NEO-PI-R

Factor analysis is a statistical method that

examines the interrelationships among a large set
of variables.

In test construction ,the relationships that are

examined among test items.
Factor analysis has been used to develop test of
personality. 16 PF is based on factor analysis.
• A more contemporary model of personality that
is based upon factor analytic work is “ Five –
Factor Model” ( Costa & Widger, 1994; Mc Crae &
John, 1992).
• The revised NEO Personality Inventory is a
concise measures of the five major dimensions or
domains of personality and some of the important
traits or facets that define each domain ( Costa &
Mc Crae, 1989, 1992).

• Altogether NEO-PI – R includes 5 domains and 30

facets that represent sub- factors of each domain
scales and 30 facets that represent sub- factors of
each domain.
• NEO- Personality Inventory ( Costa & Mc Crae,
1985) , when it appared in 1985, the NEO-PI
had well researched scales to measures the
facets of “ Neuroticism” ( N), Extraversion (
E), and Openness ( O), but only the global
scales to measure the factors of
Agreeableness ( A) and Conscientiousness ( C).
Conscientiousness means very careful to do
their work properly.
• In NEO-PI- R , several enhancement of the NEO-PI-
R were offered but the Inventory itself remained
unchanged.

• The NEO-PI –R completes the development of the

instrument by adding the A and C facets scales that
were implicitly promised by the domain.
• In addition , 10 of the original N,E, and O items were
replaced in the NEO-PI –R to allow more accurate
measurement of several of their facets.
• The NEO-PI-R is a measure of normal
personality traits that has demonstrated its
utility in both clinical and research settings.
 Domains

• Neuroticism ( N)
• Extraversion ( E)
• Openness to Experience (O)
• Agreeableness (A)
• Conscientiousness ( C)
 Facets
Neuroticism ( N)

• Anxiety ( N1)
• Angry Hotility ( N2)
• Depression ( N3)
• Self Consciouness ( N4)
• Impulsiveness (N5)
• Vulnerability ( N6)
 Extraversion ( E)
• Warmth ( E1)
• Gregariousness ( E2)
• Assertiveness ( E3)
• Activity ( E4)
• Excitement –seeking ( E5)
• Positive Emotions ( E6
Openness to Experience (O)

•Fantacy (O1)
•Aesthetics (O2)
•Feelings ( O3)
•Actions ( O4)
•Ideas ( O5)
•Values ( O6)
Agreeableness (A)

•Trust ( A1)
•Straightforwardness ( A2)
•Altruism ( A3)
•Compliance ( A4)
•Modesty ( A5)
•Tender-Mindedness( A6)
 Conscientiousness (C)

• Competence (C1)
• Order (C2)
• Dutifulness (C3)
• Achievement (C4)
• Self-discipline (C5)
• Deliberation (C6)
 NEO-PI- R Materials

• There are two versions of the NEO-PI-R

• Form S

• Form R

• Form S is self report items booklet and

• Form R is observer report items booklet.

• .
• Form S is an 8 page booklet which contains the 240
statements comprising the NEO-PI-R .
• The first page of the booklet presents the
instructions for completing the hand scoring sheet,
• and the second page presents the instructions for
completing the machine scoring answer sheet.
• The items of the NEO-PI-R are presented on page 3
through 8
• Similar to Form S ,Form R booklets are
8 pages long.
Hand Scoring and Machine Scoring Sheets

• The hand scoring answer sheet is a two parts,

Carbonless –paper form designed for use with either
form S or Form R items booklet.

• The answer sheets contains areas for recording basic

demographic information and
• recording responses to the NEO-PI-R items.
• The three validity check items of the NEO-PI-R are
also presented on the answer sheet.

