Unit-3

Refrigeration and Air conditioning

Dr. Manish Singh
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Poornima University, Jaipur
&
Dr. Bholu Kumar
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Poornima University, Jaipur
 REFRIGERATORS
• We all know from experience that heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature, that is, from
high-temperature mediums to low temperature ones.
• This heat transfer process occurs in nature without requiring any devices. The reverse process, however,
cannot occur by itself.
• Refrigerator: It is a device which maintain temperature lower than the atmospheric temperature when it is
operating in a thermodynamic cycle is known as refrigerator.
• The transfer of heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature one requires special devices called
refrigerators.
• Refrigerators, like heat engines, are cyclic devices. The working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle is called a
refrigerant.
• The most frequently used refrigeration cycle is the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, which involves four
main components: a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator.
Coefficient of Performance
The efficiency of a refrigerator is
expressed in terms of the coefficient of
performance (COP), denoted by COPR.
The objective of a refrigerator is to
remove heat (QL) from the refrigerated
space. To accomplish this objective, it
requires a work input of Wnet,in. Then
the COP of a refrigerator can be
expressed as
 HEAT PUMPS
Another device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature is known as the
heat pump, as shown schematically in Figure 3.14 and 3.15.

A heat pump is a device

which, operating in a
cycle, maintains a body,
at a temperature higher
than the temperature of
the surrounding.

Figure. 3.15
Figure. 3.14
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 Coefficient of Performance of Heat pump

The measure of performance of a heat pump is also expressed in terms of the coefficient
of performance COPHP, defined as

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 Example: 3 Heating a House by a Heat Pump

Q. A heat pump is used to meet the heating

requirements of a house and maintain it at
20°C. On a day when the outdoor air
temperature drops to 2°C, the house is
estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h.
If the heat pump under these conditions has a
COP of 2.5, determine
(a)the power consumed by the heat pump and
(b) the rate at which heat is absorbed from (b) The house is losing heat at a rate
the cold outdoor air. of 80,000 kJ/h. If the house is to be
maintained at a constant temperature
Solution: The COP of a heat pump is given.
The power consumption and the rate of heat of 20°C, the heat pump must deliver
absorption are to be determined. heat to the house at the same rate, that
is, at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. Then the
Assumptions: Steady operating conditions rate of heat transfer from the outdoor
exist.
becomes
Analysis: (a) The power consumed by this
heat pump, shown in Figure is determined
from the definition of the coefficient of Figure. 3.16
performance to be

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 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS
The transfer of heat from a low-temperature region to a high-temperature one requires special devices
called refrigerators.

Refrigerators are cyclic devices, and the working fluids used in the refrigeration

cycles are called refrigerants.

Another device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature one is the heat
pump.

Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same devices; they differ in their objectives only.

The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at a low temperature by removing heat
from it.

The objective of a heat pump, however, is to maintain a heated space at a high temperature.
Unit of Refrigeration
The practical unit of refrigeration is "tonne of refrigeration" which is abbreviated as TR. 1 TR is defined
as the amount of cooling effect generated by continuous melting of 1000 kg ice (1 tonne) at 0°C
temperature in 24 hours.

Mathematically,

1 TR = 1000 x 335 kJ in 24 hours

Where, latent heat of 1 kg of ice = 335 kJ/kg

(1000×335)/(24×60) = 232.6 kJ/min

for practical use; 1 TR = 210 kJ/min = 3.5 kW

The cooling load of a typical 200 m2 (2152 ft2) residence is in the 3-ton (10-kW) range.
Vapour compression refrigeration system (VCR)
Problem 1: A household
refrigerator with a COP
of 1.2 removes heat from
the refrigerated space at
a rate of 60 kJ/min.
Determine (a) the electric
power consumed by the
refrigerator and (b) the
rate of heat transfer to
the kitchen air.

