GRAMMAR SECTION

1. Determiners 5. Reported speech

2. Tense ❖ Command and request
3. Modal ❖ Statements
4. Subject-verb concord ❖ Questions

DETERMINERS
Determiners are words placed before nouns to clarify what the noun refers to. They help specify
which one, how many, or whose.
Types of Determiners:
Articles – a, an, the
Demonstratives – this, that, these, those
Possessives – my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Quantifiers – some, many, few, much, any, each, every, all
Numbers – one, two, first, second, etc.
Distributives – either, neither, each, every
Interrogatives – which, what, whose
ARTICLES( A, AN, THE)
i. Fill in the blanks with a or an
1. __ useful hint for ----- essay. 6. ___ one-rupee note and ___ fifty-paisa
2. _ letter and ___ envelope. coin.
3. __ idea for ___ story. 7. ____ English team for ____ cricket
4. ___ egg and ___ slice of bread. match.
5. ___ European artist and ___ Indian 8. ____ noble master and ____ honest
engineer. servent.

ii. Fill in the blanks with a or an . put * neither a nor an is needed

1. He does not take ______ sugar in his 5. She is ___student of ____ architecture.
tea. 6. They found ___ snake in ___ empty tin.
2. We need ______ ambulance to carry 7. I am reading _poem. I am fond of ___
him to ____ hospital. poetry.
3. ___ water and ____ air are necessary 8. His brother is ___ shopkeeper. He sells
for ____ life. __ clothe.
4. ___ gold ring will be _____ expensive
gift.
iii. Fill in the blanks with a,an or the. Put * where no articles is needed.
1. We have bought ______ LCD television 5. All 0f us admire ____ beauty.
set. 6. He met with _____ accident today but
2. Everybody has liked ____ television was not hurt at all.
set bought by us. 7. _____ beauty of Kashmir is very
3. We a looking for __ new house. famous.
4. -------- house in which we are living 8. You have made some excellent points
now is not very spacious. in _____ essay you have shown me.

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 iv. Fill in the blanks with a, an, or the
1. I bought ____ umbrella yesterday. _____ umbrella is made of fine silk.
2. She gave me ____ egg and ____ orange. ___ egg was rotten but orange was good.
3. They are going to build ____ new bridge here. _____ old bridge cannot take ____ load of
_____ heavy traffic that passes over it.
4. He lost ____ arm in ____ accident. ______ accident took place many years ago.
5. ______ Principal explained ______ whole problem to ____ parents.
6. ____ small child stood under ____ tree. But his hands could not reach ____ branches of ____
tree. There were tears in child’s eyes.

v. Insert ‘the’ in the following sentences wherever it is needed

1. His uncle lives in U.S.A. . 5. He is ______ only son of his parents.
2. _______ Red fort was built BY _____ 6. She belongs to _______ richest family
Shah Jahan. of our city.
3. In _____ summer, they went on a trip 7. I missed ____ last bus ; now I shall take
to _____ Alps. ____ next one.
4. We went to _____ Delhi by ____
Shatabdi Express.

MIXED EXERCISE
1. ___ umbrella is yours? (Which / What / Those)
2. ___ students finished the assignment. (All / Little / This)
3. She has not got ___ water in her bottle. (Much / many / these)
4. ___ apple a day keeps the doctor away. (An / A / The)
5. ___ of your friends will join you? (Which / What / Those)
6. I have _____ work to do. (much, many)
7. Can you spare ________ money? (a little, a few)
8. Mona has _________ friends than ritu. (Fewer. Less)
9. The child is has already shown _______ progress. (Much, many)
10. We needed _______ more people to complete the work. (a few, a little)
TENSE
Understand the Three Main Tense Type
Present Tense (e.g. She writes every day)
Past Tense (e.g. He wrote a letter yesterday)
Future Tense (e.g. They will write tomorrow)

Each of these has four aspects: simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous.

❖ Know the difference between continuous and perfect continuous tense.

