PHP PROGRAMMING

Unit - 1
Introduction to PHP

PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more people found out how
useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf released the first version of PHP way back in 1994. Initially, PHP was
supposed to be an abbreviation for "Personal Home Page", but it now stands for the recursive
initialism "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

Lerdorf began PHP development in 1993 by writing several Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
programs in C, which he used to maintain in his personal homepage. Later on, He extended them to
work with web forms and to communicate with databases. This implementation of PHP was
"Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI.

Today, PHP is the world’s most popular server-side programming language for building web
applications. Over the years, it has gone through successive revisions and versions.

Here are some more important features of PHP −

 PHP performs system functions. It can create, open, read, write, and close the files.
 PHP can handle forms. It can gather data from files, save data to a file, through email you can
send data, return data to the user.
 You add, delete, modify elements within your database through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.

PHP provides a large number of reusable classes and libraries are available on "PEAR" and
"Composer". PEAR (PHP Extension and Application Repository) is a distribution system for
reusable PHP libraries or classes. "Composer" is a dependency management tool in PHP.

Basic Knowledge of websites

A website is a collection of many web pages, and web pages are digital files that are written using
HTML(HyperText Markup Language). To make your website available to every person in the
world, it must be stored or hosted on a computer connected to the Internet round a clock. Such
computers are known as a Web Server. The website’s web pages are linked with hyperlinks and
hypertext and share a common interface and design. The website might also contain some
additional documents and files such as images, videos, or other digital assets.

Components of a Website: We know that a website is a collection of a webpages hosted on a web-

server. These are the components for making a website.
 Webhost: Hosting is the location where the website is physically located. Group of webpages
(linked webpages) licensed to be called a website only when the webpage is hosted on the
webserver. The webserver is a set of files transmitted to user computers when they specify the
website’s address..
 Address: Address of a website also known as the URL of a website. When a user wants to open
a website then they need to put the address or URL of the website into the web browser, and the
asked website is delivered by the webserver.
 Homepage : Home page is a very common and important part of a webpage. It is the first
webpage that appears when a visitor visits the website. The home page of a website is very
important as it sets the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of the pages
on the website.
 Design : It is the final and overall look and feel of the website that has a result of proper use
and integration elements like navigation menus, graphics, layout, navigation menus etc.
 Content : Every web pages contained on the website together make up the content of the
website. Good content on the webpages makes the website more effective and attractive.
 The Navigation Structure: The navigation structure of a website is the order of the pages, the
collection of what links to what. Usually, it is held together by at least one navigation menu.

DYNAMIC WEBSITE
Dynamic Website is a website containing data that can be mutable or changeable. It uses client-
side or server scripting to generate mutable content. Like a static website, it also contains HTML
data.
Dynamic websites are those websites that changes the content or layout with every request to the
webserver. These websites have the capability of producing different content for different visitors
from the same source code file. There are two kinds of dynamic web pages i.e. client side scripting
and server side scripting. The client-side web pages changes according to your activity on the web
page. On the server-side, web pages are changed whenever a web page is loaded.

Example: login & signup pages, application & submission forms, inquiry and shopping cart pages.
A Typical Architecture of dynamic website
There are different languages used to create dynamic web pages like PHP, ASP, .NET and JSP.
Whenever a dynamic page loads in browser, it requests the database to give information depending
upon user’s input. On receiving information from the database, the resulting web page is applied to
the user after applying the styling codes.

Features of dynamic webpage:

 These websites are very flexible.
 In these websites the content can be quickly changed on the user’s computer without new page
request to the web browser.
 In these websites the owner have the ability to simply update and add new content to the site.
 These websites are featured with content management system, e-commerce system and intranet
or extranet facilities.
 Most of the dynamic web content, is assembled on the web using server-scripting languages.
Here is a list of application where we use dynamic website in real world.

 Facebook
 Twitter
 LinkedIn
 Online booking website.
 Social media

SCOPE OF PHP
 Dynamic Typing: PHP is dynamically typed, meaning you don’t need to declare the data type
of a variable explicitly.
 Cross-Platform: PHP runs on various platforms, making it compatible with different operating
systems.
 Database Integration: PHP provides built-in support for interacting with databases, such as
MySQL, PostgreSQL, and others.
 Server-Side Scripting: PHP scripts are executed on the server, generating HTML that is sent
to the client’s browser.
PHP is versatile and can be used in a variety of web development scenarios, including:
 Dynamic Web Pages: Generating dynamic content based on user interaction or other
conditions.
 Content Management Systems (CMS): Many popular CMSs like WordPress, Joomla, and
Drupal are built with PHP.
 E-commerce Platforms: PHP is commonly used to develop e-commerce websites due to its
database integration capabilities.
 Web Applications: PHP is used for creating feature-rich web applications such as social media
platforms, forums, and customer relationship management (CRM) systems.
 API Development: PHP can be used to create APIs for web and mobile applications.

XAMPP and WAMP Installation

WAMP

WAMP is an acronym for Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP, it’s used as a Web development
platform that insists the users manage web apps using PHP, MySQL, and Apache. It is free and an
open-source web server solution stack package. It uses virtual hosts and provides top services.

NOTE: WAMP IS DESIGNED ONLY FOR WINDOWS, IT CAN NOT BE INSTALLED ON

MAC OS AND LINUX

XAMPP

XAMPP is an acronym for (X) cross-platform (Windows, Linux, Mac OS), (A)Apache, (M)Maria
DB or MySQL, (P)PHP and Perl. Like WAMP, XAMPP is also a free and open-source platform used
for web development.

