DELHI MODEL PUBLIC SCHOOL

PATNA

SESSION:- 2025- 26

CLASS:- 12TH

PHYSICS PROJECT

ROLL NO:-
TOPIC:- To study the various factors
on which the internal resistance/emf
of the cell depends .
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
 INDEX
Srno. Content Page no.

1. Certificate of Excellence 1
2. Acknownledgment 2
3. Introduction 3
4. Aim of the project 5
5. Theory 6
6. Circuit diagram 7
7. Apparatus Required 8
8. Procedured followed 9
9. Observation 12
10. Result & Inferences13
11. Precautions 14
12. Bibliography 15
 1

CERTIFICATE
OF
EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that ..........................................................

th
student of class 12 has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project under the
guidance of Mr. RAJNISH KUMAR SINGH (Subject
teacher) during the year of 20 25- 26 in partial
fulfillment of phy sics practical examination
conducted by Delhi Model Public School,
Bhagwatipur.

Sign of External Sign of

Internal Examiner
Examiner
 2

ACKNOW LEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, Many people have best owned upon
me their blessings and the heart pledge support,
this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with this project.
like to thank principal Mrs. Jayshree mam and my
Primarilyteacher
Physics I would Mr.
likeRAJNISH
thank God forSINGH
KUMAR being
sirable to
whose
completeguidance
valuable this project
haswith
beensuccess.
the ones Then
thatI helped
would
me to patch this project and make it full proof
success, his suggestions and instruction has
served as the major contribution towards the
completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends,

and classmates who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.
 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries

in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is
increasing every day. Thus , the
batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential
can be increased greatly . Thus ,
this project report is based on
practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance
of a cell. W hen the internal
resistance of the cell is
decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it ,
and hence make it more reliable.
 INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as
the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow
of ions.
● Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
● For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and
internal resistance (r),
connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is
the current flowing through the
circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance,
r = E- V/I
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To study the various

factors on which the
internal resistance/emf
of the cell depends .
 THEORY

The internal resistance of a cell is

the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions . The
internal resistance of a cell is
● directly proportional to the
distance between the
electrodes.
● is inversely proportional
to facing surface area of
the electrodes in
electrolyte.
● decreases with
increase in
temperature of
electrolyte.
● is inversely
proportional to
concentration of
electrolyte.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

● A potentiometer,
● a jockey,
● a battery ,
● three way keys,
● a fractional resistance box,
● a high resistance box(about 0- 10000
Ω),
● a rheostat of low resistance,
● a voltmeter ,aprimary cell(say voltaic),
● electrolytes of different
concentrations,
● an ammeter,connecting wiresand
pieces of sand paper.
 PROCEDURE FOLLOW ED

1. Clean the ends of the connecting

wires with sand paper and make
tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of
the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of
the battery is more than that of the
cell, otherwise null or balance point
will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal

resistance with distance of
separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a

distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the
battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. W ithout inserting a plug in key K2,
adjust the rheostat so that a null point
is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null
point accurately using a set square
and measure the balancing length (l1)
between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1
and K2. At the same time, take out a
small resistance (1 –5 W ) from the
shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a

potentiometer wire and obtain the
null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2)
from end P. Record these
observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

Then remove the plugs of keys K1
and K2. Wait for some time and
repeat steps 7 to 10.

12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm

apart to obtain another set of
observations.
To study variation of internal resistance
with area of electrodes

13. Keeping all other factors

constant, increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping
them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.
14. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with

concentration of electrolyte

15. Keeping all other factors constant,

decrease the concentration of
electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.

16. Obtain three such

observations by repeating step.
 OBSERVATION
[Link]. Amme Position of null Shunt Internal
ter point Resistanc Resistan
(cm)
Readin e R(Ω) ce r(Ω)
With R Without R
g (A)
(l1) (l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77

3. 0.3 660.5 10 8.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

[Link]. Separati Balanci Balancin Internal r/d
on ng poin g point Resistan
betwee l1(cm) l2(cm) ce r(Ω)
n t
electrod
es d
(cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.4 56 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.4 0 6 0.38

Table for effect of temperature

[Link]. Temperatu l1 l2 Resistan Internal Tr
o (ΩK)
re T ( C) (cm) (cm ce Resistan
) R(Ω) ce
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 376. 0.4 56 0.38 30 1.4 4
9
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96

3. 3.7 660.5 350. 1.4 0 6 0.38 283.87

9
RESULT & INFERENCES

The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant

and
is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is
directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the concentration
of the electrolyte.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the
keys only when the observations are to
be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells
E1 and E2 should , all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain
constant for a particular set of
observation. If necessary , adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
● Help from internet

● Information from library

● Help from teacher

● th
NCERT textbook class 12
● NCERT phy sics lab manual

Internet
[Link]
[Link].c
om
[Link]