• Respondent mark their item responses on the top

sheet.
 Profile Forms
• Profile forms for the NEO-PI-R have been constructed
to aid in interpretation.
• The profile Form allow raw score conversion to T
scores.
• T scores presented on the forms have a mean of 50
and SD of 10.
• The five domain scale scores are plotted on
the left hand side of the form to give an
overview of the individual’s personality.
 NEO Summary

• NEO Summary is one page form designed to provide feedback to the

respondent in an understandable terms regarding his/her scores on the
five domains.

• It may be used to report the results of the five domain scores from
NEO-PI-R.
• The top portion contains an introductory statements explaining what the
NEO-PI-R do and do not measure.

• The remainder of the form presents five rows of description.

• One for each domain, which characterize high, average and low score
within each domain.
 Appropriate Population

• NEO-PI-R may be appropriate with individuals who

are 17 Years of age or older.

• Individuals who are suffering from disorders that

affect their ability to complete self- report measures
reliably and validly ( Psychosis, Dementia) should not
be asked to complete the NEO-PI-R.
• NEO-PI-R does not provide all the information
for a complete psychological assessment.
• Depending individual being assessed ,
• life history,
• interviews,
• MSE,
• measures of cognitive ability may be needed to establish an
appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan.
 Administration

• The NEO-PI- R may be administered individually or in group.

• Provide each respondent with appropriate NEO –PI-R items

booklet,
• a scoring answer sheet and a pencil.

• There is no time limit for completing the NEO-PI-R.

• Most respondent require 30-40 minutes to complete it.
• Test takers are asked to respond each item along a five point
scale : From strongly disagree to strongly agree
 Scoring

• Missing Responses

• Examine the answer sheet to be sure that response has been

given for each item. If unanswered items are found, the
respondent should be asked to complete them.

• If respondent is unsure of the meaning of an item or is unsure

of how to respond, he or she may be told to use the neutral
response option.
• The NEO-PI-R should not be scored if 41 or more responses
are missing. If fewer than 41 responses are missing , the
missing items should be scored as if neutral response option
was selected.

• Individual facet scores should be interpreted with caution

when more than 3 responses are missing from the scale.
 Scoring
• Validity Checks
• Items A, B, C, presented on the answer sheet provide simple
validity checks and help ensure that the respondent has
completely.

• Item A asks : If the respondent has responded to the items in

an honest and accurate manner. About 99% of all volunteer
subjects responded agree or strongly agree to item.
• A respondent who disagree may do so because they have not
been fully candid, because they have responded carelessly or
because they have confused response categories. Whatever
the reason, such response to item A normally invalidates
formal scoring of the NEO – PI –R.

• Clinicians or other concerned with interpreting individual

profile may wish to discuss with the respondent the reason
for a negative responses to this item and may determine in
some cases that data are valid despite the response.
• Item B and C are indented chiefly as reminders and prompts
to the respondent to complete missing items and double
check the location of his or her answers.

• If the respondent has answered ‘NO’ to item B, the examiner

may wish to explore with the respondent the reason for
missing response and will need to attend closely to the
instructors for treating missing The response of items.
• The response of ‘ NO’ to item C may indicate careless
responding and normally indicates formal scoring of
NEO-PI-R.

• If the respondent endorsed 50 or fewer items as agree and

strongly agree , the NEO-PI-R should be interpreted with
caution.
 Scoring
Random Responding
• Occasionally , respondent are un-cooperative and complete
the NEO-PI-R in a careless or random fashion. This is most
likely when the test is group administered and the examiner
has not provided sufficient explanation of the purpose or
unmotivated test takers.

• One common form of random responding patterns can be

evaluated by visually inspecting the answer sheet to
determine whether the same response option has been used
over a long series of items.
• Based upon the results of items response
patterns in a volunteer sample, endorsement
of strongly disagree to more than 6
consecutive items, disagree to more than 9
consecutive items, neutral to more than 10
items, Agree > 14 items consecutive, Strongly
agree > 9 consecutive, invalidate formal
scoring and interpretation of the NEO-PI-R.
 Profile Scoring

• When the hand scoring answer sheet is used,

NEO-PI-R results may be presented on a profile form
to facilitates raw score to standard score conversion.

