DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

(FOR S4 BT& BCE STUDENTS ONLY)

Syllabus
Module 1
Module 2
 Module 3
5
Module 4
Module 5
After studying this course, you should be able to:

1. Understand the broad scope of design engineering

2. Recognize the main drivers for design engineering

3. Describe how human variation impacts on design engineering

4. Apply some basic concepts and methods from design engineering to

explore creative solutions to clearly defined real world problems

6. Demonstrate skills in communication, presentation, information

handling and numeracy through the completion of activities.
MODULE I
Syllabus
Module 1
A design is a concept of or proposal for an object,
a process, or a system.

Design refers to something that is or has been intentionally

created by a thinking agent, though it is sometimes used to
refer to the nature of something.

Designing
Designing is the process of developing a design.
Designers

People who produce designs are called designers.

The term 'designer' generally refers to someone who

works professionally in one of the various design areas.

Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally

qualified by the area of practice (for example, a fashion
designer, a product designer, a web designer, or an interior
designer), but it can also designate others such as architects
and engineers.
 Types of Engineering Design

1. Conceptual Design

Focuses on generating ideas and exploring solutions to a problem.

Involves brainstorming, sketching, and rough models.

Prioritizes innovation and feasibility over detailed specifications.

Example: Developing a new lightweight bicycle frame.

2. Preliminary Design

Translates conceptual ideas into initial technical specifications.

Involves approximate calculations, modeling, and simulation.

Identifies potential risks, costs, and performance [Link]:

Creating a blueprint for a modular building structure.
3. Detailed Design

Finalizes the technical aspects of a project.

Includes precise dimensions, materials, manufacturing processes, and assembly

instructions.

Often supported by CAD software and simulations.

Example: Designing the intricate components of a jet engine.

4. System Design

Integrates multiple components into a cohesive, functional system.

Considers interfaces, dependencies, and overall system performance.

Example: Designing an HVAC system for an office building

5. Product Design

Focuses on developing consumer-oriented products.

Balances aesthetics, functionality, ergonomics, and manufacturability.

Example: Designing a new ergonomic office chair.

6. Process Design

Optimizes manufacturing or operational processes.

Includes workflow layout, equipment selection, and efficiency analysis.

Example: Designing an automated assembly line for an electric vehicle plant.

7. Sustainable Design

Emphasizes eco-friendly materials, energy efficiency, and lifecycle impact.

Aims to reduce environmental footprints and improve sustainability.

Example: Designing a water purification system powered by solar energy.

8. Reverse Engineering

Analyzes existing products to improve, replicate, or understand them.

Often used for competitive analysis or legacy system upgrades.

Example: Reverse engineering a competitor’s drone.

9. Innovative Design

Prioritizes creating ground-breaking or disruptive solutions.

Often driven by cutting-edge technology or novel materials.

Example: Designing a self-healing material for aerospace applications.

10. Service Design

Focuses on systems that improve user experience in services.

Involves mapping user journeys and optimizing interactions.

Example: Designing a seamless airport check-in experience.

11. Human-Centered Design

Places the user’s needs and experiences at the core.

Iterative process with user testing and feedback.

Example: Developing a prosthetic limb tailored to individual users.

12. Value Engineering

Aims to optimize function while minimizing cost.

Focuses on reducing waste without compromising quality.

Example: Redesigning a product to use fewer raw materials without affecting

performance.
 Other types of design

 Costume Design  Landscape architecture

 Fashion design  Lighting design
 Floral design  Modular design
 Game design  Motion graphic design
 Graphic design  Organizational Design
 Information architecture  Urban Design
 Information design  Software design
 Industrial design  Web Design
 Instructional design
 Interior design
Design Process

A designer's sequence of activities to produce

a design is called a design process, using
design thinking and possibly design methods.

The process of creating a design can be brief (a

quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving
considerable research, negotiation, reflection,
modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
The engineering design process, also known as the engineering
method, is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating
functional products and processes.

The Design Process is highly iterative – parts of the process often need to be
repeated many times before another can be entered – though the part(s) that get
iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary.

It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the basic sciences,

mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources
optimally to meet a stated objective.

The fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of

objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.
 Reflection in design engineering
Reflection in design engineering is the process of
thoughtfully analyzing and evaluating past and current
design practices, decisions, and outcomes to improve
future processes and innovations.

Reflection involves introspection, critical thinking, and

learning from experiences to ensure continuous
improvement in design engineering.
 How reflection plays a role in design engineering:
1. Understanding Design Decisions

Evaluate Choices:

Reflecting on why certain materials, methods, or technologies were chosen.

Assess Alternatives: Considering whether other options might have been more effective or
efficient.

2. Learning from Successes and Failures

Success Analysis:

Identifying what worked well and why.

Failure Analysis: Understanding mistakes or challenges to avoid repeating them.

Feedback Integration: Using feedback from users, clients, or peers to refine future designs.
3. Enhancing Creativity and Innovation

Revisiting Ideas:

Reviewing initial concepts to see if they can be improved or expanded.

Inspiration: Drawing insights from previous projects to foster creative solutions for
new challenges.

4. Improving Processes and Workflows

Optimizing Practices: Analyzing whether the design process was efficient or could
be streamlined.
Identifying Bottlenecks: Recognizing steps that slowed progress or caused
inefficiencies.
Iterative Design: Applying lessons learned in subsequent design iterations.
5. Promoting Sustainability

Environmental Impact:

Reflecting on the ecological footprint of the design and how it could be reduced.

Lifecycle Assessment: Considering how the product performs over its lifecycle,
including maintenance and disposal.

6. Collaboration and Team Dynamics

Team Performance:
Reviewing how effectively the team worked together.
Communication:
Analyzing the clarity and efficiency of communication among stakeholders.
Skill Development: Identifying areas where team members can grow or gain new
skills.
7. Addressing Ethical and Societal Impact

Ethical Considerations:
Reflecting on whether the design aligns with ethical standards and values.

Social Impact: Evaluating how the design benefits or affects communities and
users.

8. Integrating Feedback Loops

Post-Implementation Review:

Collecting data and feedback after deployment to assess real-world performance.

User Experience: Analyzing user interactions and satisfaction to identify areas for
enhancement.
9. Leveraging Technology for Reflection
Data Analytics:

Using design and performance data to gain insights into areas of improvement.

Simulation Results: Reviewing digital models and simulations to predict and refine
outcomes.

Design Repositories: Reflecting on archived designs to understand historical

trends and patterns.
10. Driving Personal and Professional Growth

Skill Assessment:

Reflecting on individual contributions and areas for professional development.

Learning Mindset:

Embracing a culture of continuous improvement and knowledge acquisition.

Steps in the Engineering Design Process?
 This diagram outlines the Engineering
Design Process, a systematic approach
used by engineers to solve problems and
ENGINEERING DESIGN develop solutions.
(1)ASK:

Identify the need or problem.

Define the criteria, constraints, and requirements for the solution.

Problem: Develop a water filtration system for a rural village.

Criteria:
It must be low-cost
Use locally available materials
Remove or filter 90% of impurities.

Constraints:
Budget of 5000 per unit
Availability of resources
Ease of maintenance.
(2)RESEARCH:

Gather information about the problem, including background

knowledge, existing solutions, and technical challenges.

Study current water filtration methods like sand filters, UV

filters, and reverse osmosis.

Research locally available materials (e.g., sand, charcoal, clay).

Learn about the impurities in the village’s water supply.

(3)IMAGINE:

Brainstorm multiple possible solutions to the problem.

Encourage creativity and out-of-the-box thinking

Idea 1: A gravity-based filter using sand and charcoal.

Idea 2: A solar-powered UV filtration system.
Idea 3: A clay pot filter infused with silver nanoparticles.
(4)PLAN: (Evaluate the options and create a detailed plan for the most promising solution.)

Select the most promising solution from the ideas generated.

Develop a detailed plan or design, including diagrams, materials, and processes.

Selected Solution: Gravity-based sand and charcoal filter.

Draw a diagram of the filter design.
Specify materials (e.g., plastic container, sand, activated charcoal).
List step-by-step instructions for building the prototype.

(5)CREATE:

Build a prototype or model of the selected solution .

Translate the design into a tangible representation.

Construct a working model of the selected solution.

Assemble the plastic container, layers of sand, and activated charcoal.

Include an outlet pipe and test the water flow rate.
(6)TEST: (Test the prototype to ensure it meets the design requirements).
Evaluate the prototype to ensure it meets the design criteria and functions as
intended.
Identify any flaws or areas for improvement.

Test the filtered water for impurities and ensure it removes 90% of
contaminants.
Check for issues like slow filtration speed or clogging.

(7)IMPROVE: (Redesign and Optimize)

Refine the design based on testing results.

Iterate the process to make the solution more effective and efficient.
If the filtration is too slow, adjust the size of the sand particles.

If contaminants remain, add an additional charcoal layer or test alternative

materials.
Real-Life Applications of the Engineering Design Process

1. Designing a Solar-Powered Car

ASK: Create an eco-friendly vehicle powered entirely by solar energy.

RESEARCH: Study photovoltaic cells, lightweight materials, and aerodynamics.

IMAGINE: Brainstorm designs for the car’s shape and battery storage.
PLAN: Select the most efficient design, considering cost and energy efficiency.

CREATE: Build a prototype of the car.

TEST: Measure speed, battery efficiency, and solar panel performance.

IMPROVE: Optimize panel placement or battery weight to enhance performance.

2. Developing a Prosthetic Limb

ASK: Design an affordable prosthetic limb for patients in low-income areas.

RESEARCH: Study biomechanics, durable materials, and manufacturing

methods.

