beg-`kg †kÖwY ● imvqb ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi

Aa¨vq—4: ch©vq mviwY


F
Na Mg

1
17

-1 Na
17
− F
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  Na F Na F

Na
F
Na F
2
2 Be
Ra


Ba 2 A 2
B 7
Na D 8
A, B D

Na Mg
Na Mg He II
Na 11 Mg B
12, Na Mg A D
1 Na Mg  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
F
F
-

He II
Na He- 1s2 He-
Na II II
Na ns2
17 F He 1s2
He
II
2 II
He He
-II
B
 F Cl Br I 0.2
At 17
A 2
D
CaF2 Na3AlF6 8 A D
3Ca3 PO4 2.CaF2
A 2
Cl2
2.56% NaCl NaCl
KCl KCl. MgCl2. 6H2O

B 18
Br2 Br2,

I2
NaI 0.5%
B
NaNO3.NaIO3
A D

 (P)
15A B C 3
A, B, C

(P) 5,
A 5
A
A, B, C

A, B C 15, 16 17
 3bs cª‡kœi DËi 
P, S
 (1 atm) Cl
Cl)

A 15
(Cl)

P(15) → 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p3

A, B, C P,
S Cl

P > S > Cl

 HCl
XCO3 + 2HCl → XCl2 + Y + H2O; X Y
 3p6 3d3 4s2;

1 17
Y

 4bs cª‡kœi DËi 

HCl -1

3 11
 5bs cª‡kœi DËi 
1
A 4
d
(3d3) 4 7
d d
17 3
A 3+2=5
-5
1 17
Na Cl
2H2O + 2F2 = 4HF + O2 11Na→ 1s22s22p63s1
→ 1s22s22p63s23p5
17Cl

Cl2 + H2O L HOCl + HCl Na

Na+
2HOCl = 2HCl + O2 Cl, Na
2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4HCl + O2 Cl−
Na+ → 1s22s22p6
Cl- → 1s22s22p63s23p6
H2O + Br2 L HBr + HOBr Na+ Cl−
(NaCl)
Y
Ca(OH)2
CO2
-1

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O -1 →

CO2
Na2CO3 K2CO3 HCl

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca (HCO3)2
 K2CO3 + 2HCl → 2KCl + H2O + CO2
1 (Na
1 18
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He K HCl
Li O F Ne -1
Na 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S Cl
K

A 1s2 2s22p63s2
  (O2)
F (O3)
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O2
Br
I 3F2 + 3H2O = 6HF + O2

2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4HCl + O2

(Br)
(I)
H2O

F> Cl > Br > I

 6bs cª‡kœi DËi  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→


15

2, 8, 8, 1.
(15) 2, 8, 5
Rb
3 3
11
5
10
15

(Na Ar)

 7bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Rb
11 (Cu), (Ag) (Au)

(Coinage metals)

2, 8, 8, 1,
19
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
18,
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7
2, 8, 8
2.23 1.82 1.72 1.46 1.23 1.09 0.97
−8
(Å) 1Å = 10 cm
Na Ar

(F I) 17

(F, Cl, Br, I, At)

 B -1
C -17
B C

B C

(K) (Ar) (Be

(K) 39 F, Cl)
(Ar) 40
Be
18
IA-
IA-
18-


H He
B
 C D
A
A → 1s22s22p63s1
B → 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
C → 1s22s22p63s23p5

AB BC

A H
B C

 9bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 8bs cª‡kœi DËi 

18

i.
ii.
iii.
A 1

AB BC KO2
1
SO2
Li, Na, K,
(KO2)
Rb, Cs, Fr
KOH O2
4 KO2(s) + 2H2O (l) → 4KOH(aq) + 3O2(g)
SO2

A Na SO2(g) + H2O (l) = H2SO3(aq)

H2SO3
H2SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O
 H -1
Na, K H K (19) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1 Rb (37) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Li, Na, K, Rb 4s24p6 5s1
Cs (55) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
4s24p64d105s25p6 6s1
Fr (87) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Li(3) = 1s22s1
4s24p6
H(l) = 1s1
4d 4f 5s25p65d106s26p6
10 14
H 7s1
1
(H+)
1

1.
NaCl, HCl

2.
1 1
1


A (... 2s1), B (...4s1), C (... 5s1), D (... 7s1)
IUPAC 3.

IUPAC

4.

