Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

Computational Geometry
Last update: July 7, 2025

1 Orthodiagonal and Tangential Quadrilaterals

1.1 Lecture Problems

We call a quadrilateral orthodiagonal if its diagonals are orthogonal. The next theorem gives 3 equivalent
conditions for this to hold:

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Theorem 1. A (convex) quadrilateral ABCD is orthodiagonal if and only if any of the following conditions
hold
1.

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AB 2 + CD2 = BC 2 + DA2 .

2.
R12 + R32 = R22 + R42

3.
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where R1 , R2 , R3 and R4 are the circumradii in the triangles ABP , BCP , CDP and DAP respectively
and P is the intersection of the diagonals.

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2
h1
1 1 1
+ 2 = 2+ 2
h3 h2 h4
where h1 , h2 , h3 and h4 are the altitudes in the triangles ABP , BCP , CDP and DAP from the
intersection P of the diagonals to the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA, respectively.
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We call a quadrilateral tangential (or inscriptible) if there exists an incircle, i.e a circle which is tangent to
all 4 sides. Below, we give 3 equivalent conditions for a quadrilateral to be tangential:

Theorem 2 A quadrilateral ABCD is tangential if and only if any of the following conditions hold
1. (Pithot Theorem)
AB + CD = AD + BC.
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2.
R1 + R3 = R2 + R4
where R1 , R2 , R3 and R4 are the circumradii in the triangles ABP , BCP , CDP and DAP respectively
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and P is the intersection of the diagonals.

3.
1 1 1 1
+ = +
h1 h3 h2 h4
where h1 , h2 , h3 and h4 are the altitudes in the triangles ABP , BCP , CDP and DAP from the
intersection P of the diagonals to the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA, respectively.
Note the remarkable “duality” between orthodiagonal and tangential quadrilaterals - one just removes the
squares for the conditions of orthodiagonal to obtain the conditions for tangential. There are plenty of nice
papers explaining more conditions for quadrilateral to be tangential or orthodiagonal.

Newton’s Theorems
1. Let ABCD be a circumscriptible quadrilateral, and let M , N be the midpoints of its diagonals. Prove
that the center of its inscribed circle lies on the line M N . //Sidenote: Within the proof, we use the following
important locus that you should remember: Given a quadrilateral ABCD and a positive real k, then the

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Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

locus of the points P in plane for which KP AB + KP CD = k is a line.

2. In a circumscriptible quadrilateral ABCD with X, Y , Z, T as the tangency points of the sides AB, BC,
CD, and DA, respectively, prove that the lines AC, BD, XZ, and Y T are all concurrent.

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Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

1.2 Problems
Problem 1: Given two circles ω1 and ω2 . An internal common tangent ` touches the circles ω1 and ω2 at points B
and C, respectively. The line ` intersects the external common tangents to the circles ω1 and ω2 at points A and D.
Prove that AB = CD.

Problem 2: Let ABCDEF be a convex circumscribed hexagon. Prove that

AB + CD + EF = BC + DE + F A.

Is the converse theorem true?

Problem 3: Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Prove that incircles of triangles ABC and ADC are tangent to
each other iff ABCD is tangential.

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More generally if a quadrilateral ABCD is divided by a diagonal and the incircles of the two formed triangles are
constructed, then the distance between the two tangent points of the incircles to the diagonal is equal to

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|(AB + CD) − (BC + DA)|
.
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Problem 4: Point D lies on side AB of triangle ABC. The incircles of triangles ABC, ADC and BDC are tangent
to the line AB at points I, J and K, respectively. Prove that IJ = DK.

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Problem 5: Let ABC be a triangle such that 3AC = AB + BC. The C-excircle is tangent to AB and AC at P and
Q, respectively. Prove that ∠CP Q = 90◦ .

Problem 6: Points P and Q lie on sides AB and AD of a convex quadrilateral ABCD. The lines DP and BQ
meet at S. Prove that if there exist incircles of quadrilaterals AP SQ and BCDS, then there exists an incircle of
quadrilateral ABCD.

Problem 7: Let ω1 and ω2 be disjoint circles insides tangential convex quadrilateral ABCD and inscribed in angles
DAB and BCD, respectively. Prove that if one internal common tangent of ω1 and ω2 passes through B then the
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second one passes through D.

Problem 8: A variable point D lies on side AB of a fixed triangle ABC. The external common tangent of the
incircles of triangles ADC and BDC (different from the line AB) intersects the line CD at point E. Prove that
AC + BC − AB
CE = .
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Problem 9: Points D and E lie on side BC of a triangle ABC (BD < BE). Prove that external tangent to incircles
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of ABD and AEC (other than BC), external tangent to incircles of ABE and ADC (other than BC) and line BC
concur.
Deduce that if inradii of triangles ABD and AEC are equal then inradii of triangles ABE and ADC are also equal.
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Problem 10: Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral, and let P , Q, R, and S be points on the sides AB, BC, CD,
and DA, respectively. Suppose that each of the quadrilaterals AP OS, BQOP , CROQ, and DSOR has an incircle.
Prove that ABCD has an incircle and P R = QS.

Problem 11: Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with incircle. Prove that
√
[ABCD] = AB · BC · CD · DA.

More generally: For a convex tangential quadrilateral ABCD we have:

√
 
∠A + ∠C
[ABCD] = AB · BC · CD · DA · sin .
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Problem 12: Let ABCD (AB k CD) be a circumscribed trapezoid. Let AD ∩ BC = E. The point P lies on the
segment AB and EP ∩ CD = Q. The line, parallel to AB and tangent to the incircle of triangle AP E, intersects EP
and EB at the points M and N, respectively. Prove that the quadrilateral M N CQ is circumscribed.

Problem 13: A polygon circumscribed about a circle of radius r is divided into triangles (in an arbitrary way).
Prove that the sum of radii of the inscribed circles of these triangles is greater than r.

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Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

Problem 14: A point inside a circumscribed n-gon is connected by segments with all the vertices and tangent points.
The triangles formed in this way are alternately painted red and blue. Prove that the product of areas of red triangles
is equal to the product of areas of blue triangles.

Problem 15: For which positive integers n ≥ 4 does there exist a convex n-gon with side lengths 1, 2, . . . , n (in some
order) and with all of its sides tangent to the same circle?

Problem 16: Prove that any polygon circumscribed about a circle has three sides that can form a triangle.

Problem 17: Let ABC be a triangle such that AC + BC = 3AB. Let M and N are midpoints of CA and CB,
respectively. Prove that ABM N is tangential.

Problem 18: In trapezoid ABCD bisectors of the angles A and D intersect at point E lying on BC. These bisectors

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split trapezoid into three triangles, in which we inscribed circle. One of these circles touches base AB at K, while
the other two are tangent to the bisector DE at M and N. Prove that BK = M N.

Problem 19: Let ABCD be a circumscribed quadrilateral. Point P lies on the side CD. Prove that there exists a

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common tangent to the incircles of triangles ABP, BCP and ADP.

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