Type Formula Example Meaning

Action happening at a point in the
Past Continuous was/were + verb-ing I was reading
past(time phrase not included)

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 Type Formula Example Meaning
I had been
Past Perfect had been + verb-ing+ reading for 2 Ongoing past action completed before
Continuous time phrase hours before another(time phrase included)
she arrived
❖ Know the use of past perfect tense.
If you're telling a story with two past events, use past perfect for the first action and simple past
for the second.
Structure:
had + past participle (V3)
• When to Use It:
❖ To show the earlier of two past actions
I had eaten before he arrived.
❖ To explain the cause of a past event
She was upset because she had lost her phone.
❖ With time expressions like ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘when’, ‘by the time
By the time we got to the station, the train had left.

Sample questions
Complete these sentences using the present tens forms of be :
1. I _____ fully satisfied. 5. ____ all these children in your class?
2. Mrsjha ____ usually very cool. 6. It ______ good that you _____ always
3. We ____ anxious about your result. neatly dressed
4. Mr. Roa ____ a sincere friend.
Fill in the blanks with is, are, am, was, were, shall be, will be, have, has, had, shall have or will have:
1. Children ______ curious by nature. They are always asking questions.
2. It _____ 9 o’ clock now. I ______ free in about n hour.
3. Sunita ______ ten next week.
4. March ____ thirty-one days.
5. Most of these houses _____ flat roofs.
6. I ______ unwell today. I ______tea with you tomorrow.
7. Metro trains have air-conditioned caches. So they ____ very comfortable.
8. This house, before it was rebuilt last year, had four rooms. Now it ____ six.
9. The farmers _____ in the filds when it began to rain.
10. Last night we _____ our dinner very late. Usually we _____ it at nine.

Simple present tense

Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense of the verbs given in the brackets:
1. Bee’s _____ to protect themselves from their enemy. (sting)
2. These girls ______ dance lessons every day. (take)
3. My neighbor has a shepherd dog. It ______ after the sheep very carefully. (look)

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 4. You ______ these answer well. (know)
5. She ______ excellent arguments to prove her point. (give)
6. The Rajdhani Express _______ Agra late in the evening. (reach)
7. Our bus driver _____ all the traffic rules and _______ the bus at a slow speed. (follow, drive)
8. I _____ his address very clearly. (remember)
9. Children, you always _____ a noise when I am away. (make)
10. He ______ fast but he _____ clearly. (speak, speak)

Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense of the verbs given in the brackets:
1. Bees ______ to protect themselves from their enemy.(sting)
2. These girls ________ dance lessons every day. (take)
3. My neighbor has shepherd dog. It _____ after the sheep very carefully. (look)
4. You ______ these answer well.(know)
5. She _____ excellent arguments to prove her point.(give)
6. The Rajdhani Express ______ Agra late in the evening. (reach)
7. Our bus driver ______ all the traffic rules and _______ the bus at a slow speed. (follow, drive)
8. I ________ his address very clearly.
9. Children, you always ______ a noise when I am away. (make)
10. He ______ fast but he ______ clearly. (speak, speak)

Speak out these sentences using the subject given in the brackets in place of ‘I’ and
making other necessary changes.
1. I like western music. (satish)
2. I do the sums very fast. (Renu)
3. I take exercise regularly. (john and Mary)
4. I fly kites on windy days. (he)
5. I generally share my toys with my friends. (you)
6. I always brush my teeth before going to bed. (Amit)
7. I usually carry an umbrella on hot days. (she)
8. I never quarrel with my friends. (Alok)

Speak out these sentences changing the subject from plural to singular and making other necessary
changes:
1. These trains stop at small stations.
2. They grow apples in this garden.
3. These shopkeepers treat the customers politely.
4. These newspapers give the latest news.
5. Elephants remember even old things. (An elephant…)
6. Colorful curtains make a room bright.
7. Sometimes children ask very interesting questions.
8. Aero planes fly high in the sky.

