Based on the laboratory manual provided, here is a briefed version of Experiment No: 1
suitable for writing in your lab record.
Experiment No: 1
Date: [Enter Date]
Aim
Familiarization and identification of electronic components with specification (functionality,
type, size, colour coding, package, symbol, and cost) covering active, passive,
electromechanical, and various hardware components1.
Components Required
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Transformers, Diodes, Transistors, Cables, Connectors,
Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals, Fasteners, and Heat sinks2.
Theory
1. Passive Electronic Components
Passive components receive energy but do not process it; they dissipate, store, or release
power3.
● Resistors: Components that resist the flow of current4.
○ Fixed Resistors: Value is determined during manufacturing (e.g., Carbon
Composition, Carbon Film, Metal Film, Wire Wound, Ceramic, and Fusible
Resistors)5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555.
○ Variable Resistors: Used to adjust current and voltage values (e.g., Potentiometer,
Rheostat, Preset, and Light Dependent Resistor/LDR)6666666666666666.
○ SMD Resistors: Surface-mounted resistors that save space on PCBs7.
● Capacitors: Components that store electric charge in an electric field8.
○ Types: Electrolytic (polarized), Tantalum, Mica, Ceramic, and Variable capacitors9999.
○ Coding: Number codes are used for small values (e.g., 102 = 1000pF)10101010.
● Inductors: Also called coils or reactors, these resist changes in electric current by
storing energy in a magnetic field11111111. Types include air core, ferromagnetic core, and
chokes12.
2. Active Electronic Components
Devices capable of amplifying or processing electrical signals13.
● Diodes: A two-terminal PN junction device that conducts current in only one direction
(Forward Biased)14141414.
○ Types: Signal Diodes (low power), Power Diodes (high current), Zener Diodes
(voltage regulation), Light Emitting Diodes (LED), and Photo Diodes (light
detection)15151515151515151515151515151515.
● Transistors: Semiconductor devices used for amplification and switching16.
○ BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): Has three layers (Emitter, Base, Collector) and
two types (NPN, PNP)17.
○ JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor): A voltage-controlled unipolar device with
Source, Drain, and Gate terminals18.
○ Other Types: UJT (used in oscillators), SCR (used in motor control), and IGBT19191919.
● Integrated Circuits (ICs): A single chip containing thousands of components
(transistors, resistors, etc.) capable of performing complex analog or digital functions20.
3. Electromechanical & Hardware Components
● Cables & Connectors: Used to transfer signals. Examples include USB (Universal Serial
Bus), VGA (Video), HDMI (High-Definition Audio/Video), RJ45 (Ethernet), and RS232
(Printer/Legacy)21212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121.
● Relays: Electrically operated switches used to isolate circuits or control high-power
circuits via low-power signals22.
● Switches: Devices to make or break circuits. Types include SPST, SPDT, DPST, and
DPDT23232323.
● Fuses: Sacrificial devices with low resistance wire that melt during overcurrent to protect
the circuit24.
● Displays: Output devices for visual information, such as LED displays, LCDs, and
7-segment displays25252525.
● Miscellaneous:
○ Heat Sink: Dissipates heat from components like CPUs to the surrounding medium26.
○ Crystals: Quartz piezoelectric crystals used to generate precise frequencies for
clock circuits27272727.
○ Fasteners: Hardware like screws, nuts, and bolts used to mechanically join objects28.
Result