NOTE: UNLIKE WAMP, XAMPP IS DESIGNED FOR WINDOWS, MAC OS AND LINUX. SO
IT CAN BE INSTALLED IN ALL OPERATING SYSTEMS

The installation process in Windows

STEP 1- Open any web browser and visit [Link] On the home
page, you can find the option to download XAMPP for three platforms- Windows, MAC, and Linux.
Click on XAMPP for Windows. The latest version available on the website is 7.4.5.

As soon as you click on it, a message displaying the automatic start of download appears on the
screen.
STEP 2- After the download is completed, double click the .exe extension file to start the process of
installation.

STEP 3- A pop-up screen with the message asking you to allow to make changes on your desktop
appears. Click "YES" to continue the process.

STEP 4- Click to Allow access or deactivate the firewall and any other antivirus software because it
can hamper the process of installation. Thus, it is required to temporarily disable any antivirus
software or security firewall till the time all the XAMPP components have been installed completely.

STEP 5- Just before the installation, a pop-up window appears with a warning to disable UAC. User
Account Control (UAC) interrupts the XAMPP installation because it restricts the access to write to
the C: drive. Therefore, it is suggested to disable it for the period of installation.

STEP 6- After clicking the .exe extension file, the XAMPP setup wizard opens spontaneously. Click
on "NEXT" to start the configuration of the settings.
STEP 7- After that, a 'Select Components' panel appears, which gives you the liberty to choose
amongst the separate components of the XAMPP software stack for the installation. To get a
complete localhost server, it is recommended to install using the default options of containing all
available components. Click "NEXT" to proceed further.

STEP 8- The setup is now ready to install, and a pop-up window showing the same appears on the
screen. Click "NEXT" to take the process forward.
STEP 9- Select the location where the XAMPP software packet needs to be installed. The original
setup creates a folder titled XAMPP under C:\ for you. After choosing a location, click "NEXT".

STEP 10- After choosing from all the previously mentioned preferences (like language and learn
more bitnami dialogue box) click to start the installation. The setup wizard will unpack and install the
components to your system. The components are saved to the assigned directory. This process may
takes a few minutes to complete. The progress of the installation in terms of percentage is visible on
the screen.

STEP 11- After the successful installation of the XAMPP setup on your desktop, press the "FINISH"
button.
On clicking the FINISH button, the software automatically launches, and the CONTROL PANEL is
visible. The image below shows the appearance of the final result.

UNIT – 2

PHP PROGRAMMING BASICS

Syntax of PHP

PHP, a powerful server-side scripting language used in web development. It’s simplicity and ease
of use makes it an ideal choice for beginners and experienced developers. This article provides an
overview of PHP syntax. PHP scripts can be written anywhere in the document within PHP tags
along with normal HTML.

Basic PHP Syntax

PHP code is executed between PHP tags, allowing the integration of PHP code within HTML. The
most common PHP tag is <?php … ?>, which is used to enclose PHP code. The <?php ….?> is
called Escaping to PHP.
<?php
// code
?>
The script starts with <?php and ends with ?>. These tags are also called ‘Canonical PHP tags’.
Everything outside of a pair of opening and closing tags is ignored by the PHP parser. The open
and closing tags are called delimiters. Every PHP command ends with a semi-colon (;).
Basic Example of PHP
<?php
// Here echo command is used to print
echo "Hello, world!";
?>

Output

Hello, world!

Embedding PHP in HTML

PHP code can be embedded within HTML using the standard PHP tags. In this example, the <?php
echo “Hello, PHP!”; ?> statement dynamically inserts a heading into the HTML document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>PHP Syntax Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1><?php echo "Hello, PHP!"; ?></h1>
</body>
</html>

SGML or Short HTML Tags

These are the shortest option to initialize a PHP code. The script starts with <? and ends with ?>.
This will only work by setting the short_open_tag setting in the [Link] file to ‘on’.
Example:
<?
// Here echo command will only work if
// setting is done as said before
echo "Hello, world!";
?>
Output
Hello, world!
Embedding HTML in PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language. We need to handle some logic by server-side in PHP web
applications, allowing developers to embed HTML directly within PHP code and generate dynamic
content for web applications.

The following ways to embed HTML in PHP are:

 Basic Embedding

 Using Short Tags

 Embedding HTML Blocks

 PHP Templating Engines

Basic Embedding

The simplest way to embed HTML in PHP is by mixing PHP tags () with HTML code. Let’s take a
simple example:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport"

content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>PHP HTML Integration</title> </head> <body>
<h1><?php echo "Welcome to PHP HTML Integration"; ?></h1> <p><?php echo "This is a basic
example of embedding HTML in PHP."; ?></p> </body> </html>

In the above code, We have encapsulated dynamic content in PHP tags. The echo statement outputs
text or variables to the HTML.

Using Short Tags

PHP also supports short tags () to embed HTML in PHP. This provides a more concise way to embed
HTML. Some servers may have short tags disabled for security or compatibility reasons. Please verify
and enable it on the server.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">

<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>PHP HTML Integration</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
<?= "Welcome to PHP HTML Integration"; ?>
</h1>
<p>
<?= "This is another example using short tags."; ?>
</p>
</body>
</html>

The shorthand achieves the same result as <?PHP ?>.