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 Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense of these verbs given in the brackets:
The ostrich, which is now found only in some African countries, _____ (be) unable to get away from its
enemy. The ostrich ___ (be) a tall bird. It _____ (stand) almost two feet taller than an average man. It
____ (have) only two toes. The head, neck and legs ____ (be) almost bare. Ostrich’s ______ (live)
chiefly on fruits, grains, leaves, snails and insects. They _____ (swallow) small stones to grind their food
with. People ____ (raise) ostriches for their feathers.

Present continuous tense

Write down the –ing form of the following verbs:

1. Break 2. Buy 3. Come 4. Cut
5. Die [Link] 7. Forget 8. Lose
9. Put 10. Sit 11. Teach 12. Write

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the present continuous tense of the verbs given in the
brackets:
1. They __________ furniture for their new flat. (buy)
2. She _________ very fast. I am sure she will win the race.(run)
3. Sapna and Anu ________ near the window. (sit)
4. I _____ up the meaning of some words in a dictionary.
5. You ________ a beautiful dress. Where did you buy it from? (wear)
6. She ________ to her father on the telephone. (talk)

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets:

1. By the time the teacher arrived, the students _____ (complete) their homework.(answer: had
completed)
2. The Teacher_____________(arrive)after the students left.(answer: had arrived)
3. My father_____________(reach)late last night.(answer: reached)
4. They_____________(playing)for 2 hours.(answer: have been playing)
5. My mother_________(cook)delicious food.(answer: is/was cooking)

Modals

Modals are helping verbs used with the base form of main verbs to show ability, permission,
possibility, necessity, etc.
Common Modals: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
Ability → can, could • She can swim. • He could lift heavy weights when he was younger.
Permission → can, may • May I come in? • You can leave now.
Possibility → may, might, could • It might rain today. • He may come later.
Advice / Suggestion → ought to • you should study regularly. • You ought to apologize.
Necessity / Obligation → must, have to • you must wear a helmet. • We have to finish this today.
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 Subject-verb concord

1. Singular Subject → Singular Verb

She writes every day. The dog barks loudly.

2. Plural Subject → Plural Verb

They write beautifully. The dogs bark at strangers.

3. Words Between Don’t Matter

The bouquet of roses smells sweet. (Not “smell” — “bouquet” is singular)

4. ‘Either/Neither/Each/Everyone/Anyone’ = Singular

Each student has a book. Everyone loves holidays.

5. Two Subjects Joined by ‘and’ = Plural

Ram and Shyam are going out.

BUT if they refer to the same person/thing:

Bread and butter is my favorite.

6. ‘There/Here’ + Verb = Lsook at Real Subject

There is a problem. There are many problems.

7. Collective Nouns = Usually Singular

The team is winning. (But can be plural if emphasizing individuals: The team are wearing
different jerseys.)

Reported speech

It’s when you report what someone said without quoting their exact words.

Diect: He said, “I am tired.” Reported: He said that he was tired.

Key Changes in Reported Speech:

❖ Tense Shift (If the reporting verb is in the past, change the verb tense)
Am/is was
are were
Have/has had
will would
can could
Do/does did

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 ❖ Pronoun Change

She said, “I love my dog.” → She said that she loved her dog.

❖ Time Word Change

now then
today That day
tomorrow The nexyt day
yesterday The day before

RULES FOR CHANGE OF SUBJECT

1. IF THE REPORTING VERB IS IN PRESENT / FUTURE NO NEED TO CHANGE THE TENSE OF REPORTED
SPEECH.
HE SAYS, “I AM A GOOD BOY.”
V1/V5- PRESENT TENSE, WILL/SHALL + V1- FUTURE EX. HE WILL DO IT.
1 2 3
S O N
HE SAYS THAT HE IS A GOOD BOY.

TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. AFFIRMATIVE / ASSERTIVE SENTENCE
POSITIVE (+VE) NEGATIVE (-VE)
I am a good boy. I am not a good boy.
He went toPatna. He did not go to Patna.
He goes home. He does not go home.

2. INTERROGATIVE/ QUESTION SENTENCE

+ve Q. -Ve Q.
Did he go to Patna? Didn’t he go to Patna?
Do you study honestly? Don’t you study honestly?
Am I a good boy? Am I not a good boy?
Aren’t I a good boy?

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE- Command, Request and Advice.

+ ve Imperative -Ve Imperative
Go there. Don’t go there.
Take it now. Don’t take it now.
Please come soon. Please don’t come soon.

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 4. OPTATIVE SENTENCE
MAY YOU LIVE LONG! GOD BLESS YOU!
MAY YOU DIE SOON!
5. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
WOW! WHAT A NICE PAINTING. ALAS! HE DIED TODAY.
BRAVO! YOU HAVE DONE WELL.

❖ Remove Quotation Marks and use 'that', 'if', or 'to' depending on the sentence.
Examples:
Statement: He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.
Question: She asked, “Do you like ice cream?” → She asked if I liked ice cream.
Command/Request: Dad said, “Close the door.” → Dad told me to close the door.

UNSOLVED SAMPLE SETS

SET1
1. By the time the train arrived, we _____ (leave) the station.
2. The bouquet of flowers _____ (smell) wonderful.
3. Convert to reported speech: She said, "I am reading a book."
4. Which modal verb is used to express ability?
5. Each of the students’ _____ (has/have) a notebook.
6. Convert to reported speech: He asked, "Do you like coffee?"
7. You _____ (should/must) wear a seatbelt while driving.
8. The team _____ (is/are) playing well today.
9. Convert to reported speech: She said, "I will call you tomorrow."
10. There _____ (is/are) many books on the table.
SET2
1) While I _____ (walk), it started raining.
2) They had been waiting for an hour before the bus _____ (arrive).
3) Choose the modal to express permission: “_____ I go outside?”
4) The news _____ (is/are) shocking to everyone.
5) Convert to reported speech: He said, "She has finished her homework."
6) Ravi and his friends _____ (play/plays) cricket after school.
7) We _____ (could/must) visit grandma this weekend—it’s her birthday!
8) Convert to reported speech: They asked, "Are you coming with us?"
9) She _____ (write) a letter when the lights went out.
10) The furniture in the house _____ (was/were) old and dusty.
11) You _____ (ought to/would) listen carefully in class.
12) Convert to reported speech: The teacher said, "Be quiet!"