• Profile form provide ‘ T’ score.

• Individual score will represent degree of personality

trait, and more extreme scores means a higher
probability of showing a distinct features.
• In designing the profile forms and
interpretative reports for the NEO-PI-R , it is
useful to summarize results in terms of five
levels: Very low, low, average, high, and very
high. Just as test takers are asked to respond
alone on five point scales from strongly
disagree to strongly agree.
• T Scores;
• >66 Very high
• 56-65 High
• 45-55 Average
• 35-44 Low
• <34 Very low
 Basis of Interpretation
• At the broadest level, personality can be described in terms of
five basic dimensions or factors.

• NEO PI-R domain scores provide good estimates of these five

factors by summing the six facets in each domain.

• Domain scores can be calculated easily by hand and are

therefore used on the (hand-scored) Profile Form.

• In general, domain T scores and factor T scores are very

similar.
• Factor scores are used to describe the individual at a global
level, based on a composite of facet scale scores.

• To the extent that there is wide scatter among facet scores

within a domain, interpretation of that domain and factor
becomes more complex.
• Interpretive statements at the factor level may occasionally
conflict with interpretive statements at the facet level.

• In these cases, particular attention should be focused on the

facet scales and their interpretations.
• These domains are: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience,
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

• Each domain is made up of six key elements called facets, which

accurately describe and demarcate the dimensions of individual
personality, as well as the differences in patterns of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviours.

• The five personality domains were developed with the intention of being
global personality factors, and therefore may be indicative of a good
degree of consistency in human thought, feeling and behaviour.
• Costa and McCrae (1992) describe the five domains and facets as follows:
• The five personality domains were developed with the
intention of being global personality factors, and therefore
may be indicative of a good degree of consistency in human
thought, feeling and behavior.
 Neuroticism
• Neuroticism is one of two classic dimensions of personality
that is represented in most personality models.
• There are six facets that constitute the behaviours and
thought patterns that can be associated with the domain of
Introversion; namely Anxiety, Anger and Hostility, Depression,
Self-consciousness, Impulsiveness and Vulnerability.
• . Anxiety embodies feelings of nervousness, apprehension,
fear and feelings of being tense.
• Anger and hostility describes unfriendliness, aggression and
general enmity.
• Depression refers to consistent moodiness, feelings of despair,
hopelessness or dejection.
• Self-consciousness describes an emotional or wary personality
facet with defined shyness.
• Impulsiveness is best defined by spontaneous and impetuous
traits and even recklessness.
• Vulnerability describes a sense of low self-esteem, timidity or
weakness.
• Together these facets account for the differences in the
ability to construct and perceive reality as being threatening
or difficult, and to feel negative emotions such as fear,
shame, guilt, distrust and anger.
• High scores on the Neuroticism scale indicate that
an individual has low impulse control, is poor at
coping with stress and is prone to irrational ideas,
while lower scores reflect emotional stability (Costa
& McCrae, 1992).
 Extraversion
• Extraversion also called Positive Emotionality, is the second
classic dimension of personality, and reflects the quantity
and intensity of one’s relationships with the social
environment.
• There are six facets that constitute the behaviours and
thought patterns that can be associated with the domain of
Extraversion; Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity,
Excitement seeking and Positive emotions.
• Warmth describes the tendency to be charming, friendly and
kind.
• Gregariousness refers to being sociable, convivial, with high
levels of enthusiasm.
• Assertiveness is best described by interpersonal power and
dominance.
• Activity embodies characteristics such as being lively,
energetic, and to have a lot of gusto.
• Excitement-seeking refers to the drive to obtain exhilaration
and pleasure-seeking activities.
• Positive emotions describe a sense of animation, charisma
and being zealous.
• The facets account for the tendency to interact with
that environment with energy, enthusiasm, spirit
and confidence, an individual’s propensity for
sociability, assertiveness and talkativeness, and the
ability to live out experiences as positively as
possible (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
 Openness to Experience
• Openness to Experience groups together different types of
behaviours that are aimed towards a search for and love of
new experiences.
• These behaviours can be described by the six facets that make
up the Openness domain, namely Fantasy, Aesthetics,
Feelings, Action, Ideas and Values.
• Fantasy embodies an ability and propensity to be creative,
have desire, and be inventive.
• Aesthetics refers to a need for refined, outer impressions and
visual pleasure..
• Feelings refer to being able to connect with one’s views and
opinions and being insightful.
• Actions refer to behaviours and expression of thought and
personality.
• Ideas are best described as intellect and insight.