Embedding HTML Blocks

we can also use heredoc or nowdoc syntax to embed larger HTML blocks or templates.
Encapsulating HTML within PHP variables enables a more organized structure of code. You can
include longer HTML blocks with heredoc and nowdoc without having to perform a lot of
concatenation.

Heredoc Syntax:

<?php $htmlContent = <<<HTML <h1>Welcome to Heredoc PHP HTML</h1> <p>This is a more

extensive example using heredoc syntax.</p> HTML; echo $htmlContent; ?>

Nowdoc Syntax:

<?php $htmlContent = <<<'HTML' <h1>Welcome to Nowdoc PHP HTML</h1> <p>This is a more

extensive example using nowdoc syntax.</p> HTML; echo $htmlContent; ?>
 PHP Templating Engines

The Template Engine is the most popular way to integrate HTML into PHP for complex web
applications. This helps to create a clean separation of HTML presentation and PHP logic in the web
application, making it easier to manage and maintain code.

Simple Example of Blade Template:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Blade Templating Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{ "Welcome to Blade Templating" }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

Introduction to PHP Variables

In PHP, a variable is declared using a $ sign followed by the variable name. Here, some important
points to know about variables:

o As PHP is a loosely typed language, so we do not need to declare the data types of the
variables. It automatically analyzes the values and makes conversions to its correct datatype.
o After declaring a variable, it can be reused throughout the code.
o Assignment Operator (=) is used to assign the value to a variable.

Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

1. $variablename=value;
Rules for declaring PHP variable:

o A variable must start with a dollar ($) sign, followed by the variable name.
o It can only contain alpha-numeric character and underscore (A-z, 0-9, _).
 o A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.
o A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.
o One thing to be kept in mind that the variable name cannot start with a number or special
symbols.
o PHP variables are case-sensitive, so $name and $NAME both are treated as different variable.

PHP Variable: Declaring string, integer, and float

Let's see the example to store string, integer, and float values in PHP variables.

File: [Link]

1. <?php
2. $str="hello string";
3. $x=200;
4. $y=44.6;
5. echo "string is: $str <br/>";
6. echo "integer is: $x <br/>";
7. echo "float is: $y <br/>";
8. ?>
Output:

string is: hello string

integer is: 200
float is: 44.6

PHP Variable: Sum of two variables

File: [Link]

1. <?php
2. $x=5;
3. $y=6;
4. $z=$x+$y;
5. echo $z;
6. ?>
Output:

11
 PHP Variable: case sensitive

In PHP, variable names are case sensitive. So variable name "color" is different from Color, COLOR,
COLor etc.

File: [Link]

1. <?php
2. $color="red";
3. echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
4. echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
5. echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
6. ?>
Output:

My car is red
Notice: Undefined variable: COLOR in C:\wamp\www\[Link] on line 4
My house is
Notice: Undefined variable: coLOR in C:\wamp\www\[Link] on line 5
My boat is

PHP Variable: Rules

PHP variables must start with letter or underscore only.

PHP variable can't be start with numbers and special symbols.

File: [Link]

1. <?php
2. $a="hello";//letter (valid)
3. $_b="hello";//underscore (valid)
4.
5. echo "$a <br/> $_b";
6. ?>
Output:

hello
hello

File: [Link]

1. <?php
2. $4c="hello";//number (invalid)
3. $*d="hello";//special symbol (invalid)
4. echo "$4c <br/> $*d";
5. ?>
Output:

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '4' (T_LNUMBER), expecting variable (T_VARIABLE)
or '$' in C:\wamp\www\[Link] on line 2

PHP: Loosely typed language

PHP is a loosely typed language, it means PHP automatically converts the variable to its correct data
type.

Understanding Data Types in PHP

PHP data types are a fundamental concept to defines how variables store and manipulate data. PHP
is a loosely typed language, which means variables do not need to be declared with a specific data
type. PHP allows eight different types of data types. All of them are discussed below.
Table of Content
 Predefined Data Types
o Integer
o Float (Double)
o String
o Boolean
 User-Defined (compound) Data Types
o Array
o Objects
 Special Data Types
o NULL
o Resources
Predefined Data Types
1. Integer
Integers hold only whole numbers including positive and negative numbers, i.e., numbers without
fractional part or decimal point. They can be decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), or hexadecimal
(base 16). The default base is decimal (base 10). The octal integers can be declared with leading 0
and the hexadecimal can be declared with leading 0x. The range of integers must lie between -2^31
to 2^31.
<?php
// decimal base integers
$deci1 = 50;
$deci2 = 654;
// octal base integers
$octal1 = 07;
// hexadecimal base integers
$octal = 0x45;
$sum = $deci1 + $deci2;
echo $sum;
echo "\n\n";
//returns data type and value
var_dump($sum)
?>

Output

704

int(704)

2. Float (Double)
Can hold numbers containing fractional or decimal parts including positive and negative numbers
or a number in exponential form. By default, the variables add a minimum number of decimal
places. The Double data type is the same as a float as floating-point numbers or real numbers.
<?php
$val1 = 50.85;
$val2 = 654.26;
$sum = $val1 + $val2;
echo $sum;
echo "\n\n";
//returns data type and value
var_dump($sum)
?>
Output

705.11
float(705.11)

3. String
Hold letters or any alphabets, even numbers are included. These are written within double quotes
during declaration. The strings can also be written within single quotes, but they will be treated
differently while printing variables. To clarify this look at the example below.
<?php
$name = "Krishna";
echo "The name of the Geek is $name \n";
echo 'The name of the geek is $name ';
echo "\n\n";
//returns data type, size and value
var_dump($name)
?>

