MODULE—2

1. Determine whether each of the following sentences is a statement. (L2)

a) Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the president of the India.
b) x + 3 is a positive integer.
c) Fifteen is an even number.
d) If Mohan is late for the party, then his cousin Adam will be quite angry.
e) What time is it?
f) Tomorrow is holiday.
g) Oh my God!

2. Let p, 𝑞 be primitive statements for which the implication 𝑝 → 𝑞 is false Determine the truth values
for each of the following. (L2)
a) p  q
b) ¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
c) 𝑞 → 𝑝
d) ¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝
3. Let p, q, r, s denote the following statements: (L2)
p : I finish writing my computer program before lunch.
q: I shall play tennis in the afternoon.
r: The sun is shining.
s: The humidity is low.
Write the following in symbolic form.
a) If the sun is shining, I shall play tennis this afternoon.
b) Finishing the writing of my computer program before lunch is necessary for my playing
tennis this afternoon.
c) Low humidity and sunshine are sufficient for me to play tennis this afternoon.
d)
4. Let p, q, r denote the following statements about a particular triangle ABC. (L2)
p : Triangle ABC is isosceles.
q : Triangle ABC is equilateral.
r : Triangle ABC is equiangular.
5. Translate each of the following into an English sentence. (L2)

a) 𝑞 → 𝑝
b) ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞
c) 𝑞 ↔ 𝑟
d) p  q
e) 𝑟 → 𝑝
6. Determine the truth value of each of the following implications. (L2)
a) If 3 + 4 = 12, then 3 + 2 = 6
b) If 3 + 3 = 6, then 3 + 4 = 9.
c) If Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States, then 2 + 3 = 5
7. Construct a truth table for each of the following compound statements, where p, q, r denote primitive
statements. Which of the compound statements are tautologies? (L2)

a. ¬(𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) → ¬𝑝
b. 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟)
c. (𝑝 → 𝑞) → 𝑟
d. (𝑝 → 𝑞) → (𝑞 → 𝑝)
e. [𝑝  (𝑝 → 𝑞)] → 𝑞
f. (𝑝  𝑞) → 𝑝
g. 𝑞 ↔ (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞)
h. [(𝑝 → 𝑞)  (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → (𝑝 → 𝑟)
8. 7. Verify that [𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → [(𝑝 → 𝑞) → (𝑝 → 𝑟)] is a tautology. (L2)

9. Determine all truth value assignments, if any, for the primitive statements p, q, r, s, t that make
each of the following compound statements false. (L2)
a) [(𝑝  𝑞)  𝑟] → (𝑠 ∨ 𝑡)
b) [𝑝  (𝑞  𝑟)] → (𝑠 ∨ 𝑡)

10. If statement 𝑞 has the truth value 1, determine all truth value assignments for the primitive
statements, 𝑝, 𝑟 and 𝑠 for which the truth value of the statement (𝑞 → [(¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑟)  ¬𝑠])  [¬𝑠
→ (¬𝑟  𝑞)] is 1 . (L2)

11. Let p, q, r denote primitive statements. (L2)

a) Use truth tables to verify the following logical equivalences.

i. 𝑝 → (𝑞  𝑟) ⇔ (𝑝 → 𝑞)  (𝑝 → 𝑟)
ii. [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟] ⇔ [(𝑝 → 𝑟)  (𝑞 → 𝑟)]
iii. [𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)] ⇔ [¬𝑟 → (𝑝 → 𝑞)]
12. Use the substitution rules to verify that each of the following is a tautology. (Here p, q and r are
primitive statements. (L2)

a. [𝑝 ∨ (𝑞  𝑟)] ∨ ¬[𝑝 ∨ (𝑞  𝑟)]