Ans:
(a) 50 kJ/min
(b) 110 kJ/min
Problem 2: A heat pump is used
to meet the heating requirements
of a house and maintain it at
20°C. On a day when the outdoor
air temperature drops to –2°C,
the house is estimated to lose heat
at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the
heat pump under these
conditions has a COP of 2.5,
determine (a) the power
consumed by the heat pump and
(b) the rate at which heat is
absorbed from the cold outdoor
air. Ans :
(a) 32000 kJ/h
(b) 48000 kJ/h
Vapour compression refrigeration system
Vapour compression refrigeration system
 Vapour compression refrigeration system
Vapour compression refrigeration system is an important refrigeration system in which refrigerant is
used, which can easily flow and vapourises in different atmospheric range of temperature and
pressure. In this refrigerant is compressed at high pressure, so it is called vapour compression
refrigeration. Ammonia, Freon, carbondioxide and sulphur dioxide are used as refrigerants in it.

PRINCIPLE

• Refrigerant condenses and evaporates sequentially and circulates in the refrigeration system.
Refrigerant takes up heat from the refrigerated space and changes its phase from liquid state to
gaseous state.

• In this way, expulsion of heat from the refrigerated space cools down the refrigeration system
and releases the absorbed heat while changing from gaseous state to liquid state. Refrigerated
space cools down on repeating this process again and again.
 Vapour compression refrigeration system

CONSTRUCTION

Vapour compression refrigeration system is shown in figure. main parts are given as follows:

1. Compressor: It converts the refrigerant with low pressure and temperature, obtained from evaporator into
a refrigerant with high pressure and temperature. It is used to change the pressure of the refrigerant. The
capacity of the compressor depends on the number, size of its cylinders and efficiency of compression. A
cylinder with a piston fitted in it in the compressor is generally used to produce high pressure.
 Vapour compression refrigeration system

2. Condenser: Condenser is a
heat transferring equipment
that absorbs the latent heat
from the vapour refrigerant
obtained from compressor and
converts it into liquid
refrigerant. It is used to
produce cooling in the
refrigeration system.
 Vapour compression refrigeration system

3. Evaporator: It is also used

like condenser for transferring of
heat but in this, the heat is
provided to refrigerant, obtained
from receiver through the
expansion valve and is converted
into vapour form. It is also known
as cooling unit and freezer.
 Vapour compression refrigeration system

4. Receiver: The working of an evaporator depends on the essential cooling in the refrigeration system. If
high cooling is required in the refrigeration system, it will require greater amount of refrigerant and just
opposite to this, lesser refrigerant is required for low cooling. So receiver is used to gain refrigerant as per
requirement in which the liquid acquired from the condenser accumulates and refrigerant is provided to the
evaporator as per requirement.

5. Expansion Valve: The amount of refrigerant used in the evaporator keeps changing. Expansion valve is
used for controlling it. It is also called control valve.

6. Suction Line: Its work is to supply the low pressurized vapour obtained from the evaporator to the
compressor.
7. Discharge Line : It is used to supply high pressurized vapour obtained from the compressor to the
condenser.
8. Filter: It is used to keep the refrigerant clean so that no problem can arise in the flow of refrigerant used
further in the suction line, discharge line.
 Vapour compression refrigeration system
WORKING

• As per figure, vapour refrigerant with low pressure and high temperature enters into the compressor from the
evaporator through suction line.

• Here vapour gets compressed upto high pressure and reaches the condenser through discharge line.

• Refrigerant vapour in the condenser releases the latent heat, absorbed from the refrigerated space, and changes it into
liquid and collects it in the receiver.

• The controlled refrigerant from the expansion valve gets collected in the evaporator and after this the liquid absorbs
latent heat from the refrigerant space in the evaporator and changes it into gaseous state and enters into the condenser.

• In this way, the refrigerated space is cooled when the heat absorbed in the evaporator is released from the condenser.
This process is repeated again and again. In this the refrigerated space remain cool continuously.
Vapour absorption refrigeration system

Analyzer
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system
• Vapour absorption refrigeration is the revised form of vapour compression refrigeration system.

• Heat energy can be used in place of mechanical energy in the vapour absorption system. A generator and
one absorber are used in place of compressor.