Output

The name of the Geek is Krishna

The name of the geek is $name

string(7) "Krishna"

4. Boolean
Boolean data types are used in conditional testing. Hold only two values, either TRUE(1) or
FALSE(0). Successful events will return true and unsuccessful events return false. NULL type
values are also treated as false in Boolean. Apart from NULL, 0 is also considered false in boolean.
If a string is empty then it is also considered false in boolean data type.
<?php
if(TRUE)
echo "This condition is TRUE";
if(FALSE)
echo "This condition is not TRUE";
?>
Output

This condition is TRUE

User-Defined (compound) Data Types

1. Array
Array is a compound data type that can store multiple values of the same data type. Below is an
example of an array of integers. It combines a series of data that are related together.

<?php
$intArray = array( 10, 20 , 30);
echo "First Element: $intArray[0]\n";
echo "Second Element: $intArray[1]\n";
echo "Third Element: $intArray[2]\n\n";
//returns data type and value
var_dump($intArray);
?>

Output

First Element: 10

Second Element: 20

Third Element: 30

array(3) {

[0]=>

int(10)

[1]=>

int(20)

[2]=>

int(30)

We will discuss arrays in detail in further articles.

2. Objects
Objects are defined as instances of user-defined classes that can hold both values and functions and
information for data processing specific to the class. This is an advanced topic and will be
discussed in detail in further articles. When the objects are created, they inherit all the properties
and behaviours from the class, having different values for all the properties.
Objects are explicitly declared and created from the new keyword.
<?php
class gfg {
public $message;
function __construct($message) {
$this->message = $message;
}
function msg() {
return "This is an example of " . $this->message . "!";
}
}
$newObj = new gfg("Object Data Type");
echo $newObj->msg();
?>
Output

This is an example of Object Data Type!

Special Data Types

1. NULL
These are special types of variables that can hold only one value i.e., NULL. We follow the
convention of writing it in capital form, but it’s case-insensitive NULL, Null, and null are treated
the same. If a variable is created without a value or no value, it is automatically assigned a value of
NULL. It is written in capital letters.

<?php
$nm = NULL;
echo $nm; // this will return no output
// return data type
var_dump($nm);
?>

Output

NULL

2. Resources
Resources in PHP are not an exact data type. These are basically used to store references to some
function call or to external PHP resources. For example, consider a database call. This is an
external resource. Resource variables hold special handles for files and database connections.
Note:
 To check the type and value of an expression, use the var_dump() function which dumps
information about a variable.
 PHP allows the developer to cast the data type.

USING OPERATORS IN PHP

PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on operands. In simple words, operators are
used to perform operations on variables or values.

PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:

o Arithmetic Operators
o Assignment Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Comparison Operators
o Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
o Logical Operators
o String Operators
o Array Operators
o Type Operators
o Execution Operators
o Error Control Operators

Arithmetic Operators:
The arithmetic operators are used to perform simple mathematical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, etc. Below is the list of arithmetic operators along with their syntax and
operations in PHP.

Operator Name Syntax Operation

+ Addition $x + $y Sum the operands

– Subtraction $x – $y Differences the operands

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of the operands

Operator Name Syntax Operation

/ Division $x / $y The quotient of the operands

** Exponentiation $x ** $y $x raised to the power $y

% Modulus $x % $y The remainder of the operands

Logical or Relational Operators:

These are basically used to operate with conditional statements and expressions. Conditional
statements are based on conditions. Also, a condition can either be met or cannot be met so the
result of a conditional statement can either be true or false. Here are the logical operators along
with their syntax and operations in PHP.

Operator Name Syntax Operation

Logical
and $x and $y True if both the operands are true else false
AND

or Logical OR $x or $y True if either of the operands is true else false

Logical True if either of the operands is true and false if both are
xor $x xor $y
XOR true

Logical $x &&
&& True if both the operands are true else false
AND $y

|| Logical OR $x || $y True if either of the operands is true else false

! Logical NOT !$x True if $x is false

Comparison Operators: These operators are used to compare two elements and outputs the
result in boolean form. Here are the comparison operators along with their syntax and operations in
PHP.

Operator Name Syntax Operation

== Equal To $x == $y Returns True if both the operands are equal

!= Not Equal To $x != $y Returns True if both the operands are not equal

<> Not Equal To $x <> $y Returns True if both the operands are unequal

$x === Returns True if both the operands are equal and are
=== Identical
$y of the same type

Returns True if both the operands are unequal and

!== Not Identical $x == $y
are of different types

< Less Than $x < $y Returns True if $x is less than $y

> Greater Than $x > $y Returns True if $x is greater than $y

Less Than or Equal

<= $x <= $y Returns True if $x is less than or equal to $y
To

Greater Than or
>= $x >= $y Returns True if $x is greater than or equal to $y
Equal To

Conditional or Ternary Operators:

These operators are used to compare two values and take either of the results simultaneously,
depending on whether the outcome is TRUE or FALSE. These are also used as a shorthand
notation for if…else statement that we will read in the article on decision making.
Syntax:
$var = (condition)? value1 : value2;
Here, the condition will either evaluate as true or false. If the condition evaluates to True, then
value1 will be assigned to the variable $var otherwise value2 will be assigned to it.