IMAGINE: Brainstorm modular designs that can be customized for different users.

PLAN: Select a design that uses 3D printing to lower production costs.

CREATE: Build a prototype using lightweight polymers.

TEST: Have patients test the limb for comfort, usability, and durability.

IMPROVE: Refine the fit and add adjustable features for better usability.
3. Building a Smart Irrigation System
ASK: Create a system that minimizes water usage for farming.

RESEARCH: Learn about soil moisture sensors, automated valves, and IoT
systems.

IMAGINE: Brainstorm solutions using solar power or smartphone integration.

PLAN: Choose a system with soil sensors and a solar-powered water pump.

CREATE: Build and program the system.

TEST: Measure water efficiency and ensure the system operates under different
weather conditions.
IMPROVE: Adjust sensor calibration and add features like weather forecasts for
smarter watering.
So the Engineering Design Process ensures that engineers systematically
address problems, allowing for innovation, optimization, and sustainability.

Iteration and reflection at each step enable continuous improvement and

adaptation to real-world challenges.
WHAT ―ROLES" ARE PLAYED AS THE DESIGN
UNFOLDS?
ROLES
The role of the client
is to speak to the
designer on behalf of
the intended users.
WHAT IS THE DESIGNER'S FIRST TASK AND
WHY?

 A designer's first task is to question the client

to clarify what the client really wants and
translate it into a design form that is useful to
him/her as an engineer.
 This is the designer's first task because it is
typically the client who motivates and presents
the starting point for design.
 TO WHOM DOES THE DESIGNER HAVE
OBLIGATIONS?

Both the designer and the client must understand what the users want and
what the public demands in a design.
 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND DETAILED DESIGN

 The conceptual design and detailed design stages are distinct

phases in the design engineering process, each with specific goals,
outputs, and levels of detail.

 The nature of the work of designers depends partly on whether they

are doing conceptual design and detailed design.
Conceptual design focuses on generating and developing high-level ideas or
concepts to solve a problem.

Answers ―What should the solution look like?‖ or ―What approach should we
take?‖

Detailed Design:

Involves refining and finalizing the chosen concept by defining specific details,
specifications, and instructions for implementation.

Answers ―How will the solution be built?‖ or ―What are the precise dimensions,
materials, and components?‖
2. Conceptual and detailed design in terms of Objectives

Conceptual Design:

Explore multiple ideas and identify potential solutions.

Ensure the solution meets functional requirements and constraints.

Focus on innovation, brainstorming, and feasibility.

Ex: Project on Designing an electric car. Generate ideas for the car’s shape, size, and
propulsion system (e.g., battery-powered vs. hybrid).Sketch possible configurations of
components (e.g., battery placement under the floor).
Detailed Design:

Translate the selected concept into a fully engineered design ready for production
or construction.

Ensure the solution is practical, manufacturable, and meets all specifications.

Ex: Create precise 3D CAD models of the chassis and body.

Specify materials (e.g., lightweight aluminum or carbon fiber).

Define exact dimensions for the motor, battery pack, and wiring.
 WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN?

 Conceptual design is the stage at which basic questions of form and content
for a design are established (e.g. the nature of the goals of the designed item).
 Conceptual design is the first phase of the product design process, with drawings,
illustrations, or solid models to produce the main output.
 This stage describes the proposed product with integrated ideas and concepts. It
determines what it should do, perform & look like to make users understand its idea.
 Visualizing the product is an essential aspect of this phase. It includes the design of
interactions, processes, experiences & strategies.
 The design is grounded in more ―abstract thinking‖ until a detailed plan is ready to be
created.(Abstract thinking: Conceptualize ideas, processes, and systems at a high level
without being constrained by specific details or physical limitations)

• Modeling problems in Bioengineering Abstract thinking problems

WHAT IS DETAILED DESIGN?
 Detailed design is a stage in the design process after conceptual
design when specific details particular to the design are
resolved.
 Detailed design is a phase that takes on and develops the
approved conceptual design.
 The detailed design phase converts concept ideas, design
specifications and technical requirements into final designs.
 The designs are further refined, and proper documentation for
manufacturing is done to ensure the order’s timely delivery.
 Detailed design (Contd…)
 It is a stage where the design is refined and plans, specifications
& estimates are created.
 The detailed design includes 2D and 3D models, cost build-up
estimates, procurement plans, P & ID’s and more.
 It is the crucial phase in which project’s costs are defined and
set.
 Engineering companies are continually looking to improve their
detailed design phase to shorten the product development
lifecycle considering the increased product complexity.
 The failures in the conceptual design stage need to be considered in
the detailed design stage.
 Conceptual design Vs Detailed design

Designing a wheelchair for "mobility in diverse terrains" rather than just paved
roads.
Use Design process for designing a wheelchair for "mobility in diverse terrains"
rather than just paved roads.
Understand the User Needs:

Conduct interviews, surveys, and field studies with wheelchair users who face
challenges in diverse terrains such as sand, gravel, mud, snow, or uneven ground.
Interview wheelchair users, physical therapists, and mobility experts.
Identify challenges in diverse terrains like sand, gravel, snow, mud, or forest
trails.

Research Terrain Types: Investigate the physical and environmental challenges specific
to different terrains.
Research Terrain Characteristics: Study the physics of mobility on loose, uneven, or slippery
surfaces.
Explore existing all-terrain mobility solutions like mountain bikes and powered wheelchairs.
Observe Current Solutions: Study existing wheelchairs, all-terrain vehicles, and
innovations in mobility aids to identify gaps.
Design Objective:

"Current wheelchairs are designed primarily for paved surfaces, limiting the
mobility of users in rural or off-road areas.

"Design Criteria:
Define specifications, such as:

Durability for rough usage.

Lightweight for easy transportation.
Adjustable or modular for different terrains.
Cost-effective for accessibility.
Brainstorm Solutions:

Generate ideas like:

All-terrain wheels (wide tires, anti-slip material).

Shock-absorbing suspension systems.

Adjustable wheelbases for stability.

Electric assist or hybrid power mechanisms.
Modular attachments (e.g., skis for snow, treads for sand).

Collaborate:
Involve multidisciplinary teams (engineers, designers, and users) to enrich the
ideation process.
WHERE MIGHT ENGINEERS WORK?

Engineers work:
 IN WHAT KINDS OF ENVIRONMENTS DO
ENGINEERING DESIGNERS WORK?

 Small and large companies

 Start-up ventures
 Government
 Not-for-profit organizations
 Engineering services firms
 LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING DESIGN: STUDIO
ASPECT (Learning by doing)

 Engineering problems are open ended

 What makes design problems open-ended?
 Design problems are open-ended because
they typically have several acceptable
solutions.
LEARNING AND DOING ENGINEERING DESIGN

 How is engineering design typically learned?

 Teaching someone how to do design is not
that simple.
 There is an element of learning by doing,
which we call a studio aspect, in trying to
teach any of these activities.
Studio-based learning can be highly engaging for students, enabling them to
develop capabilities in a holistic and authentic way.

It situates learning in quasi-professional activities that enable students to integrate,

reflect on and apply their learning, and thereby learn more deeply
The studio aspect in design
The studio aspect in design engineering refers to a hands-on, collaborative, and
iterative environment where engineers and designers work together to develop,
prototype, and refine design concepts.

It mirrors the studio model often used in art and architecture, where creativity,
experimentation, and feedback are integral to the process.

Focuses on Collaborative environment

Encourages teamwork among multidisciplinary professionals (e.g., engineers,

industrial designers, material scientists).

Promotes knowledge sharing and brainstorming to explore innovative solutions.

Focus on Design Iteration

Physical and Virtual Prototyping

Open Feedback Culture
Creativity-Driven
Human-Centered Design Approach
Integration of Theory and Practice
Studio Workflow in Design Engineering

Problem Definition:
Define the design challenge, constraints, and requirements in a collaborative setting.

Ideation:

Brainstorm solutions using sketches, diagrams, and conceptual models. Use design-thinking
techniques to explore multiple directions.
Prototyping:Create low-fidelity physical or digital prototypes to test ideas quickly. Develop
high-fidelity prototypes as designs become more refined.

Testing and Evaluation:Test prototypes against performance metrics and user feedback.
Evaluate aesthetic, functional, and technical aspects.
Iteration:
Refine designs based on testing outcomes and [Link] until the solution meets all
requirements and expectations.

Finalization:Prepare the detailed design for manufacturing or implementation. Document

findings and decisions made during the studio process.
Advantages of Studio aspect in Design Engineering

(i) Encourages Creativity

(ii) Enhances Collaboration
(iii) Accelerates Problem-Solving
(iv) Focus on End-User Needs

Ex: Automotive design, Product design, Architecural design, Design of

sustainable systems
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN VOCABULARY
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN VOCABULARY
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN VOCABULARY
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN VOCABULARY
THE DESIGN PROCESS AS A PROCESS OF
QUESTIONING
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS MODELS
WHAT IS THE SERIES OF DESIGN TASKS IN ORDER?
DIFFERENT STAGES IN A DESIGN PROCESS
Different stages in a design process
Different stages in a design process
Detailing Customer requirements
 Customer requirements refer to the specifications or features of a
product or service that are deemed necessary by customers.
 These requirements motivate customers to buy a product or service.
 To determine customer requirements, companies can research their
target market to understand their desires and needs.
 They can also take a more direct approach by asking their customers
for feedback through polls, surveys or social media
(Identification and defining the problem, Research, Market survey,
Designing of survey), Data collection, Data analysis, survey
outcome)
 Factors to be included while doing a customer survey

 Price, Quality  Safety

 Functionality  Compatibility
 Reliability  Options
 Performance  Control
 Sustainability  Experience
 Transparency  Design
 Convenience  Accessibility
 Efficiency  Privacy
 Risk reduction (Some companies  Empathy
offer return on guarantee to
 Information.
reduce risks)
Car detailing shop

1. Understand Customer Needs

Market Research: Gather insights through surveys, interviews, or reviews to

understand what customers prioritize in a car detailing workshop.

