Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

Computational Geometry
Last update: July 4, 2025

1 Ptolemy’s and Erdös-Mordell II

1.1 Lecture Problems

1. (USA TST 2010) Let ha , hb , hc be the lengths of the altitudes of a triangle ABC from A, B, C respec-
tively. Let P be any point inside the triangle. Show that

h
PA PB PC
+ + ≥ 1.
hb + hc ha + hc ha + hb

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2. Let M 0 be the second intersection of IB , IC with the circumcircle of ABC. Prove M 0 is midpoint of
IB IC .
3. (Area Lemma) Let ABC be a triangle, D ∈ BC and X ∈ AD. Then

eM [BCX]
[BCA]
=
DX
DA
.

4. (van Aubel’s Theorem). In triangle ABC let D, E, F be points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively,
such that AD, BE and CF are concurrent at P . Then

AP
=
AE
+
AF
.
om
PD EC FB
5. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I and let AI ∩ BC = D. Then show that

AI b+c ID a
= and = .
ID a AD a+b+c
6. Ptolemy’s theorem.
es

Given any four points A, B, C, D in the plane,

AB · CD + BC · DA ≥ AC · BD,
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with equality if and only if ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with diagonals AC and BD.
7. (Pompeiu’s theorem). Let P be a point on the arc BC of the circumcircle of an equilateral triangle
ABC that does not contain the vertex A. Prove that P A = P B + P C.

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Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

1.2 Problems
Problem 1: Let ω be a circle internally tangent to circle Ω at P. Let A, B lie on Ω and let AA0 , BB 0 be tangents
to ω. Prove that
PA AA0
= .
PB BB 0
Problem 2: Triangle ABC is isosceles with AB = AC = `. A circle ω is tangent to BC and the arc BC not
containing A of the circumcircle of triangle ABC. A tangent line from A to ω touches ω at P . Prove AP = `.

Problem 3: Let ABCDE be a regular pentagon. Determine the smallest value of the expression
|P A| + |P B|
,
|P C| + |P D| + |P E|

h
where P is an arbitrary point lying in the plane of the pentagon ABCDE.

Problem 4: (IMO Shortlist 1997) The lengths of the sides of a convex hexagon ABCDEF satisfy AB = BC,

at
CD = DE, EF = F A. Prove
BC DE FA 3
+ + ≥ .
BE DA FC 2
Problem 5: Consider two concentric circles with radii r < R, and a triangle ABC inscribed in the inner circle.
Points A0 , B 0 , C 0 on the outer circle are determined by extending AB to B 0 , BC to C 0 , and CA to A0 . Prove that
the perimeter of triangle

eM
where pXY Z denotes perimeter of triangle XY Z.
p A0 B 0 C ≥
R
r
· pABC ,

Problem 6: Let M be a point inside the triangle ABC and denote by pa , pb , pc the distances from M to the sides
BC, AC and AB respectively. Prove that
om
M A · M B · M C ≥ (pa + pb )(pb + pc )(pc + pa ).

Denote by A0 , B 0 , C 0 the feet of perpendiculars from A, B, C to the opposite sides of the triangle. Let a, b,
c be the lengths of the sides BC, CA, and AB. From the lecture we know that

a · M A ≥ b · M B1 + c · M C 1 and a · M A ≥ c · M B1 + b · M C1 .

Adding them we get 2a · M A ≥ (b + c) · (M B1 + M C1 ). Writing the analogous relations for 2b · M B and

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2c · M C and multiplying them out yields to

8abc · M A · M B · M C ≥ (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) · (M B1 + M C1 ) · (M C1 + M A1 ) · (M A1 + M B1 ).

√ √ √
Applying the inequalities a + b ≥ 2 ab, b + c ≥ 2 bc, c + a ≥ 2 ca to the right-hand side of the last
Aw

inequality implies the desired result.

Problem 7: Let P be a point in the interior of triangle ABC with circumradius R. Prove that
AP BP CP 1
+ 2 + 2 ≥
a2 b c R
Problem 8: Let ABC be a triangle and let P , Q, R be three points inside it so that QR ⊥ BC, RP ⊥ CA and
P Q ⊥ AB. Let QR meet BC at D, RP meet CA at E and P Q meet AB at F . Prove that

P A + QB + RC ≥ P E + P F + QF + QD + RD + RE.

Problem 9: (Adapted from IMO 2016) Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral in the plane. The vertices A, B, C, D
have integral coordinates and lie on a circle. Prove that 2[ABCD] is an integer.
An odd positive integer n is given such that the squares of the side lengths of ABCD are integers divisible by n.
Prove that 2[ABCD] is an integer divisible by n.

Problem 10: Let ABC be a triangle and P any point such that P A, P B, P C are the sides of an obtuse triangle,
with P A the longest side. Prove that ∠BAC is acute.

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Computational Geometry AwesomeMath Summer Program 2025

Problem 11: (IMO Shortlist 2000) Let A1 A2 A3 A4 be a convex quadrilateral. Prove that A1 A2 A3 A4 is cyclic if and
only if to each vertex Aj one can assign a pair (bj , cj ) of real numbers, j = 1, 2, . . . , 4, so that Ai Aj = bj ci − bi cj for
all i, j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 4.

Problem 12: (IMO Shortlist 1981) On a semicircle with unit radius four consecutive chords AB, BC, CD, DE with
lengths a, b, c, d, respectively, are given. Prove that

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + abc + bcd < 4.

Problem 13: Equilateral triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle Ω. Circle

ω is externally tangent to circle Ω at a point lying on arc BC of circle Ω.

h
Through points A, B, C tangents to circle ω are drawn, touching circle ω
at K, L, M, respectively. Prove that BL + CM = AK.

at
Problem 14: Let P be any point inside triangle ABC. Denote by X, Y, Z projections of P on sides BC, CA and
AB. Prove that √ √ √ √ √ √ √

eM
AP + BP + P C ≥ 2( P X + P Y + P Z).
Hint: Use lemma 2 from the proof of Erdös-Mordell inequality.

Problem 15: Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Ω. Circle ω is tangent internally to Ω and it is also tangent
to AB and AC at P, Q, respectively (such circle is called A-mixtilinear circle). Prove that midpoint of segment P Q
is the incenter of triangle ABC.
Hint: Let I be the midpoint of P Q and R it’s projection on AB. Apply Casey’s theorem for A, B, ω, C and use
obtained relation in order to prove that RI = r.
om
es
Aw