Operator Name Operation

If the condition is true? then $x : or else $y. This means that if the condition
?: Ternary is true then the left result of the colon is accepted otherwise the result is on
right

Assignment Operators:
These operators are used to assign values to different variables, with or without mid-operations.
Here are the assignment operators along with their syntax and operations, that PHP provides for the
operations.

Operator Name Syntax Operation

Operand on the left obtains the value of the

= Assign $x = $y
operand on the right

$x +=
+= Add then Assign Simple Addition same as $x = $x + $y
$y

-= Subtract then Assign $x -= $y Simple subtraction same as $x = $x – $y

*= Multiply then Assign $x *= $y Simple product same as $x = $x * $y

Divide then Assign

/= $x /= $y Simple division same as $x = $x / $y
(quotient)

Divide then Assign $x %=

%= (remainder) Simple division same as $x = $x % $y
$y

Array Operators:
These operators are used in the case of arrays. Here are the array operators along with their syntax
and operations, that PHP provides for the array operation.
Operator Name Syntax Operation

+ Union $x + $y Union of both i.e., $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if both has same key-value pair

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns True if both are unequal

$x === Returns True if both have the same key-value pair in the
=== Identity
$y same order and of the same type

Non- $x !==
!== Returns True if both are not identical to each other
Identity $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns True if both are unequal

Increment/Decrement Operators:
These are called the unary operators as they work on single operands. These are used to increment
or decrement values.

Operator Name Syntax Operation

++ Pre-Increment ++$x First increments $x by one, then return $x

— Pre-Decrement –$x First decrements $x by one, then return $x

++ Post-Increment $x++ First returns $x, then increment it by one

— Post-Decrement $x– First returns $x, then decrement it by one

String Operators:
This operator is used for the concatenation of 2 or more strings using the concatenation operator
(‘.’). We can also use the concatenating assignment operator (‘.=’) to append the argument on the
right side to the argument on the left side.
Operator Name Syntax Operation

. Concatenation $x.$y Concatenated $x and $y

Concatenation and First concatenates then assigns, same as $x =

.= $x.=$y
assignment $x.$y

Spaceship Operators:
PHP 7 has introduced a new kind of operator called spaceship operator. The spaceship operator or
combined comparison operator is denoted by “<=>“. These operators are used to compare values
but instead of returning the boolean results, it returns integer values. If both the operands are equal,
it returns 0. If the right operand is greater, it returns -1. If the left operand is greater, it returns 1.
The following table shows how it works in detail:

Operator Syntax Operation

$x < $y $x <=> $y Identical to -1 (right is greater)

$x > $y $x <=> $y Identical to 1 (left is greater)

$x <= $y $x <=> $y Identical to -1 (right is greater) or identical to 0 (if both are equal)

$x >= $y $x <=> $y Identical to 1 (if left is greater) or identical to 0 (if both are equal)

$x == $y $x <=> $y Identical to 0 (both are equal)

$x != $y $x <=> $y Not Identical to 0

USING CONDITIONAL STATEMENT IN PHP

PHP allows us to perform actions based on some type of conditions that may be logical or
comparative. Based on the result of these conditions i.e., either TRUE or FALSE, an action would
be performed as asked by the user. It’s just like a two- way path. If you want something then go
this way or else turn that way. To use this feature, PHP provides us with four conditional
statements:
 if statement
 if…else statement
 if…elseif…else statement
 switch statement
Let us now look at each one of these in details:
if Statement: This statement allows us to set a condition. On being TRUE, the following block
of code enclosed within the if clause will be executed.
Syntax :
if (condition){
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
Example:
<?php
$x = 12;
if ($x > 0) {
echo "The number is positive";
}
?>
Output:
The number is positive

if…else Statement: We understood that if a condition will hold i.e., TRUE, then the block of
code within if will be executed. But what if the condition is not TRUE and we want to perform an
action? This is where else comes into play. If a condition is TRUE then if block gets executed,
otherwise else block gets executed.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
else{
 // if FALSE then execute this code
}
Example :

<?php
$num=12;
if($num%2==0){
echo "$num is even number";
}else{
echo "$num is odd number";
}
?>
Output:
12 is even number

if…elseif…else Statement: This allows us to use multiple if…else statements. We use this
when there are multiple conditions of TRUE cases.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
elseif {
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
elseif {
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
else {
// if FALSE then execute this code
}

Example:
<?php
$x = "August";
if ($x == "January") {
echo "Happy Republic Day";
}
elseif ($x == "August") {
echo "Happy Independence Day!!!";
}
else{
echo "Nothing to show";
}
?>

Output:
Happy Independence Day!!!

SWITCH STATEMENT
The switch statement is similar to the series of if-else statements. The switch statement performs in
various cases i.e. it has various cases to which it matches the condition and appropriately executes
a particular case block. It first evaluates an expression and then compares it with the values of each
case. If a case matches then the same case is executed.
To use the switch, we need to get familiar with two different keywords namely, break and default.
 break: The break statement is used to stop the automatic control flow into the next cases and
exit from the switch case.
 default: The default statement contains the code that would execute if none of the cases match.

Syntax

switch (expression) {

case label1:

//code block

break;

case label2:

//code block;

break;

case label3:

//code block
 break;

default:

//code block

This is how it works:

 The expression is evaluated once

 The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case
 If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
 The break keyword breaks out of the switch block
 The default code block is executed if there is no match

Example

$favcolor = "red";

switch ($favcolor) {

case "red":

echo "Your favorite color is red!";

break;

case "blue":

echo "Your favorite color is blue!";

break;

case "green":

echo "Your favorite color is green!";

break;

default:

echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";

}
WHILE LOOP

The while loop is the simple loop that executes nested statements repeatedly while the expression
value is true. The expression is checked every time at the beginning of the loop, and if the
expression evaluates to true then the loop is executed otherwise loop is terminated.