CONSTRUCTION

The structure of vapour absorption system is similar to that of vapour compression refrigeration system. The
main parts of this system are as follows:

Generator: Here generator is used to heat the concentrated ammonia solution. In this, the concentrated
ammonia solution is heated by an external heat source like- electric heater, etc., which generates water vapour
and ammonia vapour from the concentrated ammonia solution
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system

CONSTRUCTION

Analyzer : The water particles vaporized on heating concentrated ammonia by the generator can be entered in the
condenser through the medium of discharge line. If the refrigeration system is operated at a temperature lower
than the freezing point of water, the water particles can get frozen in the way which can block the refrigeration
system. So, analyzer is used to separate the water vapour particles from ammonia.

Absorber : It is used to absorb dry ammonia from the evaporator and to remove its heat out through the medium
of cold water.

Condenser : It is used to convert the ammonia vapour into liquid ammonia.

Evaporator : It is used to convert liquid ammonia into ammonia vapour.

 VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
WORKING

As shown in figure, when low pressure ammonia vapour enters from the evaporator to the absorber, then
this absorber releases its heat and converts itself into liquid state.

This heats the diluted ammonia solution and the vapour of heated ammonia is released out by using cold
water.

Due to this, the pressure of ammonia solution decreases which causes the release of ammonia from the
evaporator to the absorber and makes the diluted ammonia solution concentrated.

Concentrated ammonia is used in the generator. On heating the solution there, the water vapour and
ammonia vapours are separated.
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system

WORKING

The water vapour from the separated solution enters into the absorber and high pressure ammonia vapour
enters the condenser.

Vapour in the condenser releases its latent heat and changes into liquid state as done in the compression
refrigeration system.

Liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve and reaches the evaporator. It absorbs latent heat in the
evaporator and it again changes itself into vapour form. This latent heat is taken by the temperature available
in the refrigerated space.

In this way, cooling is generated in the refrigerator system by the continuous transfer of heat.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT

➢ It should have high latent heat of vaporization (Ammonia has highest latent heat of
vaporization).

➢ It should have low specific volume

➢ It should have high thermal conductivity.

➢ It should have low viscosity.

➢ It should have high critical pressure and temperature.

➢ It should be non-toxic, odorless, and non-inflammable.

 Nomenclature of refrigerants

Refrigerant

Organic Inorganic

Methane Ethane Ex. NH3,

(CH4) based (C2H6) CO2, SO2,
based water, air

Halogenated hydrocarbons (organic ref.) Ex. R-10, R-11, R-12, R-134 etc.
Nomenclature of refrigerants
❑ The refrigerants of Methane and Ethane series are known by their numbers.
❑ To simplify the terminology, a number system was developed
❑ Each refrigerant carries a specific number and this number is preceded by the word
Refrigerant , R or by manufacturers trade name as Freon or Genetron.
❑ All 2 digit numbers are derived from Methane
❑ All 3 digit numbers are derived from Ethane base.
❑ The last digit gives the number of fluorine atoms in the molecule.
❑ The digit next to the last digit equals one more than the number of Hydrogen atoms.
❑ Any atoms not accounted for in the Methane or Ethane series are Chlorine.
 NOMENCLATURE OF REFRIGERANT
All refrigerant are given 3 digit code. 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂

For organic refrigerants: 𝑪𝒎 𝑯𝒏 𝑭𝒑 𝑪𝒍𝒒

First digit = No. of C atoms – 1 Saturated hydrocarbon: The designation is R-(m-1)(n+1)p,
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: The designation is R-1(m-1)(n+1)p
Second digit = No. of H atoms + 1
Inorganic: The designation is R-(700 + molecular weight)
Third digit = No. of fluorine atoms where:
m: is the number of carbon atoms
Fill the remaining valency with chlorine
n: is the number of hydrogen atoms
atoms.
p: is the number of fluorine atoms
q: is the number of chlorine atoms

(x) = 7 refers to inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, R717,

water, R718, and carbon dioxide, R744.
 Nomenclature of refrigerants

Example: Write the chemical formula of the following refrigerants:

i. R22

ii. R22

iii. R113

iv. R134
Nomenclature of refrigerants
 Desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant
1. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
a. Low boiling point a. Low specific volume
b. Low freezing point b. Low specific heat.
c. High saturation temperature c. High thermal conductivity
d. High latent heat d. Low viscosity.
e. High electrical insulation.
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 4. OTHER PROPERTIES
a. Non-toxicity a. Ease of leakage location
b. Non-flammable b. Availability & Low cost.
c. Non-corrosiveness c. Ease of handling.
d. Non-irritating & Odourless d. High C.O.P.
e. Low Power consumption/TR
f. Low pressure ratio & Pressure difference
 AIR CONDITIONING

➢ Air conditioning refers to maintaining a pleasant environment in a specific area. In this process, the
regulation of temperature, humidity and purification of air takes place in a special environment.