 10bs cª‡kœi DËi  

Q, R, S, T
IUPAC
1, 4, 6, 7.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

IUPAC
2
Q, R T

A (... 2s1) = Li;

 11bs cª‡kœi DËi 
B(... 4s1) =K; C (... 5s1) = Rb; D (... 7s1) = Fr
H = 1s1;
Na = 3s1 Cs = 6s1 1
H = 1s1; Li
2
= 2s1; Na = 3s1; K = 4s1; Rb = 5s1; Cs = 6s1 Fr = 7s1

2- Be Ra

H (1) 1s1
Li (3) 1s2 2s1
Na (11) 1s22s22p6 3s1
 Q, R T  12bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Q 2, 8, 1 2
Q 1
1- 2 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
R 2, 8, 4.
4 3
4 (4 + 10) = 14
T 2, 8, 7.
1
R (7 + 10)
= 17.
 Q, R T 1
-1, 14 17 1
1
+ 1

2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl

Q, R, S, T
M + 2H2O = 2MOH + H2 [M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs]
1
Na2O
NaOH
Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH.

SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H2O Fr > Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li

P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4

P2O5 + 4NaOH = 2Na2HPO4 + H2O
Fr > Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li
1 2
1
Cl2O7 + H2O = 2HClO4 1 1
Cl2O7 + 2NaOH = 2NaClO4 + H2O


1
Na, Li, Mg, K, Ra, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Be
1 2
1 2-
-2
2 2
2
1

2 1
1 2
 2 1 (S)
16

16S→ 1s22s22p63s23p4
S
18
3
He
Ne 3- 2+4=6
S X 18Ar
Kr
Xe
Rh

(10)
(S) 6 + 10 = 16
16

X Ar
3
11

 13bs cª‡kœi DËi 

S


3A, 11B, 19C, 37D

X
17 17 17
(Cl)
Cl (X) Ar
(Cl) (Ar)
 14bs cª‡kœi DËi 
17 18 3 11

17Cl → 1s22s22p63s23p5
18Ar → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 6

Cl
7
(octet) (duplet
duet)
Cl
Ar

3A →1s22s1
11B → 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1

19C → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 2 6 2 6 1

37Rb → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 5s
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
 11 (Cu), (Ag)
1 1 (Au)

18

1 X A
X 16 A 17 A
9 2, 7 X
2, 6 X 8
1
1
17 F, Cl, Br, I
X A
9F → 1s2 2s2 2p5
2 2 6 2 5
17Cl→1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
35Br → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5

53I → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5

7 X>A

A B
A(9) 1s22s23p5
B(17) 1s22s22p63s23p5
A-
B
17 7 B A A
1 1
A B
17 17

 A B

B A A
A, B, C, D, X Y
A
16 17
X 9A
Y 17B 17
35C
53D
A B
A

X A
A B

X(21) → [Ar] 3d1 4s2
Y(26) → [Ar] 3d6 4s2
 15bs cª‡kœi DËi  Z(29) → [Ar] 3d10 4s1
 X, Y Z

 16bs cª‡kœi DËi   17bs cª‡kœi DËi 

1

1869
1869

(Al) (Ar)
X, Y Z
X(21) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 Al (13) ⎯→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Y(26) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
Ar (18) ⎯→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Z(29) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s1
X 4
d s
3 3
Y 4,
(Al)
8
(Ar) 3
Z 4
d s 10
s d
Z 11

3
8 (Al)
(Ar) 13 18
(Al)
d 13 (Ar)
4 7 18
d d

X, Y Z 3, 8 11
3 11


Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Na > Al > Si > P > S > Cl > Ar

 (nm)


AB2 CO2
DB2 SiO2
A 6
B 8 
C 11 F, Cl, Br, I
D 11
E 17

C E

A, B D

 18bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 19bs cª‡kœi DËi 
114 98
17 (F, Cl, Br, I
At)

C ‘11’
(Na) E ‘17’ F(9) → 1s2 2s2 2p5
(Cl) C E Cl(17) → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(NaCl) Br(35) → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
I (53) → 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p5

(NaCl)
7

17
C(Na) E(Cl) NaCl

A, B D ‘6’, ‘8’
‘14’ (C),
(O) (Si) AB2 DB2
(CO2)
(SiO2)
17

CO2 
(A)
 F 2, 7
Cl 2, 8, 7 0.97
Br 2, 8, 18, 7
I 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 (a + 1) (a + 2) (a + 2)


a − 2, a − 1, a, a + 1, a + 2 a 8 1 17
a

a+2 1

a+1 a+2
17

 20bs cª‡kœi DËi 

-1
 21bs cª‡kœi DËi 

i. 7 (row) 18
(Column)
ii. 1 18
18

a+2 a 4
a a
(Si)
Si (14) → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p2
1
a + 2 a S16