Syntax:
while (if the condition is true) {
// Code is executed
}

<?php

// Declare a number

$num = 10;

// While Loop

while ($num < 20) {

echo $num . "\n";

$num += 2;

?>

Output
10
12
14
16
18
FOR LOOP

The for loop is the most complex loop in PHP that is used when the user knows how many times
the block needs to be executed. The for loop contains the initialization expression, test condition,
and update expression (expression for increment or decrement).

Syntax:
for (initialization expression; test condition; update expression) {

// Code to be executed

Loop Parameters:
 Initialization Expression: In this expression, we have to initialize the loop counter to some
value. For example: $num = 1;
 Test Condition: In this expression, we have to test the condition. If the condition evaluates to
“true” then it will execute the body of the loop and go to the update expression otherwise it will
exit from the for loop. For example: $num <= 10;
 Update Expression: After executing the loop body, this expression increments/decrements the
loop variable by some value. For example: $num += 2;
Example 1: The following code shows a simple example using for loop.

<?php

// for Loop to display numbers

for( $num = 0; $num < 20; $num += 5) {

echo $num . "\n";

?>

Output
0
5
10
15
 UNIT – 3
PHP | Functions
A function is a block of code written in a program to perform some specific task. We can relate
functions in programs to employees in a office in real life for a better understanding of how
functions work. Suppose the boss wants his employee to calculate the annual budget. So how will
this process complete? The employee will take information about the statistics from the boss,
performs calculations and calculate the budget and shows the result to his boss. Functions works in
a similar manner. They take informations as parameter, executes a block of statements or perform
operations on this parameters and returns the result.
PHP provides us with two major types of functions:

 Built-in functions : PHP provides us with huge collection of built-in library functions. These
functions are already coded and stored in form of functions. To use those we just need to call
them as per our requirement like, var_dump, fopen(), print_r(), gettype() and so on.
 User Defined Functions : Apart from the built-in functions, PHP allows us to create our own
customised functions called the user-defined functions.
Using this we can create our own packages of code and use it wherever necessary by simply
calling it.

CREATING AN ARRAY
An array can hold more than one value. In PHP, they’re stored as value pairs that in other languages
would be called a dictionary or a hashtable. Keys can be strings or integers.

Syntax

There are several methods of declaring an array in PHP. The array() function can be used, either with
key-value pairs, or with values alone. Single brackets, [...] can also be used in place of
the array() keyword. If any key value is omitted, the key will be found by incrementing the largest
prior integer key. If a key is repeated, the new value will overwrite the prior key.

Example
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

A comma after the last item is allowed:

Example
$cars = [
 "Volvo",

"BMW",

"Toyota",

];

You can declare an empty array first, and add items to it later:

Example
$cars = [];

$cars[0] = "Volvo";

$cars[1] = "BMW";

$cars[2] = "Toyota";

MODIFYING ARRAY ELEMENTS

To update an existing array item, you can refer to the index number for indexed
arrays, and the key name for associative arrays.

Example
Change the second array item from "BMW" to "Ford":

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

$cars[1] = "Ford";

OUTPUT
array(3) {
[0]=>
string(5) "Volvo"
[1]=>
string(4) "Ford"
[2]=>
string(6) "Toyota"
}

PROCESSING ARRAYS WITH LOOPS IN PHP

Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as long as a certain condition is
true.

In PHP, we have the following loop types:

  while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the
specified condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is true.

Example

Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:

$i = 1;

while ($i < 6) {

echo $i;

$i++;

The do...while loop will always execute the block of code at least once, it will then check the
condition, and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.

Example

Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:

$i = 1;

do {

echo $i;

$i++;

} while ($i < 6);

The for loop is used when you know how many times the script should run.

Syntax

for (expression1, expression2, expression3) {

// code block

This is how it works:

 expression1 is evaluated once

 expression2 is evaluated before each iteration
 expression3 is evaluated after each iteration

Example

Print the numbers from 0 to 10:

for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {

echo "The number is: $x <br>";

The most common use of the foreach loop, is to loop through the items of an array. For every loop
iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to the variable $x. The iteration continues
until it reaches the last array element.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $x) {

echo "$x <br>";

}

?>

</body>

</html>

Output:

red
green
blue
yellow

GROUPING FORM SELECTIONS WITH ARRAYS

Groups an array into arrays by a given $key, or set of keys, shared between all array members. Array
variables allow you to group related PHP data values together in a list using a single variable name.
You can then either reference the values as a whole by referencing the variable name or handle each
data value individually within the array by referencing its place in the list.

Parameters

 $array — The array to have grouping performed on.

 $key — The key to group or split by. Can be a string, an integer, a float, or a callback. If the
key is NULL, the iterated element is skipped. If the key is a callback, it must return a valid
key from the array.

string|int callback ( mixed $item )

 ... — Additional keys for grouping the next set of sub-arrays.

Return Values

Returns a multidimensional array, with each dimension containing elements grouped by the passed
key(s).

