2 high and 2 low tides every day.
TIDAL RANGE: difference in height between low and high tides.  TIDAL BULGE represents the High Tides.
 The SUN also exerts a gravitational pull on Earth’s oceans, yet it is weaker due to it being farther away than the moon.
_ When Sun, Moon, Earth (SME) are aligned, it produces SPRING TIDES, which are higher tides (FULL/NEW MOON)
_ When Sun, Moon (SEM) are at right angles, it produces NEAP TIDES, which are lower tides (FIRST/THIRD QUARTER MOON)
~ Low Tides form halfway between high tides.
~ They occur because ocean water moves from the areas
of low tides toward areas of high tide.
TIDAL CURRENT: horizontal flow of water caused by
the rise and fall of tides.
~ Flood Tide: water flows toward shore, submerging
low-lying coastal areas.
~ Ebb Tide: water flows away from shore, exposing
TIDAL FLATS: areas affected by the alternating tide currents. low-lying coastal areas.
SLACK WATER: a period between flood and ebb tide, where there are no tidal currents ongoing.
TIDE TABLES: show expected time and height of high/low tides. | TIDE GAUGES: measure water height in real time using season.
 Tools are used to predict and measure tides. Important for navigation, maritime industries, harbor operations, coastal
engineering.
TIDAL POWER: “tidal energy”; converts kinetic energy of moving seawater as tides rise and fall into electricity.
~ renewable and sustainable energy source due to it being from the tides caused by sun and moon’s gravitational pull.
TIDAL ENERGY PLANT: converts tidal movements into electrical energy. As the tide ebbs, stored water is released through
 Similar to hydroelectric power, but uses ocean tides instead of riverflow. turbines, generating kinetic energy which is
DAM (Barrage): built across key or inlet to capture water at high tides. converted to electricity.
~ Tidal Turbines: moved through water (ocean tides) unlike wind turbines with air. They are installed underwater.
 Their location makes it challenging to install and maintain, especially since you connect underwater cables to transmit energy
 These turbines can also disrupt marine ecosystems and life.
EXAMPLE OF TIDAL POWER PLANTS:
~ Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant, South Korea. ~ This power plant began operating in 2011, producing 254 megawatts (MW)
~ Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada. of electricity.
~ Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station, Russia. Remember that this reviewer was made to assist you for
~ Uldolmok Tidal Power Station, South Korea.
the exams. Try your best to not fully depend on this.
EXTRA SPACE FOR EXTRA NOTES