1
S(16) → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p4
6
H(1) → 1s1, Li(3) → 1s2 2s1

1 1
10 1
(a + 2) 16 1
1
(a + 1) (a + 2) ‘15’ ‘16’
(P) (s)
Na− e− → Na+ H − e− → H+
(P) (S)
1 17 1

VII

1 2
 17 17

17
17

 X Rb > K > Na


X Y Z Na, K, Rb 1
→ X
A Na - Cl
11 17
B K Sc Br
19 21 35
C Rb Y I
37 39 53 Rb > K > Na,
1
Z Cl > Br > I
Z
7

X Z

Z
 22bs cª‡kœi DËi 
1

X Z
-17

X, Y Z
-17 F, Cl, Br, I, At Y Z
ns2np5 X 35

19K, 21Sc, 35Br X Z

X, Y Z

n  23bs cª‡kœi DËi 

B
19K 2, 8, 8, 1
 1
21Sc = 2, 8, 8, 3
3
35Br = 2, 8, 18, 7
17
X Z 1

18 ns2np6
 Ca

X, Y Z Ca 20 2, 8, 8, 2
2 -2
2- Be
X 35 Ra (alkaline earth metal)

X Y Ca

4 Z
30X Zn → 2, 8, 18, 2
5
33Y As → 2, 8, 18, 5
20Z Ca → 2, 8, 8, 2
−4 −7 d
d

X Y −4 d

X 7 → Ca > Zn > As
X 10 + 7 = 17
Y 8
Y 10 + 8 = 18
Ca CaO
2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
X 17 Zn
Y 18
ZnO
Z 1
2Zn + O2 → ZnO
X, Y Z As
As2O3
X Y X 4As + 3O2 → 2As2O3
Y X → Ca > Zn > As
Y Y X
-

1 1 17
1 Z Li F
Na Cl
Z K Br
Rb I
X, Y Z
Cs

Z>X>Y
 He 2
30X, 33Y, 20Z

20Ca

Ca
 25bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 24bs cª‡kœi DËi 

20Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 He 2
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
1s2
 -2 -3 -3 -12

He 2 (10)
-2 -3–

-13
1 Li, Na -17 F,Cl

Li (3) ⎯→ 1s22s1 F(9) ⎯→ 1s22s22p5

Na(11) ⎯→ 1s22s22p62s1 Cl(17) ⎯→ 1s22s2 2p63s23p5
1

Li, Na, K, Rb Cs 1

1 17 -1

-1

Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li

-1
-17
-17
F > Cl > Br > I
1 17

 W→ 1s22s22p63s2 -17
X → 1s22s22p63s1 1
Y → 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Z → 1s22s22p63s23p5


Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Si
 26bs cª‡kœi DËi 
MgO
H2O

 27bs cª‡kœi DËi 

-17
Si -3 14
Si 3 3
4
3 (4 + 10) = 14
MgO Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3,
i. MgO HCl,
ii.
iii.
MgO + 2HCl ⎯→ MgCl2 + H2O
iv.
v. OH−
(F, Cl, Br, I, At)

2/3 Na2CO3

(O3)
2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O2
3F2 + 3H2O = 6HF + O2

CO2
2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4HCl + O2
(Br)
Ca(OH)2 CO2
(I)
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯→ CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→


CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ⎯→ Ca(HCO3)2
Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3
HCl, 

A 3 2
Al Cr B 3 13
E 2 14
D 3 14
[ A, B, E, D

 28bs cª‡kœi DËi 

E D

 29bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Al 13 Cr
6-
Al 3 3
3 3 i.
3 (3 + 10) = 13
Cr 4 4 ii.
6 6
iii. CO2 SiO2
CO2 SiO2 CO2

A, B, E D Mg, Al, C Si
CO2
Mg > Al > Si > C
CO2
C, Mg, Al Si
O=C=O
CO2
SiO2

Mg, Al Si 12, 13
14 Mg Al Si
Mg Al SiO2
| | |
E D C Si
−O−Si−O−Si−O−Si−O−
CO2 SiO2 | | |
CO2 O O O
CO2 | | |
−O−Si−O−Si−O−Si−O−
SiO2
| | |
SiO2
(SiO2)n