Errors/Exceptions

If $key is not one of the accepted types E_USER_ERROR will be thrown and NULL returned.
Examples

Example #1 array_group_by() example

$records = [
[
"state" => "IN",
"city" => "Indianapolis",
"object" => "School bus"
],
[
"state" => "IN",
"city" => "Indianapolis",
"object" => "Manhole"
],
[
"state" => "IN",
"city" => "Plainfield",
"object" => "Basketball"
],
[
"state" => "CA",
"city" => "San Diego",
"object" => "Light bulb"
],
[
"state" => "CA",
"city" => "Mountain View",
"object" => "Space pen"
]
];

$grouped = array_group_by( $records, "state", "city" );

The above example will output:

Array
(
[IN] => Array
 (
[Indianapolis] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[state] => IN
[city] => Indianapolis
[object] => School bus
)

[1] => Array

(
[state] => IN
[city] => Indianapolis
[object] => Manhole
)

[Plainfield] => Array

(
[0] => Array
(
[state] => IN
[city] => Plainfield
[object] => Basketball
)

)
)

[CA] => Array

(
[San Diego] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
 [state] => CA
[city] => San Diego
[object] => Light bulb
)
)

[Mountain View] => Array

(
[0] => Array
(
[state] => CA
[city] => Mountain View
[object] => Space pen
)
)
)
)

USING ARRAY FUNCTIONS

PHP Arrays are a data structure that stores multiple elements of a similar type in a single variable.
The arrays are helpful to create a list of elements of similar type. It can be accessed using their
index number or key. The array functions are allowed to interact and manipulate the array elements
in various ways. The PHP array functions are used for single and multi-dimensional arrays.
Installation: The array functions have not required any installation. These are part of PHP core
concepts.

Function Description

array() Creates an array

array_change_key_case() Changes all keys in an array to lowercase or uppercase

array_chunk() Splits an array into chunks of arrays

array_column() Returns the values from a single column in the input array

array_combine() Creates an array by using the elements from one "keys" array and one
"values" array

array_count_values() Counts all the values of an array

array_diff() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values only)

array_diff_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values)

array_diff_key() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only)

array_fill() Fills an array with values

array_keys() Returns all the keys of an array

array_merge() Merges one or more arrays into one array

array_pop() Deletes the last element of an array

array_product() Calculates the product of the values in an array

array_push() Inserts one or more elements to the end of an array

array_reverse() Returns an array in the reverse order

array_search() Searches an array for a given value and returns the key

array_shift() Removes the first element from an array, and returns the value of the removed
element

array_slice() Returns selected parts of an array

array_splice() Removes and replaces specified elements of an array

array_sum() Returns the sum of the values in an array

array_unique() Removes duplicate values from an array

array_unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array

array_values() Returns all the values of an array

arsort() Sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the value

asort() Sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value

compact() Create array containing variables and their values

count() Returns the number of elements in an array

current() Returns the current element in an array

 UNIT – IV
PHP ADVANCED CONCEPTS -READING AND WRITING FILES

In PHP, reading from and writing to files is a common task in web development, especially for
tasks such as reading configuration files, processing data files, or logging
information. PHP provides built-in functions for handling file operations, making it straightforward
to perform file read and write operations.

File Modes in PHP

Files can be opened in any of the following modes:
 “w” – Opens a file for writing only. If file does not exist then new file is created and if file
already exists then file will be truncated (contents of file is erased).
 “r” – File is open for reading only.
 “a” – File is open for writing only. File pointer points to end of file. Existing data in file is
preserved.
 “w+” – Opens file for reading and writing both. If file not exist then new file is created and if
file already exists then contents of file is erased.
 “r+” – File is open for reading and writing both.
 “a+” – File is open for write/read. File pointer points to end of file. Existing data in file is
preserved. If file is not there then new file is created.
 “x” – New file is created for write only.

Reading from a File:

 Use fopen() to open a file pointer.
 Use fgets() or fread( ) to read data from the file.
 Close the file pointer using fclose( ) when done.
Writing to a File:
 Use fopen() with mode 'w' or 'a' to open a file pointer for writing.
 Use fwrite() to write data to the file.
 Close the file pointer using fclose() when done.

Example (Reading from a File):

// Open a file for reading
$handle = fopen("[Link]", "r");
// Read data from the file
while (($line = fgets($handle)) !== false) {
 echo $line;
}
// Close the file handle
fclose($handle);

Example (Writing to a File):

// Open a file for writing (create if not exists, truncate if exists)
$handle = fopen("[Link]", "w");
// Write data to the file
fwrite($handle, "Hello, World!\n");
// Close the file handle
fclose($handle);

READING DATA FROM A FILE

PHP provides various functions to read data from file. There are different functions that allow you to
read all file data, read data line by line and read data character by character.

The available PHP file read functions are given below.

o fread()
o fgets()
o fgetc()

PHP Read File - fread()

The PHP fread() function is used to read data of the file. It requires two arguments: file resource and
file size.

Syntax

string fread (resource $handle , int $length )

$handle represents file pointer that is created by fopen() function.

$length represents length of byte to be read.

Example

<?php
$filename = "c:\\[Link]";
 $fp = fopen($filename, "r");//open file in read mode
$contents = fread($fp, filesize($filename));//read file
echo "<pre>$contents</pre>";//printing data of file
fclose($fp);//close file
?>
Output

this is first line

this is another line
this is third line

PHP Read File - fgets()

The PHP fgets() function is used to read single line from the file.

