THE INSTITUTE OF FINANCE MANAGEMENT (IFM)
Department of Mathematics
Basic mathematics and
statistics
Matrix
Questions
1 Define matrices
2 Describe the types of matrices
3 Explain the properties of matrices
4 Perform arithmetic operations on matrices
5 Application of matrices
Definition of matrix
• Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed in
brackets.
• In plural they are called matrices
5 −1 3
• Example of a matrix is; B=
2 0 4
• The numbers constituting in a matrix are known as
elements or entries.
Definition of matrix
• If a matrix A has m rows and n columns, it is known as
m X n matrix (it reads as m by n matrix) .
• Example, a general matrix (m X n) is written as
a11 a12 a13 a1n
a a22 a23 a2 n
21
A = a31 a32 a33 a3n
am1 am 2 am 3 amn
• Matrix A can also be written as. Amxn = aij Where, aij is
the element in the ith row and jth column.
4
• Example, find a A23 where aij = i + j
• Solution
a11 a12 a13 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 3 2 3 4
A23 = = =
a21 a22 a23 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 3 4 5
Exercise;
1. Find matrix A32 where aij = 2i + j
i
2. Find matrix A33 where aij =
j
5
Types of matrices
1. Row matrix, Is a matrix which have only one row and
n columns. i.e. A = a11 a12 a13 a1n
Example; N = 3 − 1 4
2. Column matrix, Is a matrix which have only one
column and m rows.
a11
a 4
i.e Amxn = 21 Example. A = 5
2
am1
6
Types of matrix
3. Square matrix; Is a matrix that has the same number
of columns and rows.
2 0 4
Example: M = 1 3 − 5
6 5 7
4. Diagonal matrix; Is a matrix which have all the
elements equal to zero except for the leading diagonal.
2 0 0
Example; M = 0 3 0
0 0 7
Types of matrix
5. Scalar matrix; Is a diagonal matrix which have all the
elements in the leading diagonal equal.
2 0 0
example; M = 0 2 0
0 0 2
6. Identity (unity) matrix; Is a diagonal matrix which
have all the elements in the leading diagonal equal to
1 0 0
one. I = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Types of matrix
7. Null matrix; Is a matrix with all the elements equal to
0 0 0
zero. example; M = 0 0 0
0 0 0
8. Upper triangle matrix; Is a square matrix which have
all the elements below the leading diagonal equal to
2 4 3
zero. Example; T = 0 5 1
0 0 3
Types of matrix
9. Lower triangular matrix; Is a square matrix which
have all the elements above the leading diagonal equal
2 0 0
to zero. Example; M = 4 5 0
3 1 3
10. Equal matrices: two matrices are said to be equal if
they are of the same order and their corresponding
a b 1 2
elements are the same. E.g, A= ,B =
c d 3 4
• If A = B, then a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4
Operation on matrices
Scalar multiplication of a matrix.
• If a scalar (k) is multiplied to a matrix A, then k is
multiplied to all the elements in a matrix A.
a b ka kb
E. g; if A = , kA =
c d kc kd
2 − 1 4 − 2
B= , 2B =
3 0 6 0
Addition or subtraction of two matrices
• Matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same order.
• Addition/subtraction is done by adding/subtracting
corresponding elements of the two matrices.
2 − 1 1 4
• Example, If A = , B=
3 0 2 − 3
2 +1 −1+ 4 3 3
A+ B = , =
3 + 2 0 + (−3) 5 − 3
2 −1 −1− 4 1 − 5
A− B = , =
3 − 2 0 − (−3) 1 3
Properties of matrix addition.
• A+B=B+A (Commutative law)
• (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative law)
• k(A + B)=kA + kB (k is a scaler)
Exercise.
Let
7 5 5 2 − 6 2 0
A= , B = , C = , D = , 0=
2 1 4 2 1 − 9 0
Find (where possible)
a)A + D b)A + C c)B - C d)C - 0 e)D - D
Matrix multiplication
• Product of two matrices is defined if they are conformable for
multiplication
• This is possible when the number of columns in the first matrix
is the same as the number of rows in the second matrix.
• For two matrices A and B, if matrix A has order mxn and
matrix B has order nxs, then the product A x B has order mxs.
• Elements of the product of two matrices A and B (A x B), are
obtained by adding the product of the corresponding elements
of ith row in matrix A and jth column in matrix B.
