Tissues

L O K ES H K U M A R G U PT A
D A L H O U S I E PU B L I C S C H O O L , D A L H O U S I E
 Introduction

 All living organisms are made up of single cell or several

cells.
 In unicellular organisms, there is lack of tissue organization,
division of labour and cellular differentiation.
 A single cell carries out all basic functions, such as
ingestion, respiration, excretion etc.
 For ex- Amoeba, Yeast etc.
 In multicellular organisms, millions of cells are found and
exhibit tissue organization, division of labour and cellular
differentiation.
 Introduction

 Each specialized function is taken up by different group

of cells, efficiently.
 In plants, vascular tissues conduct food and water.
 Similarly, muscle cells contract and relax to cause
movement, nerve cells carry messages, blood flows to
transport oxygen etc in human beings.
 For ex- Plants, animals etc.
 Tissues

 Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and

function, work together to achieve a particular
function.
 Phloem, xylem, blood, muscles are examples of tissues.
 The study of tissue is called Histology.
 Mayer coined the term histology.
 Marcello Malpighi is a founder of histology.
 Bichat coined the term tissue in animal- father of
animal histology.
 N. Grew is father of plant histology.
 Comparison Between Plant & Animal
Tissue

Plant Tissue Animal Tissue

 Growth is limited to certain  Growth is limited only

region but usually  Most tissues are living.
unlimited.
 Feeding method is
 Most tissues are dead.
heterotrophic.
 Feeding method is
autotrophic.  Organ system design is
 Organ system design is active locomotion type.
sedentary.  Energy consumption is
 Energy consumption is less more.
 Plant Tissues

 A group of similar or dissimilar cells that perform a

definite structural and functional organization of a
plant is called plant tissues.
 Plant tissues are of two main types- Meristematic
tissues and Permanent tissues.
Plant Tissues
 Meristematic Tissues

 Nageli gave the term ‘Meristem’.

 All the cells of the embryo of a plant are capable of
division but with the growth of the plant, this feature
becomes restricted to only certain regions.
 Characteristics-
 They have an ability to divide continuously.
 Cells are similar in structure, i.e., isodiametric.
 Cells may be oval, rounded and elongated.
 Intercellular space is absent.
 Cells contain dense cytoplasm.
 Types of Meristematic Tissues

 Meristematic tissues may be classified into three types

based on their position, these are-
 Apical meristem
 Lateral meristem
 Intercalary meristem
 Apical Meristem-
 Such meristem is located at the growing tips of stem
and roots.
 It increases the length of the stem and the root.
 It plays vital role in the primary growth of plants.
 Types of Meristematic Tissues

 Lateral Meristem-
 Such meristem is located at the lateral side of root and
stem.
 The girth or thickness of the stem or root increases due
to lateral meristem.
 Cork cambium and vascular cambium are lateral
meristems and play vital role during secondary growth
of dicot plants.
 Types of Meristematic Tissues

 Intercalary Meristem-
 Such meristem is usually located at the base of leaves
or internode or on either side
of node on twigs.
 It plays vital role for the
growth of internode and leaves.
 Permanent Tissues

 The tissues comprise cells which have lost their

capacity of division is called permanent tissues.
 The cells of meristematic tissues take up a specific role
and lose the ability to divide.
 They finally form a permanent tissues.
 This process of taking up of a permanent shape, size
and function is called “differentiation”.
 Permanent Tissues

 Characteristics-
 They have lost the power of division.
 They originate from meristematic tissues on
differentiation.
 They exhibit permanent shape, size and function.
 Cells may be living or dead.
 Intercellular space may present or reduced.
 Permanent tissues may be classified into two types-
simple permanent tissue and complex permanent
tissue.
 Simple Permanent Tissues

 The permanent tissue is made up of structurally and

functionally similar cells are called simple permanent
tissue.
 These are homogeneous in nature.
 It is further classified into three types-
 Parenchyma
 Collenchyma
 Sclerenchyma
 Parenchyma Tissues

 It is the most common plant tissue.