➢ Different seasons experience variations in the temperature, speed, humidity, etc. But with the help of air
conditioning, temperature can be regulated between 22 oC - 26.5 oC and humidity can be maintained
between 30-70%. This range of temperature and humidity is more appropriate for human beings

CONSTRUCTION

A window air conditioner is a self-contained machine, so all the necessary components are fitted in the same
structure as per. The main components of the window air conditioner shown in figure are as follows:
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING
 WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING

CONSTRUCTION

A window air conditioner is a self-contained machine, so all the necessary components are fitted in the same
structure as per.

(i) Evaporator : In a window air conditioner, fin type evaporator is used. It helps to generate cooling. The
liquid refrigerant present in it is converted into vapour refrigerant after absorbing heat from the surroundings.

(ii) Condenser: The condenser used in AC is also of fin type similar to evaporator. It converts the vaporised
refrigerant into liquid state and releases the heat consumed by evaporator.

(iii) Compressor: In window air conditioner it mostly uses reciprocating type compressor. This compresses the
refrigerant at high pressure and makes it flow further.
 WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING
(iv) Air Filter: In a window air conditioner, room air is sucked into the air conditioner and is then blown
out into the room. Here air filter is used to remove the unwanted components obtained from air received as
input.

(v) Fans: Two fans are used in this type of air conditioner as shown in figure. It helps to maintain the flow
of air in evaporator and condenser.

Working: A window air conditioner is generally fitted on the wall of the room. Some part of it is fitted
inside the room, while the remaining part is outside the room.

• The evaporator is the part which is inside the room while condenser and compressor are outside the
room.

• When power supply is provided to air conditioner, the fan fitted inside it starts rotating and all the other
components come into operation.
 WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING

• The air exits from the room through air filter and air from external environment reaches to air conditioner
unit through compressor.

• When a part of air reaches near the evaporator, it releases its heat to the refrigerant flowing through it. The
evaporator then absorbs the heat and converts the liquid refrigerant into vapour refrigerant.

• Cool air then enters the room through the fan near evaporator. This air rotates inside the room and cools it
instantly.

• When the air pressure inside the room increases, it enters back into the air conditioner through air filter. In
this manner, a part of air reaches near condenser, and absorbs heat from it. This air becomes hot and is
thrown out by the fan of the air conditioner unit, as shown in figure.

• Thus, this process keeps going on continuously which keeps the room cool.
 Jet propulsion
Introduction

All the propulsive devices are based on two fundamental laws, namely, Newton's second and third laws of
motion. All these devices cause a change in momentum of a mass of fluid, called propellant, by imparting it
energy, and the reaction of this accelerating mass of fluid produces, in a direction opposite to that of the mass
flow, a propulsive force called thrust. This thrust propels the engine.

The propulsive devices can be classified into two main categories:

1. Air breathing engines.

2. Rocket engines.
 Jet propulsion
• As the name implies air breathing engines depend on the atmosphere for their supply of oxidant (air) while
rocket engines carry their own supply of oxidant.

• In the first type of engine the air is taken in, accelerated either by a propeller or by expanding high pressure
turbine exhaust in a nozzle or by a combination of both. This accelerated mass of air is ejected at the rear of
the engine, the resultant change in momentum of the fluid produces a thrust to propel the engine.

• In a rocket engine the fuel is burned in the combustion chamber, the source of oxygen being within the
rocket, and the products of combustion expanded in a nozzle imparting them a high velocity which produces
the propulsive force.

