ELL1001: Circuit Theory

Lecture: 1

Prof. Ankesh Jain

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, India
 Introduction
 If Roll number is odd and group is 3,4,8 : Section:1
 Monday, Thursday : 2PM - 3:30PM, LH604 Instructor: Prof. Ankesh Jain
 Tutorial Tuesday: 2PM-3PM, LH604 Instructor: Prof. Shouri Chatterjee
 If Roll number is even and group is 3,4,8 : Section:2
 Monday, Thursday : 2:00PM - 3:30PM, LH606 Instructor: Prof. Shouri Chatterjee
 Tutorial Tuesday: 2PM-3PM, LH602 Instructor: Prof. Ankesh Jain
 If Roll number is odd and group is 1,2,9 : Section:3
 Monday, Thursday : 3:30PM - 5:00PM, LH604 Instructor: Prof. Ankesh Jain
 Tutorial Friday: 2PM-3PM, LH604 Instructor: Prof. Shouri Chatterjee
 If Roll number is even and group is 1,2,9 : Section:4
 Monday, Thursday : 3:30PM - 5:00PM, LH606 Instructor: Prof. Shouri Chatterjee
 Tutorial: Friday: 2PM-3PM, LH602 Instructor: Prof. Ankesh Jain
 Course Plan
[Link]. Content Lectures
1 Basic circuit quantities and circuit elements 1
2 Graph theory and circuit analysis; Tellegen's theorem, reciprocity theorem 3
3 Mesh and node analysis, super-mesh and super-node concepts 2
4 Superposition, substitution, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power transfer 2
5 Two-port network, two port parameters, star-delta conversion 3
6 Negative feedback and ideal opamp 3
7 First order circuits, natural and forced responses, step response 2
8 Second order circuit, natural and forced responses, step response 2
9 Laplace transforms; circuit analysis using Laplace transforms 3
10 Phasors, use of phasors in circuit analysis, magnitude and phase response of RLC circuits 1
11 Complex power, real power, apparent power, reactive power, power factor, power factor 3
correction; conjugate matching for maximum power transfer
12 Three-phase circuits; advantages of three-phase circuits; ground and neutral 1
13 Analysis of three-phase circuits; power measurement in three-phase circuits 2
 Evaluation Policy
 Quiz
 One 10 min quiz of 1 Mark at the end of tutorial class
 Best 10 such quizzes will be counted for 10 Marks
 Assignments
 5 Assignments of 4 marks each
 20 marks in total
 Minor Exam
 30 Marks
 Major Exam
 40 Marks
 Why circuit theory???
 Everything around us such as Mobile-phone, Television (TV), Computers,
Smart vehicle, Smart phone functions perfectly because of an electric circuit

 Circuit theory is the foundation of all electrical, electronics and

communication engineering
 Circuit design, VLSI, power system, embedded system, communication,
autonomous robotics
 Circuit
 Circuit is a closed network
 Electric circuit is a closed network of electrical elements
 A current can flow only if there is at least one closed path
 If a circuit is not closed it is defined as open circuit
 Circuit
 Learning about circuits can be divided in two parts
 Circuit analysis : Finding the output of given circuit for the given input

√
Circuit √ ???
Input Circuit Output
Analysis
 Circuit
 Learning about circuits can be divided in two parts
 Circuit analysis : Finding the output of given circuit for the given input
 Circuit synthesis : Designing a circuit to obtain the desired output for
the given set of inputs √
Circuit √ ???
Input Circuit Output
Analysis
???
Circuit √ √
Synthesis Input Circuit Output
 Flow of learning
 Introduction to basic circuit quantities
 Introduction to electrical components
 Basic theorems
 Basic elements for analyzing circuits
 Graphs
 Using graphs to analyze circuit theorems
 Basic circuit quantities: Charge
 What is charge?
 Charge is a property of a matter by which it experiences force in
an electric or magnetic field
 Basic unit of charge is Coulomb
 Charge is a scalar quantity though it has magnitude as well as sign
 The net charge remain conserved
 Charge is quantized
 Basic circuit quantities: Current
 Current is a rate of flow of charge
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where q is the amount of charge flowing from point A to point B in time t and 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is the
current flowing from point A to point B
• Current is also a scalar quantity
• Unit of current is Ampere (A)
• Kirchoff’s current law: The sum of current entering into a node is equal to sum of
current leaving from the same node
 Basic circuit quantities: Voltage
 Voltage is a work done in moving a unit charge from infinity to a
point in an electric field
 Voltage difference between point A and point B is work done in
moving a unit charge from point A to point B
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Unit of voltage is volt
 Basic circuit quantities: Electric field
 Electric field strength E is defined by the magnitude and direction of the
force F on a unit positive charge in the field
𝐹𝐹
𝐸𝐸 =
𝑞𝑞
Its unit is Newton per coulomb
 Relationship between Voltage and Electric field strength
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Its unit can also be written as volts per meter
 Basic circuit quantities: Magnetic field
 The intensity of magnetic effect is determined by magnetic flux density B
Its unit is Tesla
 The force experienced by a moving charge due to magnetic field
F = 𝑞𝑞 𝒖𝒖 × 𝑩𝑩
Its unit is Newton per coulomb
 Magnetic flux in weber is total quantity obtained by integrating magnetic
flux density over area A