• Values refer to one’s principles, ethics and living standards.

The facets are manifested in a wide variety of interests, and
account for an eagerness to seek out new, unusual
experiences without anxiety, and often with great pleasure.
• Openness also indicates an active imagination, aesthetic
sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, a preference for
variety, intellectual curiosity, and independence of
judgment.
• Individuals scoring higher on this scale tend to be
unconventional, willing to question authority, like to
entertain new ideas and experience emotions keenly.

• Lower scoring individuals are likely to be conservative and

conventional in their outlook, behaviours and social norms
(Costa & McCrae, 1992).
 Agreeableness
• Agreeableness is unique to the FFM. It accounts for the
nature and quality of one’s relationships with others, ranging
from compassion to antagonism.
• The six facets of the Agreeableness domain include Trust,
Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty and
Tender-mindedness.
• Trust refers to being reliable and loyal, and having the courage
of one‟s convictions.
• Straightforwardness embodies being honest, candid and
sincere.
• Altruism is described by being good natured, unselfish and
humanitarian.

• Compliance refers to being cooperative, supportive, and

accommodating.

• Modesty is defined as having humility, humbleness and not

being arrogant.

• Tender-mindedness is warmth, empathy and not being

jealous.
• Agreeableness is different to Extraversion in that it refers to
the tone of relationships with others (kindness and empathy
versus cynicism and hostility) whereas Extraversion refers to
the individual him/herself.
• Agreeableness indicates that a person displays altruistic
tendencies towards others.

• Therefore, high scores reflect the ability to be sympathetic

with an eagerness to help others, while believing that others
are trustworthy in return.

• Lower scores are suggestive of an egocentric individual,

skeptical of others intentions and competitive rather than
co-operative (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
 Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness accounts for issues such as personal
orientation, persistency of behaviours and the control of
impulses.

• It is comprised of dynamic elements such as anticipation,

success-orientation, task-orientation, as well as control and
inhibition elements such as organisation, thoroughness,
perseverance, and respect for procedures and standards.
• The six facets that function within this domain are
Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement-striving, Self
discipline and Deliberation. Competence refers to being
capable and dependable.
• Order embodies thorough, meticulous and organised
characteristics.
• Dutifulness is defined as being obedient, compliant and well
behaved.
• Achievement striving is described by being conscientious and
ambitious.
• Self-discipline embodies being responsible, persevering and
devoted.
• Deliberation is defined by being reflexive, careful and not
impulsive.
• The conscientious individual is seen as purposeful,
strong-willed and determined.
• In abundance, this trait is evidenced by consistent
achievements, dependability and orderliness;
• and in deficient can result in annoying attention to detail
and compulsive neatness (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
• 1. I am not a worrier
• 2. I like most of the people I meet
• 3. I have a very active imaginative skill
• 4. I am suspicious of others intention
• 5. I am known for carefulness and common sense
• 6. I often hate the way people treat me
• 7. I don’t like to be in a crowd
• 8. Arts and beauty are not very important to me
• 9. I am not sly and cunning
• 10. I prefer to leave my options open rather than plan everything before hand
• 11. I seldom feel lonely or sad
• 12. I am foremost, powerful, and assertive
• 13. Life without feelings means nothing to me
• 14. Some people take me as selfish and egoist