 It constitutes the basic packing tissue of plant body.
 Characteristics-
 It is unspecialized cells with thin cell walls.
 Cells are living and usually isodiametric.
 Cells are usually loosely packed.
 Intercellular space is found to store food and water.
 Parenchyma may be of the following forms-
chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.
 Parenchyma Tissues

 Chlorenchyma-
 When parenchyma cells are exposed to light, these
develop chloroplast in them and such a tissue is known
as chlorenchyma.
 It helps in maximum photosynthesis.
 Aerenchyma-
 In aquatic plants, larger air cavities are present in
parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants to help
them float.
 Such parenchyma is called arenchyma.
 Parenchyma Tissues

 Function-
 The cells are involved in the various physiological
activities like photosynthesis, storage, secretion,
excretion etc.
 Collenchyma Tissues

 They consist of elongated cells having less intercellular

spaces and thicker at the corners.
 They give flexibility and allows easy bending of different
parts like stem, leaf etc.
 They also give mechanical support to the plant.
 Collenchyma Tissues

 Characteristics-
 Collenchyma are living and effective mechanical tissues.
 It provides elasticity and support to the growing
structure.
 It is found in leaf below the epidermis.
 Cells are larger with very less intercellular space.
 Cells are elongated and irregular thickening at the
corner.
 Collenchyma Tissues

 Functions-
 It facilitates bending movement in various parts of
plant without breaking.
 It provides flexibility.
 Sclerenchyma Tissues

 Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow, dead thick

walled cells.
 The cell walls contain lignin a chemical substance which
act like cement and hardens them.
 It gives strength and hardness to the plant parts.
 It can be seen in the husk of a coconut.
 Sclerenchyma Tissues

 Charecteristics-
 Sclerenchyma are lignified and dead cells.
 Cells are long narrow with wall thickening.
 No intercellular space is present.
 Presence of pits and lack of protoplasm.
 This tissue is present in stems, around vascular
bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering
of seeds and nuts.
 Sclerenchyma Tissues

 Functions-
 It is dead mechanical tissue.
 It provides strength to the plant parts.
 It makes the plant hard and stiff.
 Complex Permanent Tissues

 These tissues are made up of more than one type of

cells.
 All these cells co-ordinate to perform a common
function.
 These complex tissues are water and food containing
tissues that constitute vascular tissues.
 These vascular tissues are- xylem and phloem.
 The elements of xylem and phloem are always
organized in groups, called vascular bundles.
 Xylem

 It is derived from Greek word “xylos” which means

wood.
 It is a conducting tissue.
 It helps in upward conduction of water, inorganic
solution and minerals.
 It composed of four elements-
 Tracheids
 Vessels
 Xylem fibre
 Xylem parenchyma
 Xylem

 Tracheids-
 It is a highly elongated tube- like cell with hard, thick
and lignified walls.
 These cells are dead and having tapering and blunt end.
 It helps in transportation of water and minerals.
 Vessels-
 These are long, cylindrical and tubular structures with
lignified walls.
 The cells are dead having wide central cavities.
 These are arranged in longitudinal series in which end
plates are perforated and looks like a water pipe.
 Xylem

 Xylem fibre-
 These are sclerenchymatous tissues associated to
xylem.
 These are mainly supportive in function.
 These possess pits, highly thickened walls and
obliterated central lumen.
 Xylem parenchyma-
 These are parenchymatous tissues related to xylem.
These are thin and of cellulosic cell wall.
 These store food and help in the side ways conduction
of water.
Xylem
 Phloem

 It is a complex tissue that transports food.

 It transports the material in both upward and
downward directions in all parts of the plants.
 It is composed of four types of elements-
 Sieve tubes
 Companion cells
 Phloem parenchyma
 Phloem fibre
 Phloem

 Sieve tubes-
 These are long, slender, tube- like structures and
arranged in longitudinal series.
 These are associated with the companion cells.
 Their end walls are perforated in a sieve like manner to
form the sieve plate.
 Nucleus is absent in these tissues.
 The nucleus of companion cells controls the
functioning of sieve tubes.
 Phloem

 Companion cells-
 These are narrow, elongated and thin walled living cells.
 These are closely associated with the sieve tubes.
 The sieve tube elements and companion cells are
connected by pit fields present in longitudinal wall.
 Phloem parenchyma-
 These are elongated, tapering to broadly cylindrical and
living cells.
 These cells store organic food materials.
 Phloem

 Phloem fibre-
 These are much elongated unbranched and needle like
apices having pits.
 At maturity they lose their protoplast and become
dead.
Phloem
Difference between xylem and phloem
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Plants require protection from external