INTEGRATED GRAMMAR EXERCISE

1. As soon as I entered the gate, I was informed that he………… a book in his study since morning.
Is reading / was reading / had been reading / has been reading
Ans- had been reading
2. Patient: I had fever last week. I feel weak and sleepy all the time.
Doctor: Eat healthy but light and rest as much as possible. You will recover in a few days.
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 A patient informed his doctor that he had fever the previous week and felt weak and sleepy all
the time. On hearing this, the doctor-----------------as much as possible. He further assured him
that …………………….in a few days
Ans- advised him to eat healthy but light and rest; he would recover
3. Nowadays , parents are concerned about the misuse of the internet by their kids as
they …………………the facility of cell phones to continue their online classes
Ans- have to be given
4. The students preparing for their boards couldn’t carry on their studies peacefully and the sleep
of the elderly, the sickly and the infants had been ruined
Error- had been ruined- correction- was ruined
5. Yoga not only……the body but it also……..in replenishing the mind and soul.
Ans- exercises; helps
6. Dear Sir,
Subject :- Placement of order for musical instruments
This is to inform you that our school management……………….(decide) to place an order with
your company for the supply of music instruments ; the list is given below.
Ans- has decided
7. Report the dialogue
Frog :- You must practice for longer hours as it will make your voice grow stronger
Nightingale : But I can’t sing as the weather is bad.
When the Frog advised the Nightingale to practice for longer hours as it would make her voice
grow stronger , the Nightingale replied that she …………………
Ans- couldn’t as the weather was bad.
8. Many meetings, including large flagship conferences are pushed online post pandemic as a
result of the global demand for convenience.
Error- are pushed Correction- have been pushed
9. Vinny’s servant replied, ‘Yes , the tea is ready and so are the sandwiches.’ Report
Ans- Vinny said to her servant, ‘Are the tea and the sandwiches ready?
10. A poor man……….not even get a chance ever to come out of this vicious circle of poverty.
May/ can / could/ will Ans- may
11. Daughter: Can I go for a picnic tomorrow with my friends? Mother : No, you have not yet
recovered from fever so it’s bad idea.
When the daughter asked her mother if she could go for a picnic the next day with her friends,
she refused saying that she had not yet recovered so it was a bad idea.
12. For latest men’s and woman’s hairstyles.
Error woman’s correction - women’s
13. An invasive plant species, the Lantana …..the farmers who live near the forests.
Upsets/ has upset/ is upsetting / has dared to Ans- has upset
14. Mr Rameshwar : I want to meet the Principal Peon: Sir , he is on a round. Please wait.
When a visiting parent, Mr Rameshwar told the peon that he wanted to meet the Principal,
he replied that the principal was on a round and requested to wait.
15. Over the years, the Japanese……..a liking to tuna salad using it as a common filling in the
Japanese rice ball called onigiri. (Were taking/ have taken/ has taken/ are taking)

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 Ans- have taken
16. It seems that the peace-loving gypsies and the government are in a conflict of interest ever
since the area of their habitation has been declared protective.
Error- protective- Correction- protected
17. The road…….my village from the highway is flanked by neem and banyan trees.
Led to / having led to / leads to / leading to
Ans- leading to
18. An early and appropriate action …… (be) highly……(appreciate)
Yours faithfully.
Manmeet Singh
Ans- will be; appreciated
19. Customer: (at a bank) – When will the clerk come back to his seat? Peon: In another ten minutes
When a customer at a bank asked the peon on duty when the clerk would come back to his
seat, he replied that he would return in another ten minutes
20. About 20 years ago, the state forest department gave him a bicycle, seeds and saplings had
aided him in his mission. Error- had aided Correction- to aid
21. Mrs. Deepti called up an airline office and informed them that she would like to book two seats
on a Delhi-Pune flight. Report the question asked by the receptionist after hearing this?
Ans- May I know, which day and time you prefer, ma’am?
22. The Sun has immense gravity as well as magnetic fields that …..the solar winds under control.
Are keeping/ had kept/ keep/may keep Ans- keep
23. Doctor: You might need a surgical procedure Patient: I am scared of surgeries
On being informed by his doctors that he might need a surgical procedure, the patient
remarked that he was scared of surgeries
24. Webb’s solar shield …….the light from the Sun,Earth and Moon, which will help it stay cool.
Will block/ is blocking/ has blocked/ blocked Ans- will block
25. Last year the farmers adopted hydroponics farming (where plants are grown in nutrient- rich
water instead of soil) that has involved floating bamboo rafts for cultivation.
Error- has involved- Correction- involved
26. The sound made by a flock of geese……..the baying of hounds (Can resemble/ resemble/
resembles/ is resembling) Ans- resembles
27. Holes in the grow bags mean that excess water……drain away into the pond keeping the
soil moist but not soggy. (Can/ should/ might/ would) Ans- can

SECTION C: LITERATURE
1. A LETTER TO GOD
Summary: The story ‘A Letter to God’ is written by G. L. Fuents. He was one of the greatest Novelists
of his time. Lencho is the protagonist of this story. He was a hard-working farmer. His house was
located at a low hill in a valley. From this height, he could behold his fields and the river flowing.
He was expecting a good harvest but the field needed a downpour. Lencho had been looking at the
sky since morning. He told his wife at dinner time that it is going to rain today.

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