Common Expectations:
Professional and thorough cleaning.
Protection services for paint, upholstery, and interiors.
Use of high-quality, eco-friendly materials.
Timeliness and reliability.
Competitive pricing.
Convenient scheduling and pickup/drop-off options.
2. Categorize Requirements

Break down customer requirements into clear categories:

a. Service Offerings

Exterior detailing: Washing, waxing, polishing, paint correction, and ceramic

coating.

Interior detailing: Deep cleaning of seats, carpets, dashboards, and odor

removal.

Add-ons: Engine cleaning, headlight restoration, rim and tire cleaning.

Packages: Basic, premium, and custom options to suit different budgets and
needs.
b. Quality Standards

Use of premium, non-abrasive materials.

Guaranteed streak-free windows and mirrors.

Consistent quality checks after each job.

Skilled professionals trained in detailing techniques.

c. Convenience

Easy booking options: Online, phone, or walk-in.

Flexible appointment slots, including weekends.
Fast turnaround time or same-day service for specific packages.

Pickup and drop-off services for added convenience.

d. Customer Experience

Friendly and knowledgeable staff.

Transparent pricing with no hidden fees.

Detailed explanation of services performed.

Customer feedback mechanisms to continuously improve.

e. Environmental Responsibility

Use of biodegradable and eco-friendly cleaning products.

Efficient water usage and proper disposal of wastewater.
Compliance with local environmental regulations.
4. Draft the Requirements
Use clear, concise language and structure the requirements logically.

Example:

Exterior Detailing:
Provide a complete exterior cleaning, including hand wash, polish, and wax, using eco-friendly
products.
Ensure no visible dirt or water streaks are left.

Interior Detailing: Perform vacuuming, shampooing, and deep cleaning for upholstery,
carpets, and plastic surfaces. Remove all visible stains and odors.

Timeliness: Complete standard detailing within 3 hours or less for walk-in customers.

Pricing Transparency: Display all service costs upfront with no hidden fees.
Convenience: Offer online booking and provide reminders for scheduled services.
5. Iterate and Refine

Share the draft with potential customers and stakeholders to ensure alignment
with their expectations.

Incorporate feedback to make the requirements comprehensive and customer-

centric.

6. Communicate Effectively

Publish the customer requirements on your website, brochures, or service

contracts.

Use them as the foundation for staff training and operational guidelines.
3. Define Measurable Standards

Timeframes for service completion (e.g., "Basic wash completed in 1 hour").

Quality assurance (e.g., "Customer satisfaction rate above 95%").

Maintenance frequency (e.g., "Recommended detailing every 3 months").

HOW ENGINEERING DESIGN IS DIFFERENT
FROM OTHER KINDS OF DESIGN?
VARIOUS TYPES OF DESIGN ARE:
HOW ENGINEERING DESIGN IS DIFFERENT FROM
OTHER KINDS OF DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
ENGINEERING DESIGN
PROCESS
Aspects of Engineering Design
Design Objectives
 A feature or behaviour we wish the design to have or exhibit.
 It defines the requirement of the design
 Some generic objectives are:
To identify the need of the user
To research on the possibilities of the problem solving
To formulate a working principle
To reduce the cost
To reduce the complexity
To make eco-friendly material
EXAMPLE: OBJECTIVE OF A SAFE PORTABLE LADDER
Objective tree
 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

Design constraints are

limits placed on design by
the client/user/designer

Design constraints are conditions

that need to happen for a project to
be successful.

Design constraints help narrow

choices when creating a project.
ESTABLISHING DESIGN FUNCTIONS
 Design functions are the behaviours that are expected from the
design
 A design should perform certain functions to convert a given input to
a required output.
DESIGN FUNCTIONS

Design functions can be:

DESIGN MEANS & Functions
Design Space

 Design space refers to the area that a shape or form

occupies.
 It also refers to the background against which we see the
shape or form.
 Space can be defined as positive and negative. The positive
space of a design is the filled space in the design—often it is
the shapes that make up the design.
 Positive space- Area that is occupied by the object
 Negative space- Area outside the object (Usually in an art
work)
DESIGN FORM

Design form and shape are areas or masses which define objects in space.

Form and shape imply space; indeed they cannot exist without space.

There are various ways to categorize form and shape.

Form and shape can be thought of as either two dimensional or three

dimensional. Two dimensional form has width and height.

A design form is created by combining shapes, and it can be

enhanced by color or texture.
The primary elements of form are points, lines, planes and
volumes – each one growing from the other.
Design form
 A point is a position in space, a line is the extension of a point.
 A surface or plan, is the extension of a line.

Difference between Design space and Design form

 Space encompasses the volume of a structure, the parts of a
building we move through and experience.
 But space can only be created through the use of form.

 Form is the mass, or grouping of materials, used to give a building

its shape.
 Generating Design alternatives
 When a product is available in different designs where all the designs share the same components, but the
arrangement of those components is different in different designs, they are referred as design alternatives.

Why to develop multiple solutions

When solving a design problem, there are always many possible good solutions.
If you focus on just one before looking at the alternatives, it is almost certain that you are overlooking a better solution.
Good designers try to generate as many possible solutions as they can before choosing one that they feel is the best.
Even "wild and crazy" design ideas that you end up rejecting might have some pieces that can make other designs better.
Multiple solutions are arrived by:
• Examining existing solutions
• Creating and using analogies
• Conducting brainstorming sessions
• Sketching and doodling
Same functions but different forms
Choosing a design
 Defining "Best"
 Once you have created a number of possible solutions to your design problem, you need to
choose which one is best.
 How to choose best solutions?
 (i) First, look at whether each possible solution met your design requirements.
 (ii) Consider solutions that did a much better job than others, and reject those that did not meet
the requirements.
 (iii) Nice to Haves, Desirables
 In addition to your design requirements, you probably have some features that would be "nice to
have" in your solution.
 These are things that are not quite as important as your design requirements; they are desirable,
but not mandatory.
 Some of your possible solutions might include more of these nice-to-have features than others,
and that is a possible reason they might be better. (Watch with alarm)
Universal Design Criteria
Universal design criteria are some criteria that apply to virtually every design.
Good designers consider them in every solution that they choose to implement.

(i) Elegance. An elegant design solution is simple, clever, or ingenious.

It might have fewer parts to wear out or fail.

It might combine solutions from different areas in an inventive way not seen before.
All good designers strive for elegance in their designs.

(ii) Robustness. A robust design is unlikely to fail, even when used in conditions more severe
than it was designed for. It is sturdy or resilient, perhaps bending, but not breaking in hard use.

(iii) Aesthetics. If everything else is equal, people prefer a solution that is tasteful and
pleasing to look at.
Universal Design Criteria
 iv) Cost. What will it cost? Can the target user afford the solution? Do you
have enough money to build your prototype?
 V)Resources. Do you have all the materials and equipment you need for
your engineering project, or will you be able to obtain them quickly and at a
very low cost?
 Vi)Time. Do you have enough time to complete your design and make it
before the due date? Allow time for doing additional research and fixing
problems. It is very rare for everything to work correctly the first time.
 Vii)Skill Required. Do you have the skills to build and implement your
solution, or can you learn them in the time available?
 Viii)Safety. Is your solution safe to build, use, store, and dispose of?
Universal Design Criteria
• Good designers consider these universal design criteria when
choosing which possible solution to implement:
• Elegance
• Robustness
• Aesthetics
• Cost
• Resources
• Time
• Skill required
• Safety
 The Decision Matrix

A decision matrix is a chart with your requirements and criteria on one axis and
the different solutions on the other.
Use a simple numeric evaluation scale to rate each solution against each of
the criteria (2 = totally meets the criteria, 1 = somewhat meets the criteria, 0 =
does not meet the criteria). Total up the columns to see which solution is best.
We lump together nice-to-have, desirable features and the universal design
criteria into the "Other criteria" row of the decision matrix.
That way these criteria serve as a tiebreaker, but they do not out-weigh "must-
have" design requirements.
The Decision Matrix
Identify the constraints

C1. Size of the strap and diameter of the face

Step 3: Develop Possible solutions
Step 4: Select the best Possible solution
Step 5: Prototype/Model
Step 6: Testing and evaluation

Testing for performance and its further improvement.

Computer simulations and mathematical models are used.

Also test for Safety, Cost, reliability, customer acceptance

Step 7: Communication: Preparing reports, plans and specifications

Questions?