b. [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟] ↔ [¬𝑟 → ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)]
13. For primitive statements 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, and 𝑠, simplify the compound statement (L2)
[[[(𝑝  𝑞)  𝑟] ∨ [(𝑝  𝑞)  ¬𝑟]] ∨ ¬𝑞] → 𝑠
14. Negate and express each of the following statements in smooth English. (L2)
a. Kala will get a good education if she puts her studies before her interest in Sports.
b. Nalina is doing her homework, and Kala is practicing her piano lessons.
c. If William passes his C + + course and finishes his data structures project, then he will
graduate at the end of the semester.
15. Negate each of the following and simplify the resulting statement. (L2)

a) 𝑝  (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)  (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
b) (𝑝  𝑞) → 𝑟
c) 𝑝 → (¬𝑞  𝑟)
d) 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∨ (¬𝑝  ¬𝑞  𝑟)
16. Using laws of logic simplify the compound statements. (L2)

a) [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)  (𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞)] ∨ 𝑞

b) (𝑝 → 𝑞)  [¬𝑞  (𝑟 ∨ ¬𝑞)]
17. Use truth tables to verify that each of the following is a logical implication. (L2)

a. [(𝑝 → 𝑞)  (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → (𝑝 → 𝑟)
b. [(𝑝 → 𝑞)  ¬𝑞] → ¬𝑝
c. [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)  ¬𝑝] → 𝑞
d. [(𝑝 → 𝑟)  (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → [(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟]
18. Give the reason(s) for each step needed to show that the following argument is valid. (L2)

[𝑝 𝖠 (𝑝 → 𝑞) 𝖠 (𝑠 ∨ 𝑟) 𝖠 (𝑟 → ¬𝑞)] → (𝑠 ∨ 𝑡)

19. Give the reasons for the steps verifying the following argument. (L2)
(¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟
𝑟 → (𝑠 ∨ 𝑡)

¬𝑠  ¬𝑢
¬𝑢 → ¬𝑡

∴𝑝
20. Give the reasons for the steps given to validate the argument (L2)

[(𝑝 → 𝑞)  (¬ ∨ 𝑠)  (𝑝 ∨ 𝑟)] → (¬𝑞 → 𝑠)

21. Establish the validity of the following arguments. (L2)

a) [(𝑝  ¬𝑞)  𝑟] → [(𝑝  𝑟) ∨ 𝑞] b) [𝑝  (𝑝 → 𝑞)  (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)] → 𝑟

𝑝→𝑞 𝑝𝑞 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟)
𝑝⟹𝑞 d)
𝑟 → ¬𝑞
e) 𝑝 → (𝑟  𝑝∨𝑠
c) ¬𝑞 r 𝑞) f) 𝑡→𝑞
__________ _________ 𝑟 → (𝑠 ∨ 𝑡) ¬𝑠
∴ ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑟) ∴ ¬𝑝 ¬𝑆 ∴¬𝑟→¬𝑡
_________
∴𝑡

22. Let (𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) denote the open statements. (𝑥): 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑞(𝑥): 𝑥 + 1 is odd. If theuniverse consists
of all integers, what are the truth values of the following statements? (L2)

a) (1) b) ¬𝑝(3) c) 𝑝(7) ∨ 𝑞(7)


d) (3) 𝑞(4) e) ¬(𝑝(−4) ∨ 𝑞(−3)) f) ¬𝑝(−4)  ¬𝑞(−3)
23. Let (𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) denote the open statements. (𝑥): 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑞(𝑥): 𝑥 + 1 is odd. Let r(x) be the open
statement "x > 0. " Once again the universe comprises of all integers. Determine the truth values of
the following statements. (L2)
i. (3) ∨ [𝑞(3) ∨ ¬𝑟(3)]
ii. (2) → [𝑞(2) → 𝑟(2)]
iii. [(2)  𝑞(2)] → 𝑟(2)
iv. (0) → [¬𝑞(−1) ↔ 𝑟(1)]
24. Let (𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) and r(x) denote the following open statements. (L2)
 (𝑥) ; 𝑥2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0
q(x) : x is odd
r(x) : x > 0
For the universe of all integers, determine the truth or falsity of each of the following statements. If a
statement is false, give a counterexample.
a) ∀[𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑞(𝑥)]
b) ∀𝑥 ∣ (𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
c) ∃[𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑞(𝑥)]
d) ∃[𝑞(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
e) ∃[𝑟(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
f) ∀[¬𝑞(𝑥) → ¬𝑝(𝑥)]
g) ∃[𝑝(𝑥) → (𝑞(𝑥)  𝑟(𝑥))]
h) ∀[(𝑝(𝑥) ∨ 𝑔(𝑥)) → 𝑟(𝑥)]