environment for their survival.
 Their internal structure and tissues are protected from
the external environment by means of specific tissues
called as protective tissues.
 These tissues present in plant's stem, roots, leaves, etc,
also helps plants by preventing the loss of water.
 In plants, the protective tissues are epidermis and cork.
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Epidermis-
 It is the outermost protective layer of plant.
 It is usually single layered but in leaves of some dry
habitat, it is multilayered.
 It protects all parts of the plant.
 Epidermal cells of aerial parts of the plant secrete a waxy,
water resistant layer on their outer surface.
 It protects them against water loss, mechanical injury and
any attack by pathogens.
 The epidermis of the desert plant has a thick layer
of cutin that is called cuticle.
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Epidermis-
 Epidermis of leaf contains small pores, called stomata.
 Stomata is enclosed by two kidney-shaped guarding cells
that are necessary for gaseous exchange in the leaf.
 Stomata also facilitates transpiration, a process by
which loss of excess water in the form of water vapour
through leaves' surface.
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Epidermis-
 Epidermal cells of roots forms the outermost layer of
long hair-like structures which creates larger absorptive
surface area.
 Epidermal cells helps in the absorption of water in roots.
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Cork-
 As plants grow older, the outer protective layer of tissues
undergo several changes.
 A strip of secondary meristem located in the cortex forms
layer of cells which constitute cork.
 Cork cells are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces.
 Cork have a substance called suberin in their walls that
makes them impervious to gases and water.
 Protective Plant Tissues

 Cork-
 It is formed by secondary lateral meristem called
cambium.
 It replaces the epidermis of older roots and stems.
 It is also known as phellum.
 Cells of cork are dead, compactly arranged and
have no intercellular spaces. It forms bark of the tree
(several layers thick).
 It prevents water loss from evaporation.
 It protects plants from the parasites and other harmful
microorganisms.
 TISSUES

ANIMAL TISSUES
 Animal Tissues

 The branch of biology that deals with the study of

tissues is called “histology”.
 Bichat is considered as Father of Animal Histology.
 A tissue is defined as “a set of physically linked cells
with similar origin along their associated intercellular
substances.
 These are specialized to perform their particular
functions.
 E.g. contraction and relaxation of muscle cells exhibit
movement of body parts.
 Animal Tissues

 On the basis of functions, different types of animal

tissues are-
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Muscular tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Epithelial Tissues

 The epithelial tissue covers the external surface of the

body and internal free surface of many organs.
 The cells are arranged very close to each other with
very little extracellular material.
 The lining of skin, alimentary canal and blood vessels,
digestive glands like pancreas and liver, respiratory
system, etc., are protected by epithelial tissues.
 It protects the body and controls the movement of
materials between the body and the surroundings and
between the parts of the body.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Depending on the structure and function, epithelial

tissues are classified into the following groups: simple
and compound.
 Simple tissue further classified into sub-types-
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
 Ciliated
 Glandular
 Compound tissues also have two sub-types- stratified
and transitional
 Epithelial Tissues

 Simple epithelium-
 It is formed of a single layer of cells.
 It rests on the basement membrane.
 There are five main types of simple epithelium-
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
 Ciliated and
 Glandular.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Squamous epithelium-
 It consists of thin, flat and polygonal cells.
 It forms a delicate and irregular boundaries that fit
closely, so it is known as pavement epithelium.
 It is present in the linings of blood vessels, lungs,
mouth, oesophagus etc.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Cuboidal epithelium-
 It consists of cube shaped cells in vertical section.
 It forms the lining of kidney, tubules and ducts of
salivary glands and provide mechanical support.
 It participates in protection, secretion, excretion etc.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Columnar epithelium-
 It consists of tall pillar like cells.
 It helps in secretion and absorption.
 It is mainly found in the inner surface of intestine,
stomach and gall bladder.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Ciliated epithelium-
 It consists of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells which
bear hair like structures (cilia).
 The movement of cilia pushes the mucus forward.
 It is found in inner surface of some hollow organs like
bronchioles, nasal passage,
fallopian tube etc.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Glandular epithelium-
 It is formed by modified columnar
or cuboidal epithelium.
 Sometimes epithelial tissue folds
inwards and forms a multicellular
gland which secretes substances.
 Glands are specialized epithelial
cells that produce a fluid scretion.
 On the basis of secretion, glands
are of two types- exocrine and
endocrine.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Compound epithelium-
 It is made up of two or more layers of cells.
 The cells may be of different shapes in different layers.
 The deepest layer locate on a basement membrane.
 Its main function is protection to underlying tissues
against mechanical, thermal and other stresses.
 There are two types of compound epithelium-
 Stratified
 Transitional
 Epithelial Tissues

 Stratified epithelium-
 It consists of more than one layers of cells and gives a
stratified appearance.
 It shows many types of variation.
 Stratified cuboidal- Inner lining of pancreatic duct
 Stratified squamous- It covers
buccal cavity, pharynx etc.
 Epithelial Tissues

 Transitional epithelium-
 It is much thinner and more stretchable.
 It has single layer of cuboidal cells at the base and two
or three middle layers of polygonal cells and superficial
layer of large polygonal cells.
 It forms inner surface of urinary bladder, ureter etc.
 Connective Tissues

 Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts

of the body together.
 The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed
and the space between the cells are filled with a jelly
like matrix.
 It provides structural and mechanical support to the
body.
 It helps in body defense, tissue repair, fat storage, etc.
 There are eight types of connective tissues- areolar,
adipose, white fibrous, tendon, ligament, cartilage,
bone and blood.
 Connective Tissues

 Areolar tissue-
 It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nervous and nerves and in the bone
marrow.
 It fills space inside the organs.
 It supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues
 It is also known as loose connective tissue.
 Three types of cells are present in the areolar tissues:
fibroblast, macrophages and mast cell.
 Connective Tissues

 Adipose tissue-
 It is a connective and fat storing tissue.
 It is found below the skin and between and between
internal organs.
 It is characterized by the presence of adipocytes (fat
cells) as cellular component.
 The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
 It acts as insulator and prevent heat loss.
 It forms shock absorbing cushion around kidney and
eyeballs.
 Connective Tissues

 White fibrous tissue-

 It is special connective tissue with only a few fibroblasts
as cellular components.
 It has great tensile strength.
 It is present at the joints between skull and bones. It
makes them immovable and fixed.
 Tendon-
 It forms the strong inextensible attachment of skeletal
muscle to a bone.
 It is made of dense and strong fibrous connective tissue
 Connective Tissues

 Ligament-
 It is a special connective tissue that connects two
bones.
 It is very elastic with considerable strength.
 Its matrix is densely crowded with yellow elastin fibre.
 Due to presence of ligaments, movement and rotation
of our neck, limbs and finger are possible.
 Connective Tissues

 Cartilage-
 It is a solid but flexible connective tissue.
 It has solid matrix which is made of proteins and sugars
 The matrix is rich in chondrin.
 Chondriocytes are large and blunt angular cartilage
cells.
 Connective Tissues

 Bone-
 It is a solid and non-flexible connective tissue.
 It forms a framework that supports the body.
 It also anchors the muscles and supports the main
organs of the body.
 Bone cells (osteocytes) are embedded in a hard matrix
containing calcium and phosphorus compounds.
 Connective Tissues

 Blood-
 It is a fluid or liquid connective tissue.
 Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which
contains red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC)
and platelets.
 The blood transports gases, digested food, hormones,
waste materials etc.
 Muscular Tissues
 Muscular tissues contracts and relaxes to cause
movement.
 It is made up of thin and elongated cells, called as
muscle fibres.
 It contains contractile proteins.
 This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.
 Muscles which can move under our will are called
voluntary muscles. Muscles which do not move under
our will are called involuntary muscles.
 There are three types of muscles- skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscles.
 Muscular Tissues

 Skeletal muscles-
 These muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
 These help in body movement.
 These are made up of very long, cylindrical and
multinucleated cells.
 These muscles are also known as voluntary muscles.
 These muscles show alternate light and dark bands or
striations, so these muscles are also known as striated
muscles.
 These muscles are present in arm, limbs, tongue etc.
 Muscular Tissues

 Smooth muscles-
 These muscles are made up of collection of fusiform
cells and do not show any striation.
 These muscles are also known as unstriated muscles.
 Each muscle cell contains single nucleus.
 Their contraction process is slow and not under
voluntary control, so they are involuntary in nature.
 They are present in alimentary canal, blood vessels,
bronchi of lungs, iris of eye etc.
 Muscular Tissues

 Cardiac muscles-
 These muscles are involuntary muscles having faint
striations.
 The cells are long, cylindrical, branched and
uninucleated.
 These lie parallel to each other.
 They are present in the heart and helps in the
contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Muscular Tissues
 Nervous Tissues

 All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli.

 Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part
of the body to the other and responds to stimuli.
 It is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
 It consists of nerve cells called neurons.
 Nervous Tissues

 Structure of neuron-
 Neurons are the structural and functional unit of
nervous system.
 Each neuron consists of a cell body (cyton) with nucleus
and cytoplasm, along with nerve fibre (axon).
 Cell Body (Cyton)-
 It contains cytoplasm (neuroplasm).
 It has spherical nucleus, mitochondria, ER, neurofubrils.
 These help in protein synthesis.
 Nervous Tissues

 Dendrites-
 The small branches having tapering projection that
arise from the cell body are called dendrites.
 These provide large surface area and conduct nerve
impulse towards the cell body.
 Axon-
 It is a long process that originates from cell body.
 It exhibits branches at its terminal end.
 The swollen structure found at the terminal end is
called synaptic knob.
 Nervous Tissues

 The synaptic knob may form inter communicating

junctions, called synapses.
 Nerve impulses pass between neurons through the
synapse with the help of chemicals such as
acetylcholine which are termed as neurotransmitter.