Identify the need/problem,

objectives, functions and constraints
and write the design process
Find the customer requirements for designing a new car showroom. Show how
the design objectives were finalized considering the design constraints?
Step 1: Identify the need / problem and constraints

Need/problem
N1) Design a car showroom within the provided space and budget
N2) Car display space must be there
N3) Reception area needed
N4) Need customer waiting room
N5) Need service centre
N6) Need spare parts sales
N7) Need an area for car delivery
N8) Need employ office
N9) Vehicle loading and unloading
N10) Needed parking space for both before and after service
Constraints
C1) Car display must be in front side
C2) Reception should also in the front side
C3) Service centre must be at back side
C4) Spare parts sale section must be near service centre and public
accessible
C5) Need to park at least 20 cars

Step 2: Research the need or problem & constraints and solutions

N1 – Since the parking should needed for minimum 20 cars, which is one of the
constraints (C5) the design can be done in 50% of place
N2 – Car display can be place on front side since it is one of the constraints(C1)
N3 – Reception area also should be in front from the constraint (C2)
C1 &C2 Compliance with local building codes, safety regulations, and environmental
standards. This includes considerations for ventilation, waste disposal, and fire
safety.
N4 – Customer waiting room can be placed near
reception Also can be equipped with TV, sofa, AC
and bathroom

N5 – Service area/centre can be placed back

side of the building and entrance of the service
station can be given from the left side of the
building
N6 – Spare parts sales can be placed near service area for public accessibility
too. (Which is C4)
N7 – Car delivery can be placed in front of the car display in building
N8 – Employ office can be given behind the customer waiting room area
N9 – Vehicle loading and unloading area can be placed at same area as service
entrance area
N10 – Parking space can be given at right side of the building
Step 3: Prototype/Model design

Indirect evaluation can be used as well, to evaluate a design.

Scale models can be used to test the design at a fraction of the cost of building a prototype.

Scale models in design engineering are physical or virtual representations of a design or structure created at
a reduced or scaled-down size to accurately reflect the proportions, dimensions, and details of the original
concept.

These models are used across various industries for visualization, testing, and communication purposes.

Types of Scale Models

Physical Scale Models:

Constructed using materials like plastic, metal, wood, or 3D-printed components.
Common in architecture, automotive design, and product engineering.
Virtual Scale Models:
Created using computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Allow for dynamic testing, simulations, and digital prototyping
Step 4: Communication: preparing reports, plans, and specifications

After selection of the preferred design, it must be communicated to those who must
approve it, support it, and translate it into reality.

This communication may take the form of an engineering report, or a set of plans
and specifications.

Plans and specifications are the engineer’s means of describing to a manufacturing

division or to a contractor sufficient detail about a design so that it can be produced
or constructed.

Engineering drawings, written and oral communications, and scheduling and

planning a design project are very important in implementing a design smoothly and
efficiently.
 Dec 2023 KTU Exam

Circular group
Classical Design
Matrix Design
Design the interface of a calculator involves applying the design process to
ensure usability, functionality, and aesthetics.

1. Define the Problem

Objective: Create a user-friendly calculator interface for basic and scientific
calculations.

Target Audience: Define who will use it:

General users for basic calculations (e.g., students, professionals).
Advanced users for scientific functions (e.g., engineers, scientists).

Key Requirements:
Clear, intuitive layout.
Easy-to-use buttons and responsive feedback.
Support for basic and advanced operations (if needed).
2. Research and Analysis

Benchmarking:

Analyze existing calculator interfaces (physical and digital) for strengths and
weaknesses.

User Needs:

Gather feedback from potential users to understand pain points (e.g., small buttons,
hard-to-find functions).

Design Constraints:

Device type: Mobile app, desktop application, or physical device.

Screen size and resolution.

Input method (touch, keyboard, mouse).
3. Ideation

Generate multiple ideas for the calculator layout:

Basic Layout:

Numeric keypad (0-9).

Basic operators (+, -, ×, ÷).

Functional keys (AC, CE, =).

Advanced Layout (optional):

Scientific functions (sin, cos, log, π).

Memory functions (M+, M-, MR).

Mode switching between basic and scientific views.
4. Prototyping

Create low-fidelity prototypes to test different layouts:

Sketches:
Rough drawings of button placement, size, and labeling.
Explore vertical vs. horizontal layouts.

Wireframes:
Digital wireframes using tools like Figma or Adobe XD.

Define placement of buttons, display screen, and function groupings.

5. Usability Testing

Test Prototypes:
Gather feedback from users on the clarity and usability of the layout.

Key Questions:
Are the buttons easy to locate and press?
Is the display clear and readable?
Is switching between modes intuitive?

Iterate:
Refine the design based on feedback (e.g., increase button size, group
functions logically).
6. Design Final Interface

Based on feedback, create the high-fidelity design:

Layout:
Top section for the display screen (shows input and output).

Central section

Bottom section (if applicable)

June 2023 KTU Exam-Module 1

Design a study table for a child upto 5 years old specifying objectives, functions
and constraints through various stages of design processes. Use hand sketches
to illustrate the process. (14)

Choose the best design for a laptop stand for avoiding overheating, also
incorporate the customer requirements. Show how design objectives were
finalized considering the constraints also. (14 Marks)

Suggest design changes for a torch (with sketch) that can add value to it
and improve its efficiency. How these modifications reflect on market.
Questions?
Questions?
MODULE II
Module 2
Design Process:
A structured sequence of steps or stages followed to create a product, service,
or system.

It is often linear or iterative and focuses on execution and production.

Example: Developing a product from concept to manufacturing using defined

engineering phases.

Design Process is Execution-oriented, with an emphasis on delivering a tangible

output (e.g., a product, prototype, or service).

Driven by technical requirements, timelines, and deliverables.

Design Thinking:

A mindset and approach to problem-solving that emphasizes empathy, creativity,

and iterative exploration.

Design Thinking is problem-oriented, aiming to identify and address the core

issues of a challenge.

Driven by human needs, behaviors, and emotions.

It is human-centered and focuses on understanding and solving complex problems.

Example:

Redesigning an urban transportation system by empathizing with commuters’

challenges.
 Design process Vs Design thinking in terms of Approach

Design Process:

More systematic, with a clear progression from one stage to the next.

Often prescriptive and defined by industry standards or engineering practices.

Design Thinking:

Iterative and flexible, allowing for back-and-forth movement between stages

(Non-linear).

Emphasizes collaboration, creativity, and reframing problems.

 Design Process Vs Design thinking in terms of Application

Design Process:

Used in engineering, product development, and manufacturing

Focuses on creating solutions that are functional, feasible, and efficient.

Example: Developing a car involves clearly defined steps: initial concept, CAD design,
prototyping, testing, and manufacturing.

Design Thinking:

Used across diverse fields like business, education, healthcare, and technology.

Aims to innovate and solve ambiguous or "wicked" problems that require new perspectives.

Example: Reimagining the car-buying experience by empathizing with users, identifying

pain points (e.g., long wait times, confusing processes), and prototyping solutions for
improvement.
 Design thinking

Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation and

problem-solving that emphasizes empathy, creativity, and collaboration.

It is a structured process that guides teams through a series of stages to

understand user needs, challenge assumptions, and develop innovative
solutions.

Throughout the design thinking process, there is a strong emphasis on

iteration and refinement.

Ideas are not expected to be perfect on the first try, and feedback from
testing is used to make improvements and iterate on the solutions until
they are ready for implementation.
Design thinking is often characterized by its collaborative
and multidisciplinary nature, as it encourages teams with
diverse backgrounds and perspectives to work together to
solve complex problems.

It is also known for its emphasis on creativity and

innovation, as it encourages participants to think outside
the box and consider unconventional solutions.
It’s extremely useful when used to tackle complex
problems that are ill-defined or unknown—because
it serves to understand the human needs involved,
reframe the problem in human-centric ways, create
numerous ideas in brainstorming sessions and
adopt a hands-on approach to prototyping and
testing.
 Examples:

Personal Use: Goal Setting: Central Idea: "My 2025 Goals"

Software Development: "Mobile App Development"

Event Planning: "Birthday Party"

Creative Use: Writing a Book: Central Idea: "Fantasy Novel"

Problem-Solving: Central Idea: "Reduce Office Downtime"

Business Use: Project Planning: Central Idea: "Product Launch Plan"

Academic Use: Study Notes: Central Idea: "Photosynthesis"

Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that can have anywhere from
three to seven phases.

By using design thinking, you make decisions based on what customers really want
instead of relying only on historical data or making risky bets based on instinct
instead of evidence.

One of the key principles of design thinking is that it is an iterative process, meaning
that you may need to revisit previous stages as you learn more about the problem
and potential solutions.

This iterative approach allows for continuous improvement and refinement of

ideas, leading to more innovative and effective solutions.
Examples of Design Thinking
GE Healthcare. GE Healthcare is an example of a company that focused on
user-centricity to improve a product that seemingly had no problems. ...
(Diagnostic imaging) (MRI) machines more child-friendly.

Transforms MRI machines from dark, black holes to pirate ships with scenery of
beaches, sandcastles, and the ocean.

By empathizing with children’s pain points, GE Healthcare was able to craft a

creative solution that was not only fun but increased patient satisfaction scores
by 90 percent.

This also yielded unexpected successes, including improved scan quality of

paediatric patients, and ultimately saved customers time and resources.
 Oral B. ... Oral-B was founded in 1950 by Dr. Robert W. Hutson, a California-based
dentist, who patented the first Oral-B [Link] version upgraded its electric
toothbrush, Oral-B is known for pioneering electric toothbrushes with features like pressure
sensors, timers, and AI-based brushing guidance.

 Netflix. ...
 Airbnb. ...A vacation rental company
 UberEats.
Oral B.
Oral-B was founded in 1950 by Dr. Robert W. Hutson, a California-based dentist, who
patented the first Oral-B toothbrush.

Manual version upgraded its electric toothbrush, Oral-B is known for pioneering electric
toothbrushes with features like pressure sensors, timers, and AI-based brushing
guidance.

The Oral-B iO series uses advanced oscillating-rotating technology combined with

micro-vibrations for superior plaque removal.
Netflix. ...
Netflix is a global streaming platform founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in
1997. It provides a wide range of entertainment content, including TV shows, movies,
documentaries, and original productions.
Founded in 1997 as a DVD rental service, Netflix has since evolved into one of the
world's leading subscription-based streaming services.
Airbnb
Airbnb. ...A vacation rental company
Airbnb is a platform that connects hosts (individuals offering their homes,
apartments, or unique spaces) with guests looking for short-term stays, vacation
rentals, or unique travel experiences.