𝜙𝜙 = � 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Basic circuit quantities: Electrical Power and Energy
𝑑𝑑𝑊𝑊 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This leads us to
𝑑𝑑𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = = 𝑉𝑉 · 𝐼𝐼
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Therefore, total energy is

𝑊𝑊 = � 𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑉𝑉 · 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 Basic circuit quantities: Resistance
 Electrical resistance is the characteristic of the material that resist the flow
of current
 Device equation for resistor:
 If physical parameter does not change then
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑖𝑖 · 𝑅𝑅
here 𝑣𝑣 is voltage across conductor, 𝑖𝑖 is current through
conductor and 𝑅𝑅 is the resistance of the conductor
 This relationship is known as Ohm’s law
 Basic circuit quantities: Capacitance
 Capacitance is a measure of the capacity of storing electric charge for a
given potential difference ∆V
 Device equation for capacitor: If physical parameter does not change then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑖𝑖 = 𝐶𝐶 ·
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
here 𝑣𝑣 is voltage across capacitor, 𝑖𝑖 is current through
capacitor and 𝐶𝐶 is capacitance of the capacitor
 On integrating above equation w.r.t. time it gives
𝑞𝑞 = 𝐶𝐶 · 𝑣𝑣
 Basic circuit quantities: Inductance
 Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how effectively it induces
an emf in another device
 Device equation for Inductor: If physical parameter does not change then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = 𝐿𝐿 ·
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
here 𝑣𝑣 is voltage across capacitor, 𝑖𝑖 is current through
inductor and 𝐿𝐿 is inductance of the Inductor
 On integrating above equation w.r.t. time it gives
ϕ = 𝐿𝐿 · 𝐼𝐼
 Basic circuit quantities: Mutual Inductance
 When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close to one another, the magnetic
flux through each circuit varies because of the changing current I in the other circuit.
Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the changing current in the other.
This type of emf is therefore called a mutually induced emf, and the phenomenon that
occurs is known as mutual inductance (M)
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼1
ε = −𝑀𝑀21
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 The time rate of change of magnetic flux ϕ21 in coil 2 is proportional to the time
rate of change of the current 𝐼𝐼1 in coil 1
𝑑𝑑ϕ21 𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼1 ϕ21
𝑁𝑁2 = 𝑀𝑀21  𝑀𝑀21 = 𝑁𝑁2
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼1
 Electrical Components
 Passive Components : It consumes power
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Active Components : It can also deliver power
 Current Source
 Voltage Source
 All components are defined using 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑖𝑖 characteristics
Electrical components
 Lumped vs distributed models
 In lumped model, dependent variables are function of time alone
 In distributed model, dependent variables are function of time as
well as distance
 Linearity
 Idea of linearity involves two principles
 Principle of homogeneity
 Principle of superposition
 Principle of homogeneity
 If input 𝑥𝑥 results in output 𝑦𝑦
 Input 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑥𝑥 will result in output 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑦𝑦 where 𝑎𝑎 is a constant
coefficients

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 Linearity
 Principle of homogeneity
 If input 𝑥𝑥 results in output 𝑦𝑦
 Input 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑥𝑥 will result in output 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑦𝑦 where 𝑎𝑎 is a constant
coefficients
 Principle of superposition
 If input 𝑥𝑥1 results in output 𝑦𝑦1 and input 𝑥𝑥2 results in output 𝑦𝑦2
 Input 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑏 � 𝑥𝑥2 results in output 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑏 � 𝑦𝑦2 where a and
b are constant coefficients
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 Time invariance
 If input 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 results in output 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
 Input 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏 will results in output 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏

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 Why linearity is so important
 Any signal can be expressed as sum of shifted scaled impulses
∞
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−∞
 Using linearity and time invariance its response can be obtained only
using its impulse response
∞
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 ℎ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 Its much simpler to analyze linear time invariant system
 Knowing impulse response is sufficient to find its response
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 Electrical components
 Ideal resistor, capacitor and inductor are linear elements
 Energy stored in Inductor
𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 2
𝑤𝑤 = � 𝐿𝐿 𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 2
 Energy stored in Capacitor
𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 2
𝑤𝑤 = � 𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 2
 Electrical components
 Ideal resistor, capacitor and inductor are linear elements
 Energy dissipated in resistor
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝑤𝑤 = � 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 0
 Electrical components
 Energy dissipation in resistor is irreversible
 Stored energy in inductor and capacitor can be retrieved back
 Energy don’t change abruptly : instantaneous change of energy
requires infinite power
 Current through inductor cannot change instantaneously
 Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously
 Voltage source
 Ideal voltage source provides a specific output voltage no matter what
load is connected to it
 Ideal DC voltage source of value V1

ideal voltage source i-v characteristic

 Voltage source
 Practical voltage source has a series resistance

Real voltage source i-v characteristic

 Current source
 Ideal current source provides a specific output current no matter what
load is connected to it
 Ideal DC voltage source of value V1

