REVIEWER FOR GEOMETRY :3
Parallel, Perpendicular, and Skew Lines
Parallel lines are two coplanar lines that will never
intersect.
The symbol for parallel lines is ‖. Eg: a ‖b .
Perpendicular lines are two coplanar lines that intersect
and form a right angle.
The symbol for perpendicular lines is ⊥. Eg: c ⊥d
Perpendicular lines can form 4 right triangles
Skew lines are two noncoplanar lines that will never
intersect.
REMEMBER THAT SKEW LINES ARE NONCOPLANAR.
PARALLEL LINES ARE COPLANAR.
Transversal Lines
When a line intersects with two other lines, that is a
transversal line.
Line g is the transversal of lines h and i.
Parts of a Transversal Line
(fyi for this topic we’re gonna be referring to this figure)
CORRESPONDING ANGLES are angles on the same side
of the transversal j and the same sides of k and l .
The following pairs are corresponding angles:
∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠8 and ∠4, ∠7 and ∠3.
If k and lwere parallel lines, then the corresponding
angles are congruent. So ∠1 ≅ ∠5
Tip: it helps to separate the lines (if that makes sense?)
like
The ones in the same position are corresponding
angles :3
ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLES are angles on the
opposite side of the transversal j between lines k and l. In
the figure, the following pairs are alternate interior
angles:
∠8 and 6, ∠7 and ∠5.
If k and lwere parallel lines, then the alternate interior
angles are congruent. So ∠8 ≅ ∠6,
ALTERNATE EXTERIOR ANGLES are angles on the
opposite side of the transversal j outside of lines k and l.
In the figure, the following pairs are alternate interior
angles:
∠1 and ∠3, ∠2 and ∠4
If k and lwere parallel lines, then the alternate exterior
angles are congruent. So ∠1 ≅ ∠3
CONSECUTVE INTERIOR ANGLES are angles on the
same side of the transversal j between lines k and l. In
the figure, the following pairs are consecutive interior
angles:
∠8 and ∠5, ∠7 and ∠6
If k and lwere parallel lines, then the consecutive
interior angles are supplementary. So m∠8 + m∠5 =
180°
CONSECUTVE EXTERIOR ANGLES are angles on the
side of the transversal j outside of lines k and l. In the
figure, the following pairs are consecutive interior angles:
∠1 and ∠4, ∠2 and ∠3
If k and lwere parallel lines, then the consecutive
exterior angles are supplementary. So m∠1 + m∠4 =
180°
Properties of Parallel Lines
(based off of my notes, sorry if I forget anything)
AIP Theorem: Given two lines cut by a transversal
and the alternate interior angles are congruent, then
the lines are parallel.
CAP Theorem: Given two lines cut by a transversal
and a pair of corresponding angles are congruent,
then the lines are parallel.
Theorem: Given two lines cut by a transversal and a
pair of interior angles on the same side (consecutive
interior angles) are supplementary, then the lines are
parallel
Theorem: Two lines parallel to a third line are
parallel.
eg
if a‖c and b‖c then a ‖b
The Parallel Postulate: Through a given external
point, there is one and only one line parallel to a
given line.
eg
only one line passing through point E can be parallel to
line d
The PAI Theorem: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
The PCA Corollary: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent
Corollary: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then interior angles on the same side
(consecutive interior angles) are supplementary.
Theorem: In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one
of two parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the
other.
eg
if a‖b and b ⊥ c, then a⊥c
Theorems on Perpendicular Lines
Theorem: In a plane, through a given point of a line,
there is one and only one line perpendicular to a
given line.
Theorem: Through an external point, there is one and
only one line perpendicular to a given line (kinda like
the parallel postulate but with perpendicular lines)
Theorem: A point lies in the perpendicular bisector of
a segment if and only if the point is equidistant from
the endpoints of a segment
eg. if ab≅ac then ad is the perpendicular bisector
of bc
Definition (?): A line and a plane are perpendicular
if they intersect and every line passing through the
point of intersection is perpendicular to a given
line
eg. (ignore my hand sorry) where the green marker is line
g, the red marker is line r, the blue marker is line b, and
the paper is plane P, and line g and line r are lines in
plane P
if r ⊥ b∧g ⊥ b then P ⊥b
i dont really know how to explain this one sorry but
basically think 3d
Classification of Triangles
Properties
A triangle has 3 sides.
The sum of the interior angles in a triangle is
always 180°.
The sum of the exterior angles in a triangle is
always 360°.
The sum of the consecutive interior and exterior
angles is supplementary. Eg, m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°
The sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater
than the length of the third side. Similarly, the
difference between the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is less than the length of the third side.
The shortest side is always opposite the smallest
interior angle. Similarly, the longest side is always
opposite the largest interior angle.
Classifications by side length
Scalene – 3 different side lengths
Isosceles – 2 equal side lengths (base angles are equal)
Equilateral – all equal sides (all angles measure 60°)
Classifications by angles
Acute – all interior angles are acute
Right – has one right interior angle
Obtuse – has one obtuse interior angle
Secondary Parts of a Triangle
Angle bisector – a segment that bisects any angle into
two angles of equal measures
Eg. if m∠ADB = m∠CDB, then BD is an
. angle bisector.
Altitude – a segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle
perpendicular to the opposite side
eg.
Median – a segment drawn from a vertex to the midpoint
of the opposite side
eg
Perpendicular Bisector of a side of a triangle – a LINE
perpendicular to the side at its midpoint
eg
Centers of a Triangle
Incenter – point of concurrency (intersection) of three
angle bisectors. The center of incircle, the circle
inscribed (inside) in the triangle
eg: (I stole this pic from maam’s ppt)
Centroid – the point of concurrency of three medians,
divides each median in a ratio of 2:1
eg. (also stole this pic from maams ppt)
Orthocenter- point of concurrency of the three altitudes
eg (also stole this pic from the ppt)
Circumcenter – point of concurrency of the three
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
It is also the center of the circumcircle, the circle
circumscribed / outside the triangle
Eg. (I stole all the center pics from maams ppt)
This table from maam’s ppt helps
Measure Angles of a Triangle
Basically the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
ALWAYS 180°
An interior angle and its exterior angle is supplementary
That’s all
Congruent Triangles
Triangles are congruent when all corresponding sides and
interior angles are congruent. They have the same shape
and size, but one may be a mirror image of the other.
Postulates and Theorems for ALL Triangles
SSS Postulate – If three sides of a triangle are
congruent to its three corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent
SAS Postulate - If two sides and the included
angle of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent
ASA Postulate – If two angles and the included side
of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding
parts of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
AAS Theorem – If two angles and a non-included
side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and
the corresponding non-included side of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Theorems for Right Triangles
HL Theorem – If both hypotenuse and a pair of legs
of two right triangles are congruent, then the two
triangles are congruent
LL Theorem – If both pairs of legs of two right
triangles are congruent, then the two triangles are
congruent
HA Theorem – If both hypotenuse and a pair of
acute angles of two right triangles are congruent,
then the two triangles are congruent
LA Theorem – If both legs and a pair of acute
angles of two right triangles are congruent, then
the two triangles are congruent.
CPCTC means Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles
are Congruent.
If two or more triangles are proven congruent by any
method, then all of their corresponding parts and sides
are congruent as well
- That’s all I believe, good luck on your exams !!!