It was founded in 2008 by Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia, and Nathan Blecharczyk
in San Francisco, California
Uber Eats
Uber Eats is a global online food delivery platform developed by Uber in 2014.

DoorDash (dominant in the U.S.)

Grubhub (2004 by Matt Maloney and Mike Evans, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.)
Postmates
Zomato
Swiggy
Deliveroo (popular in Europe)
Design thinking is a human-centered, iterative problem-solving approach used to
develop innovative solutions.

It focuses on understanding the needs and experiences of the end user and
integrates empathy, creativity, and rationality to solve complex problems.

The process typically involves different stages:

STEPS IN DESIGN THINKING

Design thinking involves five to 7 stages.

But the five-stage design thinking model proposed by the Hasso Plattner Institute of
Design at Stanford is the most common.
5 Steps in design thinking
 [Link]:
The first stage of design thinking.
Empathize step in design engineering involves gaining a deep understanding of the
needs of end users, stakeholders, or communities.

(i) Involves understanding the needs and perspectives of the people you are
designing for.

(ii) Involves conducting research, observing users in their environment, and engaging
with them through interviews or surveys.

(iii) The goal is to develop empathy for the users and gain insights into their
experiences, motivations, and challenges.
Example:

Project: Designing a Portable Water Purifier for Rural Areas

Empathize Actions: (i) Field observations; (ii) Interviews and conversations (iii) Empathy Mapping
(iv) Immersion (v) Document findings

(i) Field Observations: Engineers visit rural villages where access to clean water is a significant issue.

Observe how residents currently collect, store, and use water.

Identify the challenges they face, such as transportation of water, contamination risks, and lack of
filtration facilities.

(ii) Interviews and Conversations:

Speak with villagers, local leaders, and health workers to understand their daily struggles with water-related
health issues.

Ask open-ended questions: "What are your biggest concerns about the water you use?

"What methods do you currently use to purify water, if any?

"What do you wish could make accessing clean water easier?
(iii) Empathy Mapping:

Empathy Mapping is a tool used to visualize what a user ―says‖, ―thinks‖, ―feels‖,
and ―does‖.

Say: "Carrying heavy buckets every day is exhausting.

"Think: "Will this purifier really work for us?

"Feel: Anxiety about their children falling ill from unsafe water.

Do: Spend hours boiling water or walk long distances to find cleaner sources.
(iv) Immersion:

Engineers participate in daily water collection routines to experience the physical

and logistical difficulties firsthand.

(v) Document Findings:

(a) Record videos, take notes, and capture photos to share observations with the
broader design team.

(b) Summarize user needs:

Lightweight, easy-to-use, affordable purifier requiring minimal maintenance.

 [Link]:
(i) Synthesize User Research
(ii) Define the Problem Statement
(iii) Identify Constraints and Requirements
(iv) Reframe the Problem as “How Might We” Questions

(i) Synthesize the information gathered during the empathize stage

(ii) Define the core problem statement that you will focus on addressing the
problem (Articulate the problem statement).

(iii) Identify Constraints and Requirements

(iv) Focus on framing the problem in the form of meaningful and actionable,
solutions ensuring that it aligns with the needs and goals of the users.
(i) Synthesize User Research

Insights from the Empathize Phase: Ex: Portable Water Purifier

Users walk long distances to fetch water.

Heavy water loads lead to physical strain.

Current purification methods (boiling or chemical treatment) are time-consuming,

costly, or unavailable.

Users prioritize simplicity, durability, and affordability in any solution.

They express frustration with products that break easily or require expensive
replacement parts
(ii) Define the Problem Statement/Articulating the problem statement

Human-centered:

Focuses on user needs and challenges.

Specific and actionable.

Provides clarity to guide ideation.

Inspirational: Encourages creative solutions.

Problem Statement

Example:

“Rural residents need a portable, affordable, and durable water purifier that can be
easily operated and maintained because current solutions are either inaccessible,
unreliable, or too physically demanding.”
(iii) Identify Constraints and Requirements

Using the problem statement, the team identifies design requirements: Ex: Portable
Water Purifier

Functional Requirements:

Must purify at least 10 liters of water daily.

Effectively remove bacteria, viruses, and sediments.

Physical Requirements:
Weight under 2 kilograms for portability.
Durable in harsh environments.

Economic Requirements:
Cost under Rs 2000/- to meet user affordability.
Minimal ongoing maintenance expenses.
(iv) Reframe the Problem as “How Might We” Questions

To encourage innovative thinking, the team reframes the problem:

“How might we design a water purifier that is portable and easy to use?”

“How might we ensure durability and affordability without compromising functionality?”

“How might we incorporate renewable energy sources (e.g., solar power) to make it more
sustainable?”
Outcome of the Define Step:
Focused Vision: The problem statement acts as a guide for the design team.

Clear Direction: "How Might We" questions frame the ideation phase.

Actionable Insights: User needs and constraints are clearly articulated, ensuring the
solutions address the core challenges.
 3. Ideate:
(i) Generate a broad range of creative ideas and potential solutions (This stage is
about generating a wide range of possible solutions to the defined problem).

(i) This step involves the use of techniques like

scramper/brainstorming/mindmapping/brain writing, mind mapping, or other
ideation techniques encourages participants to think creatively and without
limitations to generate diverse ideas.

(i) Encourage "out-of-the-box" thinking without immediately judging or filtering

Mind mapping is a visual brainstorming and organizational technique used to capture,

organize, and structure ideas, concepts, or information in a non-linear format.

It involves starting with a central idea and branching out with related topics or
subtopics, creating a "map" that shows relationships and hierarchies.
Revisit the Problem Statement (Ex: Portable Water Purifier)

Problem Statement:

“Rural residents need a portable, affordable, and durable water purifier that can be
easily operated and maintained because current solutions are either inaccessible,
unreliable, or too physically demanding.”
Use Brainstorming Techniques:
The team organizes brainstorming/other sessions to explore various solutions:

Example Ideas:

(i) Mechanical Purification:

A manually operated purifier using a hand pump or gravity-based filtration.

(ii) Solar-Powered Device:

A purifier with a small solar panel to power UV sterilization.

(iii) Modular Design:

A purifier with replaceable parts for easy maintenance.

(iv) Integrated Storage:

Combine a water purifier with a lightweight, durable water storage container.
(v) Community Solution: A larger, shared purifier that multiple households can use to reduce costs.

(vi) Mobile App Integration: An app to guide users on maintenance and track water quality.
Organize and Cluster Ideas

After generating ideas, group them into themes or categories for clarity:

Energy Source: Solar-powered, manually operated, battery-operated.

Filtration Technology: Ceramic filters, reverse osmosis, UV sterilization.

Usability Features: Lightweight, ergonomic, one-step operation

Evaluate and Prioritize

Use criteria like feasibility, impact, cost, and alignment with user needs to narrow
down ideas.

For instance:

Feasibility: Solar-powered purifiers may not work in areas with low sunlight.

Impact: Hand-pump purifiers could be effective as they don't rely on external

power.

Example Selection:

Gravity-based purifier with integrated storage (feasible and user-friendly).

A solar-powered UV purifier for areas with consistent sunlight.
Create “How Might We” Variants for Each Idea

Reframe promising ideas to guide prototyping:

“How might we design a lightweight backpack purifier that filters water while
walking?”

“How might we ensure solar-powered UV filters work in low-light conditions?”

“How might we create a modular purifier that reduces maintenance costs?”

Outcome of the Ideate Step

Diverse Solutions: A pool of innovative ideas for the next phase.

Prioritized Concepts: A shortlist of ideas ready for prototyping.

Creative Momentum: Engages the team in forward-thinking problem-solving.

 [Link]:
In the Prototyping step, the design team creates tangible representations of their ideas to
explore feasibility, functionality, and usability.
The prototypes are intentionally simple, allowing for quick iterations based on feedback.

In the prototype stage, simplified versions of potential solutions are created to test their feasibility
and gather feedback.

(i) Build simple, tangible versions of one or more of your ideas generated in the ideation stage
and no idea is initially dismissed .
(ii) Focus on low-cost and rapid prototypes to test concepts quickly.
(iii) Iteratively refine prototypes based on user feedback.

Prototypes can range from low-fidelity sketches or mockups to more refined prototypes,
depending on the complexity of the problem and the available resources.

These can range from simple sketches or models to more elaborate prototypes, depending on the
complexity of the solution.
Select an Idea to Prototype

From the Ideate phase, the team chooses a concept:

Concept: A gravity-based water purifier with an integrated storage container.

Why This Idea?

It aligns with user needs for portability, simplicity, and durability without relying on
external power.
Build a Low-Fidelity Prototype

The focus is on speed and simplicity to test core functions.

Materials Used:

Plastic containers (representing storage).

Coffee filters or cloth (representing basic filtration).
PVC pipes for water flow.
Adhesive tape and glue for assembly.
Assembly:

A top container where dirty water is poured.

Gravity-driven flow through a filter into a clean-water storage container.

A small tap for dispensing filtered water.

Test Basic Functionality

The prototype is tested for:

Flow rate of water.

Ease of assembling and disassembling the device.
Portability (weight and size).
Gather Feedback

The prototype is shared with target users in a rural area.

Feedback:
Positive:
Users appreciated the simplicity of pouring and collecting clean water.
Lightweight and compact design was well-received.

