HUMAN REPRODUCTION
• testis
• penis
• epididymis
• vas deferens
• seminal vesicle
• prostate gland
• Cowper's gland
• urethra
• prostate gland – alkaline
fluid to neutralise
acidity and helps sperm
move faster
• Cowpers glands –
secrete mucus to
lubricate the opening at
the tip of the penis
• seminal vesicles –
secrete a fluid rich in
fructose which provides
food for the sperm
• ovary
• fallopian tubes
• uterus
• endometrium
• cervix
• vagina
• vulva
• structure of the ovary
• showing the primary follicles
• the Graafian follicle
• the corpus luteum
PUBERTY
• main changes that occur in male characteristics during puberty under the
influence of testosterone
• increase in growth hormone
• hormones stimulate sperm production in testes
• testosterone is produced in testes to mature sperm
• testosterone causes development of secondary sexual characteristics
• secondary sexual characteristics
• physical features that distinguish males from females
• pg 68
• main changes that occur in female characteristics during puberty
under the influence of oestrogen
pg 68
GAMETOGENESIS
• formation of gametes by meiosis
• male gametes formed by spermatogenesis
• female gametes formed by oogenesis
spermatogenesis
• under the influence of testosterone
• diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergo meiosis to
form haploid sperm cells
• cells in testis divide by mitosis to form (2n) spermatocytes
• spermatocyte divides by meiosis
• 4 (n) spermatids are formed
• each spermatid matures to form a (n) spermatozoan
STRUCTURE OF A SPERM
• acrosome
• head with haploid nucleus
• middle portion/neck with
mitochondria
• tail
oogenesis:
• under the influence of FSH
• diploid cells in the ovary
undergo mitosis
• to form numerous follicles.
• one cell inside a follicle enlarges
and undergoes meiosis.
• of the four cells that are
produced, only one survives to
form a mature,
haploid ovum.
• structure of an ovum
• layer of jelly (protective)
• haploid nucleus
• cytoplasm
The menstrual cycle
• oestrogen
• progesterone
• FSH
• LH
• ovarian cycle
• uterine cycle
Events in the ovarian cycle:
• development of the Graafian
follicle
• ovulation
• formation of the corpus luteum
Events in the uterine cycle:
• changes that take place in the thickness of the endometrium
• menstruation
Ovarian cycle:
• controlled by FSH
and LH from the
pituitary gland
Uterine cycle:
• controlled by
oestrogen and
progesterone
from the ovaries
DAY 1 onwards
• FSH stimulates the maturation of an ovarian follicle
• follicle releases oestrogen
• as oestrogen levels rise, endometrium thickens, the pituitary gland is stimulated
to release LH and FSH is inhibited
DAY 14 onwards
• LH triggers ovulation (oestrogen stops)
• empty follicle is the corpus luteum
• corpus luteum releases progesterone
• progesterone inhibits FSH and maintains the endometrium
• corpus luteum degenerates
DAY 28
• progesterone levels fall leading to menstruation
• FSH no longer inhibited
• cycle begins again
#negative feedback mechanism FSH/progesterone
copulation
• to engage in sexual intercourse
fertilisation
• when a sperm cell fuses with an ovum
• occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tube
if fertilisation takes place…
• corpus luteum is maintained and produces progesterone (inhibits FSH and LH)
• endometrium thickens
• zygote divides to form an embryo (mitosis)
• embryo…before 3 months
• foetus…after 3 months
Implantation, gestation and the role of the placenta
• Implantation – the
attachment of the embryo
to the endometrium lining
of the uterus
• gestation – the time from the fertilisation of an egg by a
sperm cell to the birth of a baby – 40 weeks
The role of oestrogen and progesterone in maintaining pregnancy
• to maintain the lining of the uterus
• to prevent further ovulation
• to prevent further menstruation
Structure of the developing foetus in the uterus
• chorion
• amniotic fluid
• amnion
• umbilical cord
• placenta
• foetus
Functions of the following parts:
• chorion and chorionic villi
• amnion and amniotic fluid
• umbilical cord
• placenta
Umbilical cord
• 2 arteries - deoxygenated blood
and waste to placenta
• 1 vein - oxygenated blood from
placenta to foetus
Functions of the placenta
• umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta
• mothers blood vessels are close to blood vessels of placent
but bloods never mix
• placenta is an organ of gaseous exchange and excretion
• link for nutrient supply
• produces progesterone
• provides foetus with antibodies
• is a barrier against harmful substances
Birth
• oxytocin from the brain acts on muscular walls of uterus
causing strong contractions (labour)