Ideal current source i-v characteristic

 Current source
 Practical current source has a shunt resistance

real current source i-v characteristic

 DC and AC source
 If value of Ideal source does not change with time, then it is known as DC
source
 Another type of source named AC source has an output voltage or current
which are function of time
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔 · 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜋𝜋 · 𝑓𝑓 · 𝑡𝑡)
Dependent source
VCVS: Voltage controlled voltage source
VCCS: Voltage controlled current source
CCVS: Current controlled voltage source
CCCS: Current controlled current source
 Basic definitions
 Branch: The path from one node to another through an element is a
branch
 Node: Node is the point where two or more branches come together
 Loop: Loop is a closed path formed by connecting branches
 Basic circuit theorems: KCL
 Kirchhoff’s current Law: The algebraic sum of currents into a node at any
instant is zero

� 𝑖𝑖 = 0

𝑖𝑖1 − 𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑖𝑖3 − 𝑖𝑖4 = 0

Conservation of charge
 Circuit Examples
 KCL at node b
𝑖𝑖1 = −1𝐴𝐴
 KCL at node d
𝑖𝑖2 = 2𝐴𝐴
 KCL at node c
𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑖3
𝑖𝑖3 = 𝑖𝑖1 − 𝑖𝑖2 = −1𝐴𝐴 − 2𝐴𝐴 = −3𝐴𝐴
 Node voltage of node C
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 𝑖𝑖3(3Ω) = −3𝐴𝐴(3Ω) = −9𝑉𝑉
 Circuit Examples
 KCL at node b
𝑖𝑖1 =? ?
 Find vb
 vb= va+1V=1V
 Circuit Examples
 vb= va+1V=1V
 KCL at node c
𝑖𝑖3 = 𝑖𝑖1 − 𝑖𝑖2

𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏 − 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 1 − 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐

𝑖𝑖3 = −2= −2
2 2
= −1.5 − 0.5𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 3 −1.5 − 0.5𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐
= −4.5 − 1.5𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐
2.5𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = −4.5
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = −1.8
 KCL for a closed region
 Just as KCL is valid at a node, It
is also valid for a closed region Region1
 For region 1
 𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑖3
 Resistance in parallel

 On applying KCL to left circuit

𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑖3
 Using Ohm’s law
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑖𝑖2 = , 𝑖𝑖3 =
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
This leads us to
1 1 1 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
= + => 𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2
 Current Division
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑖2

𝑣𝑣 1 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅2

𝑖𝑖1 = = · 𝑖𝑖 · = 𝑖𝑖 ·
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2

𝑅𝑅1
𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑖𝑖 ·
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
 Basic circuit theorems: KVL
 Kirchhoff’s voltage Law: The algebraic sum of voltages around a loop
at any instant is zero

� 𝑣𝑣 = 0

𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 − 𝑣𝑣𝑅𝑅 − 𝑣𝑣𝐿𝐿 − 0 = 0
Conservation of energy
 Example circuits
 On applying KVL we get
10 − 𝑣𝑣1 + 1 + 𝑣𝑣2 = 0 (1)
Using Ohm’s law, we know
𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑖, 𝑣𝑣2 = 8𝑖𝑖
Thus, using it in equation 1 we get,
10 − 𝑖𝑖 − 1 − 8𝑖𝑖 = 0
9 − 9𝑖𝑖 = 0
𝑖𝑖 = 1
Resistor in series
 On applying KVL we get
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑣𝑣2
 Using Ohm’s law, we know
𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖1, 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
 Thus, using it in equation 1 we
get,
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖1 +
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
 Resistor in series
 On applying KVL we get
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑣𝑣2
 Using Ohm’s law, we know
𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖1 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
 Thus, using it in equation 1 we get,
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
= 𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
 This leads us to
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
 Example with dependent source
On applying KCL we get
7 + 𝑖𝑖1 + 2𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑖2 = 0 ⇒ 7 + 3𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑖2 = 0 (1)
From ohm’s law we know
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑖𝑖1 𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑖𝑖2
Thus, using these values in equation 1 we get,
𝑣𝑣
7 +7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = −2
2
Example with dependent source

 Further,
 𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑣𝑣 = −2
 𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑣𝑣/2 = −1
 Basic circuit theorems
 KVL and KCL are fundamental circuit theorem
 Its applicable for active, passive, linear, nonlinear elements
Thank
you

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