Negative:
Filtration was too slow for daily needs.
The tap was prone to leaking.
Iterate the Prototype

The team refines the prototype based on feedback:

Improvements:
Replace cloth filter with a ceramic or activated carbon filter for faster and
better purification.
Add a locking mechanism for the tap to prevent leaks.
Design foldable handles for easier carrying.

Second Iteration:

Create a mid-fidelity prototype using stronger materials like stainless steel for
durability.

Integrate modular parts for easier cleaning and maintenance.

Test the Refined Prototype

The updated version is tested again, focusing on:

Durability in rough conditions.

Maintenance requirements.

User satisfaction with the improved flow rate and usability.

Outcome of Prototyping

A tested and refined prototype ready for further user testing or small-scale
production.

Identification of key areas for improvement before full-scale manufacturing.

Increased confidence in the feasibility of the solution.
 5. Test:
The final stage of design thinking involves:
(i) Evaluating the prototypes with real users to gather
feedback on how well the solutions address the defined
problem.
(ii) Observe how users interact with the solution and
identify areas for improvement.
(iii) The feedback is used to repeat the process as
necessary, cycling back through the stages to
refine/improve the solution and ensure that they
effectively address the users' needs.
Core Principles of Design Thinking

Human-Centered Focus: Keeps the user's needs and experiences at the core.

Empathy-Driven: Strives to understand the user's emotions, perspectives, and challenges.

Collaboration: Encourages interdisciplinary teamwork for diverse insights.

Experimentation and Iteration: Focuses on trying, learning, and improving through repeated cycles.

Bias Toward Action: Prioritizes hands-on prototyping and testing over prolonged analysis.

Embracing Ambiguity: Accepts uncertainty and uses creativity to navigate it.

Design thinking
Design thinking brings together what is desirable from a human point of
view with what is technologically feasible and economically viable.
DESIGN THINKING
The framework to create an innovative design solution from idea all the
way through final execution and testing, by utilizing the three key
elements of desirability, viability, feasibility.
 Desirability: What makes sense to people and for people?
 Feasibility: What is technically possible within the foreseeable
future?
 Viability: What is likely to become part of a sustainable business
model?
Example of Brainwriting in Action

Team tasked with designing a new coffee machine for office use.

Round 1: Each participant writes down 3 ideas. For example:

"Automatic milk frother"
"Touchscreen interface for customization"
"Environmentally-friendly, biodegradable pods"

Round 2: The paper is passed to the next person, who reads the ideas and adds new ones:
"Energy-saving mode for when not in use"
"Built-in grinder for fresh beans"
"App integration for remote control"

Round 3: Further rounds of idea-building continue, leading to refined ideas like:

"App to schedule coffee brewing time"
"Recyclable pods made from natural materials"
"Aesthetic, space-saving design for small kitchens"
Design Thinking is a Non-Linear Process Why?

Direct and linear design thinking process is one in which one stage seemingly
leads to the next with a logical conclusion at user testing.

However, in practice, the process is carried out in a more flexible and non-
linear fashion.

For example, different groups within the design team may conduct more than one
stage concurrently, or designers may collect information and prototype throughout
each stage of the project to bring their ideas to life and visualize the problem
solutions as they go.

What’s more, results from the Test stage may reveal new insights about users
which lead to another brainstorming session (Ideate) or the development of new
prototypes (Prototype).
What are the Applications of Design Thinking?

[Link] Development: Designing new consumer products or digital

experiences.

[Link] Design: Improving user interactions and satisfaction in sectors like

healthcare, hospitality, or retail.

[Link] Innovation: Tackling systemic issues like poverty, education, or

sustainability.

4. Organizational Processes: Streamlining workflows, improving

workplace culture, or driving innovation.
CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT
THINKING
 Convergent and Divergent Thinking in Design
Engineering
Divergent Thinking and Convergent Thinking are two complementary
approaches used in problem-solving, innovation, and decision-making.

They play a critical role in processes like Design Thinking and creative
engineering.
Convergent Thinking

Definition:
A logical and analytical process where you narrow down options to select the
best solution.

The focus is on refining ideas and choosing the most feasible, practical, or effective
one.

Characteristics:

Focused, structured, and evaluative.

Prioritizes practicality and feasibility.
Seeks to arrive at a single, well-defined solution.
 Convergent thinking (Critical Thinking, Vertical
Thinking, Analytical Thinking, Linear Thinking)
 Convergent thinking involves starting with pieces of
information, converging around a solution
(Joy Paul Guilford)
Convergent thinking:

Is a cognitive process in which an individual or group focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a
problem.

It involves narrowing down a set of options to arrive at the best possible answer based on given
constraints and criteria.
Convergent thinking is often contrasted with divergent thinking, which involves generating multiple
solutions or ideas.

Key characteristics of convergent thinking

1. Focus on a Single Solution: Convergent thinking is goal-oriented and aims to identify the
most effective or efficient solution to a problem.

2. Logical and Analytical: It involves using logical reasoning and analytical skills to evaluate
and compare different options based on predefined criteria.

3. Systematic Approach: Convergent thinking typically follows a systematic approach, where

ideas are evaluated, refined, and narrowed down through a series of steps.
4. Based on Prior Knowledge: It relies on existing knowledge and information to make
decisions and reach a conclusion.

5. Driven by Constraints: Convergent thinking is often constrained by factors

such as time, resources, and specific requirements, which help narrow down the
range of possible solutions.

6. When there is a clarity of the problem: Convergent thinking is commonly used in

situations where there is a clear problem to be solved and a need to arrive at a
definitive solution.

It is prevalent in fields such as mathematics, engineering, and logic puzzles, where there is
typically a single correct answer or solution.

However, in complex or ambiguous situations, convergent thinking alone may not be

sufficient, and a combination of convergent and divergent thinking may be needed to arrive at
innovative and effective solutions.
Techniques:

Criteria-Based Evaluation: Scoring ideas based on feasibility, cost, and impact.

SWOT Analysis: Evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Decision Matrix: Comparing options using weighted criteria.

Prototyping and Testing: Validating ideas through experimentation.

DIVERGENT THINKING (Creative Thinking or Horizontal Thinking)
Divergent Thinking

Definition: A creative process where you generate a wide range of ideas or

solutions without judgment.

The focus is on quantity and exploring multiple possibilities.

Characteristics:

Open-ended, exploratory, and imaginative.

Encourages "thinking outside the box."
Seeks to expand the pool of ideas, even if some seem impractical at first.
Techniques:

Brainstorming: Generating as many ideas as possible.

Mind Mapping: Visualizing relationships between ideas.

SCAMPER: Exploring variations (Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to

another use, Eliminate, Reverse).

"What if" Scenarios: Considering alternate possibilities or situations.

Example:
Problem: Designing a portable water purifier.

Divergent Thinking Ideas:

A backpack purifier that filters water as you walk.

Solar-powered purification with UV sterilization.

A biodegradable purifier for single-use scenarios.

A shared community purifier for rural areas.

Example:

From Divergent Thinking Ideas: (Based on Portable Water Filter)

Eliminate the backpack purifier due to user feedback on discomfort.

Prioritize solar-powered purification for areas with consistent sunlight.

Refine the idea into a gravity-based purifier with solar-powered UV

sterilization for feasibility and user ease.
 Double Diamond Approach in Design Thinking
The Double Diamond approach is a model often used in design thinking to illustrate the
divergent and convergent stages of the design process.

It is called "Double Diamond" because the process is represented by two diamond shapes,
one for divergent thinking and the other for convergent thinking.
The Double Diamond Approach is a framework used in design thinking to guide
the process of problem-solving and innovation.

It was developed by the Design Council UK in 2005 and consists of four distinct
phases divided into two "diamonds," which represent divergent and convergent
thinking at different stages of the design process.
The Double Diamond design process is a widely used methodology for
identifying a problem and developing a solution.

This outcomes-based framework encourages creativity and innovation while

focusing on the core issue and its impact on end-users.

Deliver better products to your users with the world’s most advanced prototyping
tool.

The design framework features two diamonds:

1. A diamond that represents the problem.
2. A diamond that stands for the solution.
 The Four Phases of the Double Diamond Approach

1. Discover (Divergent):

Goal: Understand the problem thoroughly by gathering insights and exploring

different perspectives.

Activities: User research (interviews, surveys, observations).

Identifying needs, desires, and pain points.

Analyzing the context and environment.

Conducting market and competitor analysis.

Outcome: A broad, deep understanding of the problem space.

2. Define or Explore (Convergent):

Goal:

Synthesize the information gathered in the Discover phase to define a clear

and focused problem statement or design brief.

Activities:
Identifying patterns and key insights from the research.

Narrowing down the scope based on user needs and business goals.

Defining the problem statement or design challenge.

Outcome: A clear, actionable problem definition or brief that guides the solution
phase.
Develop (Divergent):

Goal: Generate a wide range of ideas and potential solutions to address the
defined problem.

Activities:
Brainstorming, ideation sessions, and sketching.
Prototyping (low-fidelity prototypes, mock-ups).
Testing concepts through feedback and iteration.
Exploring various creative solutions.

Outcome:

Multiple ideas and potential solutions are developed and explored, refined, and
iterated upon.
Deliver (Convergent):

Goal: Finalize and implement the best solution after testing and refinement.

Activities:
Final prototyping, testing, and validation of ideas.
Iterative feedback from users and stakeholders.
Refining the solution for scalability, feasibility, and impact.
Launching the final product or service.

Outcome:

A finished solution that meets user needs and can be successfully delivered.
Why "Double Diamond"?

The "double diamond" represents the two stages of divergence (exploring multiple
possibilities) and convergence (narrowing down and focusing on the best solution),
which occur at both the problem and solution stages.