25. For the universe of all integers, let 𝑝(𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥), r (x), s (x) and t(x)) be the following open
statements. (L2)
p (x) : x > 0
q (x): x is even
r (x): x is a perfect square
s (x): x is (exactly) divisible by 4
t (x): x is (exactly) divisible hy 5
a) Write the following statements in symbolic form.
i. At least one integer is even.
ii. There exists a positive integer that is even.
iii. If x is even, then x is not divisible by 5 .
iv. No even integer is divisible by 5 .
v. There exists an even integer divisible by 5 .
vi. If x is even and x is a perfect square, then x is divisible by 4.
b) Determine whether each of the six statements in part (a) is true or false. For each false
statement, provide a counterexample.

26. Let (𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) and r(x) denote the following open statements.
(𝑥); 𝑥2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0
q(x) : x is odd
r(x) : x > 0
9. For the universe of all integers, determine the truth or falsity of each of the followingstatements. If a statement
is false, give a counterexample. (L2)

i. ∀[𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑞(𝑥)]
ii. ∀𝑥⌊(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
iii. ∃[𝑝(𝑥) → 𝑞(𝑥)]
iv. ∃[𝑞(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
v. ∃[𝑟(𝑥) → 𝑝(𝑥)]
vi. ∀[¬𝑞(𝑥) → ¬𝑝(𝑥)]
vii. ∃[𝑝(𝑥) → (𝑞(𝑥)  𝑟(𝑥))]
viii. ∀[(𝑝(𝑥) ∨ 𝑔(𝑥)) → 𝑟(𝑥)]
27. Test the validity of (i):
∀𝑥[𝑝(𝑥) → (𝑞(𝑥)  𝑟(𝑥))]
∀𝑥[𝑝(𝑥)  𝑠(𝑥)]
∴ ∀𝑥[𝑟(𝑥)  𝑠(𝑥)]

(ii):
∀𝑥[𝑝(𝑥) ∨ 𝑞(𝑥)]
∃𝑥¬𝑝(𝑥)
∀𝑥[¬𝑞(𝑥) ∨ 𝑟(𝑥)]
∀𝑥[𝑠(𝑥) → ¬𝑟(𝑥)]
∴ ∃𝑥¬𝑠(𝑥)

28. Give a direct proof for each of the following. (L2)

a) For all integers k and l, if k, l are both even, then k + l is even,
b) For all integers k and l, if k , l are both even, then kl is even.

29. For each of the following statements provide an indirect proof by stating and proving the
contrapositive of the given statement. (L2)
a) For all integers k and l, if kl is odd, then k, l are both odd.
b) For all integers k and l, if k+ l is even, then k and l are both even or both odd.

30. Prove that for every integer n, if n is odd, then n2 is odd. (L2)

31. Provide a proof by contradiction for the following: For every integer n, if n2 is odd, then n is odd. (L2)

32. Prove that for every integer n, n2 is even if and only if n is even. (L2)

33. Prove the following result in three ways: If n is an odd integer, then n + 11 is even. (L2)

34. Let m, n be two positive integers. Prove that if m, n are perfect squares, then the product mn is also
a perfect square. (L2)

35. Prove or disprove: If m, n are positive integers and m, n are perfect squares, then m +n is a
perfect square. (L2)

36. Prove or disprove: There exist positive integers m, n where m, n and m + n are all perfect
squares. (L2)

37. Prove that for every integer n. 4n + 7 is odd. (L2)

38. Let n be an integer. Prove that n is odd if and only if 7n + 8 is odd. (L2)