Matrix multiplication
• Example, If
a b e f
A= B=
h
,
c d g
• Matrix A and B are conformable, (Because the number of
columns in A is the same as the number of rows in B)
a e + b g a f + b h
A B = ,
c e + d g c f + d h
Matrix multiplication
• Properties of matrix multiplication
a) A(BC) = (AB)C (Associative law)
b) A(B+C) = AB + AC (Distributive law)
c) AI = IA = A (where A is square matrix and I is unit matrix of
same order)
d) In general AB ≠ BA (Not commutative)
(Note; AB = BA only where B is equal to adjoint of A)
Matrix multiplication
• Example, Evaluate AB if
− 2
A = 1 2 9, B = 1
0
• Solution,
A B = (1 −2) + (2 1) + (9 0),
A B = 0
Exercise
Let
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 3
A = 5 1 0 , B = 2 , C = , D = − 1 1, E =
− 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 5 6
Find (where possible)
a)AB b)BA c)CD d)DC
e)AE f)EA g)DE h)ED
Transpose of a Matrix
• Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging rows and columns
of a matrix.
• For a matrix A, transpose of a matrix A is denoted as A’ or AT
2 6
2 1 3
– If A= , then AT = 1 7
6 7 8 3 8
• Properties of transpose of a matrix
i. (A’)’=A
ii. (A + B)’=A’+B’
iii. (kA)’=kA’ where k is a scalar
iv. (AB)’=B’A’
Symmetric Matrix
• A matrix A is said to be symmetric if A’=A
• Example, matrices A and B are symmetric matrices
a b c 2 1 4
A = b d e , B = 1 − 3 2
c e f 4 2 0
5 7 2
• If A = − 9 8 11 , find A+A’, and prove that (A+A’)
5 6 − 3
is a symmetric matrix.
Determinant of a Matrix
• Determinant of a matrix is value computed for a given
square matrix.
• A matrix has to be square to find its determinant.
• For a matrix A, It is denoted as det A or |A|
a b
• For a 2 x 2 matrix A = , A = ad − cb
c d
• If the determinant of a matrix is 0, it is called a
singular matrix.
• If the determinant is a value other than 0, it is called a
non-singular matrix
• Example, find the determinant of the following matrix.
3 5
A= ,
7 6
• Solution
A = 3 6 − 7 5 = −17
• Exercise. Find determinants of the following matrices.
5 6 4 5
A= , B=
8 9 7 8
Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
• For a matrix A, the inverse of a matrix A is written as A-1.
a b
• For a matrix A = ,
c d
−1 1 d − b 1
A = = adjA
ad − cb − c a det A
d − b
Where Adjoint of A (adjA) =
− c a
Determinant of A (detA) = ad-cb
Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
• For a matrix to have an inverse,
– It should be a square matrix
– It should be a non-singular matrix
Example; Find the inverse of the following matrix.
4 7
A= ,
2 6
3 7
1 6 − 7 1 6 − 7 5 −
−1 10
A = = =
4 6 − 2 7 − 2 4 10 − 2 4 − 1 2
5 5
• Exercise. Find inverse of the following matrices.
5 6 4 5
A= , B=
8 9 7 8
Matrix application
• Solving simultaneous linear equations.
• Matrix can be used to solve linear equations by using
two approaches
– i) Crammer’s rule
– ii) Inverse method
Crammer’s rule
• Is a method of solving a system of linear equation by
using determinants.
• Equations have to be written in matrix form.
• Special matrices has to be formed to obtain solutions
of the variables.
• Example, if the equations are
a11 x + a12 y = d1
a21 x + a22 y = d 2
Crammer’s rule
• Then, by using crammer’s rule, the following
procedure has to be followed to solve the equation.
i) Write the equations in matrix form.
a11 a12 x d1
a =
21 a22 y d 2
ii) Find values of x and y by dividing determinants as
follows Ax Ay
x= , y=
A A
Crammer’s rule
• Where
a11 a12 d1 a12 a11 d1
A= Ax = Ay =
a22 d 2
,
a21 d 2 a22 a21
• Example, find solution of the following equations by using
crammers rule,
7 x + y = 25
5 x − y = 11
• Solution,
• Arranging the equation in matrix form,
7 1 x 25
5 =
− 1 y 11
25 1 7 25
11 − 1 − 36 5 11 − 48
x= = = 3, y= = =4
7 1 − 12 7 1 − 12
5 −1 5 −1
Exercise;
Solve the following equations by crammers rule,
8x + 9 y = 3
a) b) 2 x + 13 y = 36 c) 7 x − y = 15
x+ y =0 13 x + 2 y = 69 3 x − 2 y = 19
Inverse method
• A system of equations
AX = B
• Where ,
a11 a12 x d1
A= X = , Ay =
a21 a22 y d 2
• The solution X can be obtained by
X = A−1 B
Inverse method
• Example, Solve the following system of equations by using
inverse method.
7 x + y = 25
5 x − y = 11
• Solution ,
−1
7 1 x 25 x 7 1 25
= , =
5 − 1 y 11 y 5 − 1 11
x 1 −1 − 1 25
= −
y 12 − 5 7 11
x 3
=
y 4
Exercise;
Solve the following equations by matrix inverse method,
8x + 9 y = 3
a) b) 2 x + 13 y = 36 c) 7 x − y = 15
x+ y =0 13 x + 2 y = 69 3 x − 2 y = 19