Divergence: The first and third stages of the process, where a wide array of ideas,
information, and possibilities is generated.

Convergence: The second and fourth stages, where the focus shifts to refining and
selecting the best solution.
Designers work within these diamonds.

They help them to truly understand the problem and thoroughly test their
solutions.

Once designers identify a core issue in the first diamond, they create a
design brief as a foundation for the second.

The second diamond focuses on prototyping and testing a solution until its
ready for release.
Convergent Questioning Divergent questioning
(Linear
About animal’s diet:What are What might happen to Kerala’s
the components of animal’s ecosystem if all cow’s were
diet? carnivorous?
Discussion about a If such a phenomena didn’t
phenomena. What are the occur how would the function at
primary reasons for such a a place be different?
phenomena
About an event: What are the If such an event had not
short term causes of an event happened what would have
that occurred at a place? been the current situation?
Discussion about a drama: If the Character ―A‖ didn’t have
What is the end scene of a behave in that manner, what
drama that was played would have been the end
yesterday in the theatre? scene?
 Convergent Questioning

Solving a simple mathematical equation

Finding the shortest route between two points on a map

Diagnosing a medical condition based on symptoms

Identifying the cause of a device’s technical malfunction

Deciding on the most cost-effective solution for a problem

Selecting the best candidate for a job

Determining the winner of a competition

Problem:
Use the principles of Divergent and Convergent thinking for developing a
Portable Solar Charger

I Using Divergent Thinking (Idea Generation):

Problem: People in remote areas need a reliable way to charge devices.

Ideas:

1. A foldable solar panel integrated into a backpack.

2, A pocket-sized solar charger for single-device use.
3. A solar-powered battery bank that charges during the day and powers devices
at night.
4. A multi-panel solar mat that can charge multiple devices simultaneously.
5. A modular solar charger that can expand with additional panels for higher
capacity.
 II Using Convergent Thinking (Idea Refinement):

Evaluation Criteria:

1. Portability (weight and size).

2. Durability in outdoor conditions.

3. Charging efficiency and compatibility with multiple devices.

4. Cost of production.
Decision:
Prioritize the solar-powered battery bank for its combination of portability and
functionality.
Eliminate the multi-panel mat for being too bulky.
Outcome: Proceed with prototyping a portable battery bank with integrated solar
panels.
Problem2:
Use Divergent and Convergent thinking for the designing a Sustainable
Packaging Solution

I. Divergent Thinking (Idea Generation):

Problem: Reducing plastic waste from packaging.

Ideas:

Edible packaging made from seaweed or starch.

Compostable packaging using plant-based materials.
Refillable containers to replace single-use plastics.
Packaging that dissolves in water.
Biodegradable films infused with seeds that grow into plants when discarded.
II Convergent Thinking (Idea Refinement):

Evaluation Criteria:

Environmental impact.

Cost-effectiveness.

User convenience.

Compatibility with different products.

Decision:
Focus on compostable plant-based packaging for its balance of sustainability
and usability.
Combine with refillable containers for frequently used products.
Eliminate water-dissolving packaging for lack of compatibility with certain products.
Questions
 Illustrate the design thinking approach for designing a bag for college
students within a limited budget. Describe each stage of the process and the
iterative procedure involved. Use hand sketches to support your arguments.
Design thinking can be effectively applied to design a bag for college students within a limited
budget.
Empathize:

Conduct interviews and surveys with college students to understand their needs and
preferences regarding a bag for college.
Observe students in their daily routines to gain insights into the features and functionalities that
would be most useful.
Sketches of students using different types of bags and carrying various items.

Define:

Synthesize the research findings to define the problem statement: "Design an affordable and
functional bag that meets the specific needs of college students.“

Identify key criteria such as durability, capacity, organization, and style.

Sketches of key criteria and problem statement.
Ideate:
Brainstorm ideas for the bag design, considering different materials, styles,
and features.
Use techniques such as mind mapping and sketching to generate a wide
range of ideas.
Sketches of different bag design ideas, materials, and features.

Prototype:

Create low-fidelity prototypes of the bag design ideas using inexpensive

materials like cardboard or fabric scraps.

Sketches of prototype iterations based on feedback.

Test:

Test the prototypes with college students to gather feedback on the design, functionality,
and usability.

Gather feedback from students on the prototypes, focusing on what they like, dislike,
and any suggestions for improvement.

Use this feedback to refine the bag design, making adjustments to improve functionality
and address user needs.

Sketches of refined bag design based on feedback.

Define: Problem Statement:
“College students need an affordable and functional bag that meets
their specific needs”
Step 3: Ideate:
To generate ideas (Multiple options on the possibilities can be specified for each
item)
Separate sections must be there for books, laptop, tiffin box and water bottle
It should have zips to lock and to be made of good quality material; SS
preferable; bag material can be made of plastic coated fabric.
It should be lightweight with sleek design.
The compartment to keep the laptop must be at the middle of the bag to protect it
from damage.
It should have a compartment on the outer side to keep water bottles.
It should have a small pouch on the outside to keep things like pen, keys,
chargers etc.
The shoulder strap should be broad and of soft material.
It should be waterproof so that it can be used in rainy season too; either water
proofing or made of water repellent materails.
It should have an inner secret pouch to keep money or any other important thing
SKETCHES to each sections to be provided
QN 2:
 2) Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to narrow down to the
best design for a drug trolley used in hospitals. Show how the divergent-convergent
thinking helps in the process. Provide your rationale for each step by using hand sketches
only.
USE DIVERGENT-CONVERGENT THINKING TO ARRIVE AT THE SOLUTION
Convergent-Divergent thinking
Additional Questions
 Qn: Suggest measures to reduce use of
paper in an office along with the design
functions for recycling of the paper wastes.
Identify the constraints.
 Objectives: To suggest the possibilities of
recycling of paper wastes.
Design functions

 Paper mixed with clay and little amount of glue can be

used to plaster the walls of the house. This ensures
more cooling
 Recycled paper wastes can be used to prepare
napkin pads so that it ensures earlier decomposition.
 Paper wastes are utilized by plywood industries .
 Mixed with coal and is used as a heat source in power
generating stations.
Design functions

 Recycle all your paper waste.

 Be a conscious consumer and buy ―100% post-consumer
waste recycled‖. Buy recycled paper
 materials or materials that came from sustainable managed
forests.
 In the office, reuse paper. If you’ve only used one side for
example, collect them instead of throwing them away. You
can bind these sheets and make a notebook using the other
side. This small effort reduces paper waste by 50%
Design functions
 If you already have a scanned copy of a file, don’t print it
anymore unless really needed.
 Use email instead of paper when communicating with
clients and customers.
 Reduce the use of paper cups and disposable paper
plates by keeping reusable items in the office pantry.
 Encourage your officemates and friends to recycle their
paper by putting them in recycling bins.
 Insist on ―Process Chlorine Free‖ paper materials.
 Buy products with the least paper packaging.
Encourage businesses that follow environment
friendly practices.
 Take advantage of the latest technologies like
tablets, computers and smart phones to keep your
files and notes.
Constraints

 Waste paper cannot be burnt

 Cannot be disposed without treatment
 Reduce the operating cost
 Pollution free and environmentally safe.
Question
 Suggest design changes for a torch (with sketch) that can add
value to it and improve its efficiency. How these modifications
reflect on market.
Objective of the design

 To design a torch /modify a torch, which can

add value to it and also improve its efficiency.
Design constraints

 1-must have a cultural influence-

 The product must have a cultural influence. This will be done by choosing a culture that a designer
 finds fascinating and chose an influence in size, shape, design, colour and pattern.
 2-must be made using a 3d printer
 Three dimensional printing is an extremely useful aspect of modeling and producing. This is because it
 allows a person to use the program auto desk inventor to model the modulo the product. doing this
allows you to view the product before it is fully developed and adjust or fix possible errors that
could occur before they happen.
 It also gives the designer more freedom to work within the constraints give and use different colours.
 3d printing also saves the designer time as they do not have to be present when the product is being
print.
 3-must fit torch kit
 The casing of the torch is designed so it
will fit perfectly around the torch kit that
has been assembled as penlight. This is
done by having specific dimensions that
will not cause the kit to move around
inside the case causing damage to it.
 4-must be suitable to be hand held and use on
a bike
 The torch must be able to be hand-held and
used on a bike so it is functional and is to be
used for multiple functions. Also it broadens
the target consumers, which if the product was
able to be purchased would increase profit.
 Solutions
 1. Brief description
 Torch use incandescent light bulb which consists of a glass
bulb and a tungsten filament. The bulbs are under vacuum or
filpen light with argon, krypton or xenon. Some high-power
incandescent flashlights use a halogen lamp where the bulb
contains a halogen gas such as iodine or bromine to improve
the life and efficacy of the bulb. In all but disposable or
novelty flashlights, the bulb is user-replaceable; the bulb life
may be only a few hours.
 Design Thinking as a Team

Design Thinking is inherently collaborative, and working as a team is essential to

its success.

The team-based approach brings together diverse perspectives, skills, and

expertise to create more innovative and well-rounded solutions.

Here's an explanation of how Design Thinking works effectively in a team context:

Why Design Thinking Works Well for Teams?

Diverse Perspectives:
Teams often consist of individuals with different backgrounds, knowledge, and problem-solving
approaches.

This diversity fosters creativity and helps the team explore a wider range of ideas and
solutions.

Enhanced Collaboration:
Collaborative efforts lead to shared understanding, clearer communication, and more
comprehensive solutions.

Shared Ownership: When multiple people contribute to the process, it enhances engagement
and accountability for the outcomes.

