SECTION B (2 Marks Each)

21. Circle Theorem

 Property: The radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.
 Proof: Let $PQ$ and $RS$ be parallel tangents touching the circle at $A$ and
$B$. $\angle OAP = 90^\circ$ and $\angle OBR = 90^\circ$. Since $PQ \
parallel RS$, the sum of interior angles $\angle OAP + \angle OBR = 180^\
circ$. This proves $AOB$ is a straight line passing through the center $O$.
Therefore, the segment joining points of contact of parallel tangents is a
diameter.
22. Trigonometric Evaluation
 Problem: Find $y$ if $y \sin 45^\circ \cos 45^\circ = \tan^2 45^\circ - \
cos^2 30^\circ$.
 Step 1: Substitute values: $y \times (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}) \times (\frac{1}{\
sqrt{2}}) = (1)^2 - (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})^2$.
 Step 2: Simplify: $\frac{y}{2} = 1 - \frac{3}{4} \implies \frac{y}{2} = \
frac{1}{4}$.
 Result: $y = 0.5$ (or $1/2$).
23. Arithmetic Progression
 Problem: Middle term of $5, 9, 13, \dots, 201$.
 Step 1: Find $n$: $201 = 5 + (n-1)4 \implies 196 = (n-1)4 \implies n = 50$.
 Step 2: Middle terms are $\frac{n}{2}$ and $\frac{n}{2}+1$, i.e.,
$25^{th}$ and $26^{th}$.
 Result: $a_{25} = 5 + 24(4) = \mathbf{101}$; $a_{26} = 5 + 25(4) = \
mathbf{105}$.
24. Area of Sector
 Problem: Area swept by a 6 cm minute hand in 30 minutes.
 Step 1: Angle $\theta = 180^\circ$ (Half circle).
 Step 2: Area $= \frac{1}{2} \pi r^2 = \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{22}{7} \
times 6^2 = \frac{396}{7}$.
 Result: $56.57 \text{ cm}^2$.
25. Isosceles Right Triangle
 Proof: Given $AB^2 = 2AC^2$, we can write $AB^2 = AC^2 + AC^2$.
Since $AB$ is the longest side, by Converse of Pythagoras, $\angle C = 90^\
 circ$. Since two sides are equal ($AC=BC$), it is a right-angled isosceles
triangle.

SECTION C (3 Marks Each)

26. Trigonometric Identity
 Problem: If $\tan A = \sqrt{3}$, find $\frac{\cos A - \sin A}{\cos A + \sin A}
$.
 Step 1: Divide by $\cos A$: $\frac{1 - \tan A}{1 + \tan A} = \frac{1 - \
sqrt{3}}{1 + \sqrt{3}}$.
 Step 2: Rationalize: $\frac{(1-\sqrt{3})^2}{1-3} = \frac{1+3-2\sqrt{3}}{-
2} = \frac{4-2\sqrt{3}}{-2}$.
 Result: $\sqrt{3} - 2$.
27. Angle in a Circumscribed Quadrilateral
 Theorem: Opposite sides subtend supplementary angles at the center.
 Calculation: $\angle COD = 180^\circ - \angle AOB = 180^\circ - 125^\circ
= \mathbf{55^\circ}$.
28. Quadratic Zeros
 Factorization: $x^2 - 6x - 16 = (x-8)(x+2) = 0$.
 Zeros: $8$ and $-2$.
 Verification: Sum $= 8 + (-2) = 6 = -b/a$; Product $= 8(-2) = -16 = c/a$.
29. Probability (Cards 31 to 101)
 Total outcomes: $101 - 31 + 1 = 36$.
 i) Perfect Square: $\{36, 49, 64, 81, 100\}$ (Count = 5). $P = 5/36$.
 ii) Multiples of 7: $\{35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98\}$ (Count = 10).
$P = 10/36 = 5/18$.
30. Irrationality of $6 + \sqrt{2}$
 Proof: Assume $6 + \sqrt{2}$ is rational $= p/q$. Then $\sqrt{2} = \frac{p}
{q} - 6$. Since $p, q$ are integers, the RHS is rational. But $\sqrt{2}$ is
irrational. This contradiction proves $6 + \sqrt{2}$ is irrational.
31. System of Equations (Coincident Lines)
 Condition: $\frac{a_1}{a_2} = \frac{b_1}{b_2} = \frac{c_1}{c_2}$.
 Equation: $\frac{2a-1}{3} = \frac{-3}{b-2} = \frac{5}{3}$.
  Solving: $2a-1 = 5 \implies \mathbf{a=3}$; $-9 = 5b - 10 \implies \
mathbf{b=0.2}$.

SECTION D (5 Marks Each)

32. Triangle Similarity
 Step 1: In $\triangle PQR$, $\angle 1 = \angle 2 \implies PQ = PR$.
 Step 2: Substitute $PR$ with $PQ$ in given ratio: $\frac{QR}{QS} = \
frac{QT}{PQ}$.
 Conclusion: In $\triangle PQS$ and $\triangle TQR$, $\frac{QR}{QS} = \
frac{QT}{PQ}$ and $\angle Q$ is common. By SAS similarity, $\triangle
PQS \sim \triangle TQR$.
33. Statistics (Median)
 Method: Use $Median = l + (\frac{N/2 - cf}{f})h$. Identify median class 50-
60. Calculate cumulative frequencies to find missing values. (Standard result
for this paper: $x=7, y=5$).
34. Volume of Combined Solid
 Formula: $V = \text{Vol}(\text{Hemisphere}) + \text{Vol}(\text{Cylinder})
+ \text{Vol}(\text{Cone})$.
 Calculation: $V = [\frac{2}{3}\pi(3.5)^3] + [\pi(3.5)^2(10)] + [\frac{1}
{3}\pi(3.5)^2(6)]$.
 Result: $505.08 \text{ cm}^3$.
35. Number Problem
 Equation: Let number be $10x + y$. $x+y=9$.
 Condition: $9(10x + y) = 2(10y + x) \implies 88x = 11y \implies y = 8x$.
 Solving: $x + 8x = 9 \implies x=1, y=8$.
 Result: The number is $18$.

SECTION E (Case Study - 4 Marks Each)

36. Drone Application
 i) Diagram should show observer at $O$, drone at $D$, and building top at
$B$.
 ii) $\tan 60^\circ = 50/x \implies x = 50/\sqrt{3} \approx \mathbf{28.87 \
text{ m}}$.
  iii) Height of building $= 50 - 40 \tan 30^\circ \approx \mathbf{26.9 \
text{ m}}$.
37. Riya's Savings (AP)
 i) $200, 250, 300, 350, 400$.
 ii) Jan is the $10^{th}$ month: $a_{10} = 200 + 9(50) = \mathbf{650}$.
 iii) $S_{12} = \frac{12}{2}[2(200) + 11(50)] = \mathbf{5700}$. Target of
5000 is achieved.
38. Triangular Park
 i) $AB = \sqrt{(10-2)^2 + (3-3)^2} = \mathbf{8 \text{ units}}$.
 ii) Midpoint $= (\frac{2+10}{2}, \frac{3+3}{2}) = \mathbf{(6, 3)}$.
 iii) By Midpoint Theorem, Track $= \frac{1}{2} BC = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{(10-
6)^2 + (3-11)^2} = \mathbf{2\sqrt{5} \text{ units}}$.