• The performance of air-breathing engines is, therefore, affected by the ambient conditions and the forward
speed of the aircraft while rocket performance is not affected by the forward speed and very little affected by
ambient condition.
 Jet propulsion
Air breathing engines can further be classified as follows:

1. Reciprocating engines

2. Gas Turbine engines

(i) Turbojet

(ii) Turboprop

(iii) Ram Jet

(iv) Pulse Jet

(v) Ram Rocket

Turbojet Engine
 Turbojet Engine
❖ A turbojet engine, as shown in Figure, consists of
a diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber,
turbine and a nozzle.
❖ The air is inducted in the diffuser which reduces
its velocity, thereby, raising its pressure.
❖ The air is then compressed in a compressor of
either axial or centrifugal type.
❖ The compressed air then passes to a combustion
chamber where fuel is added and burnt.
❖ The products of combustion are fed to a turbine
which produces power, just sufficient to drive the
compressor and other auxiliaries such as fuel
pump, lubricating pump, etc.
 Aerodynamics
Introduction

Aerodynamics is the study of objects in

motion through the air and the forces that
produce or change such motion.
Aerodynamics is the way air moves
around things.

When aircraft fly, they are subject to four

different forces. Each force has its
opposite. The pairings are as follows: –

Flight Force Opposing Force

Lift Weight
Thrust Drag
Weight: To fly, an aircraft needs something to push it in the opposite direction from gravity. The weight of
an object controls how strong the push has to be. A kite needs a lot less upward push than a jumbo jet does.

Weight—the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew,

the fuel, and the cargo or baggage. Weight is a force that
pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity.
It opposes lift and acts vertically downward through the
aircraft’s center of gravity (CG).
Lift: Lift is the push that lets something move up. It is the force that is the opposite of weight. For an aircraft to
move upward, it must have more lift than weight.
How Do an Airplane’s Wings Provide Lift?
The shape of an airplane’s wings is what makes it able to fly. Airplanes’ wings are curved on top and flatter on the
bottom. That shape makes air flow over the top faster than under the bottom. So, less air pressure is on top of the
wing. This condition makes the wing, and the airplane it’s attached to, move up. Using curves to change air
pressure is a trick used on many aircraft.

Bernoulli's principle states that larger the cross section

area, lower the velocity of flow. And hence high pressure
at the larger section.
What is drag in aircraft?
• Drag is a mechanical force. It is generated by the interaction and contact of a solid body with a fluid (liquid
or gas).
• It is not generated by a force field, in the sense of a gravitational field or an electromagnetic field, where one
object can affect another object without being in physical contact.
• For drag to be generated, the solid body must be in contact with the fluid. If there is no fluid, there is no
drag. static solid object.

• Drag is generated by the difference in velocity

between the solid object and the fluid. There
must be motion between the object and the fluid.
If there is no motion, there is no drag. It makes
no difference whether the object moves through
a static fluid or whether the fluid moves past a
static solid object.
Q. Why are drag so important for aircraft?
Newton’s Second Law: Force
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
His second law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Momentum
is defined to be the mass m of an object times its velocity V.
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object
exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and
opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an
equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, forces result from
interactions.
Examples of action and reaction involving aerodynamics:
•The motion of lift from an airfoil, the air is deflected downward by the airfoil’s
action, and in reaction, the wing is pushed upward.
•The motion of a spinning ball, the air is deflected to one side, and the ball reacts
by moving in the opposite direction.
•The motion of a jet engine produces thrust and hot exhaust gases flow out the
back of the engine, and a thrusting force is produced in the opposite direction
Thrust: Thrust is the force that is the opposite of drag. Thrust is the push that moves something forward. For an
aircraft to keep moving forward, it must have more thrust than drag. A small airplane might get its thrust from a
propeller. A larger airplane might get its thrust from jet engines.
• For an aircraft to start moving, thrust must be
exerted and be greater than drag.
• The aircraft continues to move and gain speed
until thrust and drag are equal.
• In order to maintain a constant airspeed, thrust
and drag must remain equal, just as lift and
weight must be equal to maintain a constant
altitude.
• If in level flight, the engine power is reduced,
the thrust is lessened, and the aircraft slows
down.
• As long as the thrust is less than the drag, the
aircraft continues to decelerate. To a point, as
the aircraft slows down, the drag force will also
decrease.
• The aircraft will continue to slow down until
thrust again equals drag at which point the
airspeed will stabilize.
Thanks
?