Faster Iteration: Teams can work in parallel on different aspects of the project, testing ideas
quickly and making decisions more efficiently.?
Team Roles in Design Thinking
While everyone on a Design Thinking team is involved in all phases, different roles can emerge based on
skills and expertise. Common roles might include:

Facilitator:/Team Leader
Guides the team through the Design Thinking process.
Ensures the team remains focused, on track, and aligned with user needs.
Manages group dynamics to foster a creative environment.

User Researcher:
Conducts interviews, surveys, and observations to gather user insights.
Helps the team empathize with users and translate research into actionable insights.

Designer/Engineer:

Converts ideas into tangible prototypes.

Makes decisions based on feasibility and functionality, balancing innovation with practical
considerations.
Ideation Expert:

Leads brainstorming sessions and helps generate creative ideas.

Encourages divergent thinking and guides the team through creative exercises.

Tester/Validator:
Conducts user testing and gathers feedback on prototypes.

Works closely with the team to refine and validate solutions based on real-world data.

Stakeholder Liaison:
Communicates with key stakeholders or external partners.

Ensures the solution meets business goals, regulatory requirements, and user
expectations.
Benefits of Team-Based Design Thinking

Increased Creativity: Collaboration promotes diverse ideas and innovative solutions.

Faster Problem-Solving: Different team members can tackle various aspects of the
problem simultaneously, speeding up the process.

Balanced Decision-Making: Multiple perspectives help balance user needs with technical
feasibility, business goals, and design quality.

Shared Learning: Team members learn from each other’s expertise, increasing their
understanding of the problem and solution space.

Better Prototypes and Solutions: With cross-functional contributions, prototypes are

more robust, and solutions are more well-rounded.
Challenges in Team-Based Design Thinking

Group thinking: Teams can fall into the trap of collectively agreeing on ideas without
exploring alternative perspectives.
It's crucial to foster an environment where constructive dissent is encouraged.

Role Clarity: Clearly defining roles and responsibilities helps prevent confusion and ensures
efficient use of each team member's strengths.

Communication Barriers: Teams need effective communication strategies to avoid

misunderstandings and inefficiencies.

Time Management: With multiple contributors, managing the timing of different tasks can be
challenging. Efficient coordination is key.
Characteristics of an Effective Team in Design Thinking

An effective team in Design Thinking possesses certain qualities that enable them
to work collaboratively, think creatively, and solve problems efficiently.

These characteristics help the team stay focused on user-centered solutions, while
also balancing the technical, business, and emotional aspects of design.
1. Diverse Skillsets
2. Open and Effective Communication
3. Empathy for Users
4. Collaboration and Respect
5. Problem-Solving Mindset
6. Flexibility and Adaptability
7. Shared Vision and Alignment
8. Strong Leadership
9. Continuous Learning and Improvement
10. Trust and Psychological Safety
1. Diverse Skillsets

Why It’s Important: A mix of skills and expertise enhances creativity and the ability to
approach problems from multiple angles.

The diversity allows the team to handle various aspects of the design process (e.g., empathy,
ideation, prototyping, testing).

Examples:

Designers bring creativity and aesthetic vision.

Engineers contribute technical feasibility and innovation.
Researchers provide insights from user studies.
Business analysts ensure that solutions align with market needs and business goals.
Open and Effective Communication

Why It’s Important: Clear communication ensures that team members understand each
other’s ideas and feedback, leading to efficient decision-making and idea-sharing. Open
dialogue fosters a collaborative environment and prevents misunderstandings.
Examples:
Regular check-ins and open brainstorming sessions.
Active listening during discussions to respect each person’s input.
Use of visual tools (like mind maps, diagrams) to make complex ideas clearer.
 Resolving Conflicts in a Team:
Conflict in teams is inevitable, especially in dynamic, creative environments like
Design Thinking.

However, how the team handles conflict can significantly impact the project’s
success.

Resolving conflicts constructively not only helps maintain team harmony but also
fosters better ideas, innovation, and collaboration.
Strategies for effectively resolving conflicts in a team:

1. Acknowledge the Conflict

Ignoring or suppressing conflict can lead to unresolved issues, resentment, and

inefficiency.

Acknowledging the conflict early allows the team to address it proactively.

How to Do It:

Encourage open discussions where team members can express concerns in a

respectful manner.

Create a safe environment where everyone feels comfortable addressing conflicts

without fear of judgment or retaliation.
2. Active Listening and Empathy

Why It’s Important:

Often, conflict arises from miscommunication, differing perspectives, or unmet needs. Active
listening allows team members to understand each other’s viewpoints, which can lead to more
effective resolution.

How to Do It:

Listen without interrupting, allowing the person to fully express their perspective.

Acknowledge emotions and perspectives with empathy, even if you don’t agree.

Paraphrase or summarize what the other person has said to ensure understanding.

Example: Conflict: Two team members disagree about the direction of the project.

Resolution: Each team member takes turns explaining their viewpoint.

The facilitator paraphrases each viewpoint to ensure everyone understands both sides.
3. Focus on Interests, Not Positions

Often, team conflicts arise when individuals focus on their positions or solutions rather than
the underlying interests or needs.

Focusing on interests helps the team find common ground and creates more room for creative
solutions.

How to Do It:

Encourage the team to identify the underlying interests driving their positions.

For example, if one person is advocating for more user research and another for rapid
prototyping, both may be focused on gathering data and validating solutions.

Shift the discussion to how both interests can be met, such as by combining user research
with prototyping and testing.
Example:
Conflict:
A designer wants to take more time on the design, while an engineer is pushing for
a quick prototype.

Resolution:

Both focus on the common interest: delivering a functional and validated solution.

They agree to create an initial, low-fidelity prototype that the designer can iterate
on during testing.
4. Use a Neutral Facilitator

Sometimes conflicts can escalate when emotions run high.

Having a neutral facilitator (like a project manager or team leader) helps steer the
discussion, mediate disputes, and ensure all voices are heard.

Conflict:

Team members are arguing about the technical feasibility of a solution.

Resolution:

The facilitator steps in to clarify both technical concerns and the user’s needs.

They propose brainstorming solutions and emphasize the importance of

compromise.
5. Find Common Ground and Focus on Shared Goals

Conflicts often arise when team members forget their shared goals.

By refocusing on the team’s overarching objectives, it becomes easier to find

solutions that serve everyone’s best interests.

Conflict:

Two team members disagree on the design direction (modern vs. classic).

Resolution:

The team refocuses on their shared goal: designing a product that is both functional
and appealing to the target audience.

They agree to test prototypes with users to validate the best design direction.
6. Encourage Constructive Criticism and Feedback

A lack of constructive feedback can lead to unresolved conflicts or passive-

aggressive behavior.

Encouraging regular, open feedback allows team members to express concerns and
suggestions in a respectful manner.

Set clear guidelines for giving and receiving feedback (e.g., ―I noticed… I suggest…‖).

Encourage team members to focus on the issue, not the person.

Maintain a positive and solution-oriented tone.

7. Collaboratively Brainstorm Solutions

When conflicts arise, there’s often more than one solution to the problem.

Collaborative brainstorming fosters creative problem-solving, allowing the team to

find mutually acceptable solutions.

When a disagreement arises, guide the team to generate a range of possible

solutions.

Encourage ―yes, and‖ thinking, where team members build on each other’s ideas
rather than dismissing them.

Use brainstorming techniques like mind mapping, SWOT analysis, or voting on

options to explore solutions.
8. Seek Win-Win Solutions

A win-win solution ensures that all parties feel heard and that the outcome serves
the team’s broader goals.

It encourages collaboration and strengthens team cohesion.

How to Do It:
Frame the conflict as a shared problem to solve, not a battle to win.

Encourage creativity and flexibility in finding solutions that address both parties’
concerns.

Be willing to compromise where necessary to achieve a balanced outcome.

9. Establish Clear Expectations and Boundaries

Conflicts can arise due to unclear roles, responsibilities, or expectations.

Setting clear boundaries and expectations at the beginning of the project helps reduce
misunderstandings and ensures everyone is aligned.

10. Use Conflict as an Opportunity for Growth

Conflict doesn’t have to be destructive.

When managed well, it can lead to stronger team dynamics, better ideas, and more
efficient solutions.

Conflict: A disagreement between two team members escalates.

Resolution: After resolving the issue, the team holds a retrospective to identify what
caused the conflict and how they can better communicate or collaborate in the future.
 T-shaped
persons: Cross
discipline
expertise and
deep discipline
expertise
Reporter,
Communicator,
Researcher ?
Cross-disciplinary teams will provide you with the best results.
Teams may consist of people unfamiliar with each other, with external members brought on
board either as specialists or facilitators depending on the availability of skills.

All team members should be encouraged to respect each other's inputs, in order to discover
deeper and to build upon each other's findings.

Every member may raise his or her own ideas and solutions.

The team will analyse the pros and cons of each solution or design and then finalize the
best suitable solution.

However, during design thinking as a team activity, conflicts between team members may
arise. Therefore,it is very important to resolve these conflicts.
Design thinking teams co-design

• Co-design both internally as a team, as well as externally with

customers or end-users.
• The design of solutions is not just left up to designers or other ―creative
types.‖
• All members of the design thinking team, including engineers,
strategists, and business leads, participate in the definition, design and
creation of value for customers/end-users.
• An understanding of customer’s goals, needs, and pain points, is
critical to develop customer-centric solutions. Feedback from customers
or end-users all throughout the product development cycle is obtained.
• Ensures proper design direction and that the team is producing
something genuinely valuable to users
Some Questions-Part A