Syntax

string fgets ( resource $handle [, int $length ] )

Example

<?php
$fp = fopen("c:\\[Link]", "r");//open file in read mode
echo fgets($fp);
fclose($fp);
?>
Output

this is first line

PHP Read File - fgetc()

The PHP fgetc() function is used to read single character from the file. To get all data using fgetc()
function, use !feof() function inside the while loop.

Syntax

string fgetc ( resource $handle )

Example

<?php
$fp = fopen("c:\\[Link]", "r");//open file in read mode
while(!feof($fp)) {
echo fgetc($fp);
}
fclose($fp);
?>
Output

this is first line this is another line this is third line

UNIT – V
MANAGING SESSIONS AND USING SESSION VARIABLES

In general, session refers to a frame of communication between two medium. A PHP session is
used to store data on a server rather than the computer of the user. Session identifiers or SID is a
unique number which is used to identify every user in a session based environment. The SID is
used to link the user with his information on the server like posts, emails etc.

Below are different steps involved in PHP sessions:

 Starting a PHP Session: The first step is to start up a session. After a session is started, session
variables can be created to store information. The PHP session_start() function is used to begin
a new [Link] also creates a new session ID for the user.
Below is the PHP code to start a new session:

<?php

session_start();

?>

 Storing Session Data: Session data in key-value pairs using the $_SESSION[] superglobal
[Link] stored data can be accessed during lifetime of a session.
Below is the PHP code to store a session with two session variables Rollnumber and Name:
 <?php

session_start();

$_SESSION["Rollnumber"] = "11";

$_SESSION["Name"] = "Ajay";

?>

 Accessing Session Data: Data stored in sessions can be easily accessed by firstly
calling session_start() and then by passing the corresponding key to
the $_SESSION associative array.
The PHP code to access a session data with two session variables Rollnumber and Name is
shown below:

<?php

session_start();

echo 'The Name of the student is :' . $_SESSION["Name"] . '<br>';

echo 'The Roll number of the student is :' . $_SESSION["Rollnumber"] . '<br>';

?>

Output:
The Name of the student is :Ajay

The Roll number of the student is :11

 Destroying Certain Session Data: To delete only a certain session data,the unset feature can
be used with the corresponding session variable in the $_SESSION associative array.
The PHP code to unset only the “Rollnumber” session variable from the associative session
array:
 <?php

session_start();

if(isset($_SESSION["Name"])){

unset($_SESSION["Rollnumber"]);

?>

 Destroying Complete Session: The session_destroy() function is used to completely destroy a

session. The session_destroy() function does not require any argument.

<?php

session_start();

session_destroy();

?>

1. The session IDs are randomly generated by the PHP engine .

2. The session data is stored on the server therefore it doesn’t have to be sent with every browser
request.
3. The session_start() function needs to be called at the beginning of the page, before any output is
generated by the script in the browser.

STORING DATA IN COOKIES

cookie in PHP is a small file with a maximum size of 4KB that the web server stores on the client
computer. They are typically used to keep track of information such as a username that the site can
retrieve to personalize the page when the user visits the website next time. A cookie can only be
read from the domain that it has been issued from. Cookies are usually set in an HTTP header but
JavaScript can also set a cookie directly on a browser.
 Setting Cookie In PHP: To set a cookie in PHP, the setcookie() function is used. The setcookie()
function needs to be called prior to any output generated by the script otherwise the cookie will not
be set.
Syntax:
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, security);

Parameters: The setcookie() function requires six arguments in general which are:
 Name: It is used to set the name of the cookie.
 Value: It is used to set the value of the cookie.
 Expire: It is used to set the expiry timestamp of the cookie after which the cookie can’t be
accessed.
 Path: It is used to specify the path on the server for which the cookie will be available.
 Domain: It is used to specify the domain for which the cookie is available.
 Security: It is used to indicate that the cookie should be sent only if a secure HTTPS
connection exists.
Below are some operations that can be performed on Cookies in PHP:

 Creating Cookies: Creating a cookie named Auction_Item and assigning the value Luxury Car
to it. The cookie will expire after 2 days(2 days * 24 hours * 60 mins * 60 seconds).
Example: This example describes the creation of the cookie in PHP.
 PHP

<!DOCTYPE html>

<?php

setcookie("Auction_Item", "Luxury Car", time() + 2 * 24 * 60 * 60);

?>

<html>

<body>

<?php

echo "cookie is created."

?>
 <p>

<strong>Note:</strong>

You might have to reload the

page to see the value of the cookie.

</p>

</body>

</html>

Note: Only the name argument in the setcookie() function is mandatory. To skip an argument, the
argument can be replaced by an empty string(“”).

Output:

Cookie creation in PHP

SETTING COOKIES
Checking Whether a Cookie Is Set Or Not: It is always advisable to check whether a cookie is
set or not before accessing its value. Therefore to check whether a cookie is set or not, the PHP
isset() function is used. To check whether a cookie “Auction_Item” is set or not, the isset() function
is executed as follows:
Example: This example describes checking whether the cookie is set or not.
 PHP

<!DOCTYPE html>

<?php

setcookie("Auction_Item", "Luxury Car", time() + 2 * 24 * 60 * 60);

?>
<html>

<body>

<?php

if (isset($_COOKIE["Auction_Item"]))

{ echo "Auction Item is a " . $_COOKIE["Auction_Item"]; }

else

{ echo "No items for auction."; }

?>

<p>

<strong>Note:</strong>

You might have to reload the page

to see the value of the cookie.

</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Checking for the cookie to be set