SHORT ANSWERS
1. Define redundancy in error detection.
2. Explain how a checksum helps in error detection.
3. If only frame 5 is corrupted in a 10-frame sequence, explain how Selective Repeat
handles retransmission.
4. List the types of errors in data communication.
5. Differentiate between Checksum and CRC based on their efficiency and use cases.
6. Apply the CSMA protocol to a scenario where the channel is sensed busy.
7. Describe redundancy in error detection
8. Compare CRC and checksum in terms of error detection capability
9. A satellite communication link needs a simple access method. Would you apply
ALOHA or CSMA/CD? Justify.
10. Analyze the use of Gigabit Ethernet in modern data centers for high-speed transfers.
11. A company’s network is experiencing communication issues between devices on the
same local area network (LAN). Analyze how MAC addresses help in ensuring proper
data delivery within the LAN and identify what problems might arise if MAC addresses
are duplicated.
12. Analyze the challenges of providing security in wireless LAN compared to wired LAN
LONG ANSWERS
1. (i) Compare and associate flow control methods with error control methods. Explain
how Stop-and-Wait protocol integrates both in a single mechanism.
(ii) Associate noiseless channel protocols with noisy channel protocols. Highlight their
similarities and differences in handling errors with examples.
2. A system uses Forward Error Correction with Hamming code. Encode the 4-bit data
1011 into a Hamming (7,4) code. Show how a single-bit error in position 3 can be
detected and corrected at the receiver.
3. A sender employs the Stop-and-Wait ARQ protocol with a transmission rate of 1 Mbps
and a propagation delay of 5 ms for a 1000-byte frame. Analyze the channel utilization
under these conditions with proper calculations.
Examine the limitations of Stop-and-Wait ARQ in terms of efficiency. Propose and
justify possible alternatives or modifications (e.g., Go-Back-N, Selective Repeat, or
increased frame size) to improve channel efficiency.
4. Discuss selective repeat ARQ with suitable diagram and compare with its performance
Stop and wait and Go Back N ARQ mechanism.
5. A Message that is represented by Polynomial M(x) = X5 +X4+X with a generating
prime polynomial G(x)= X3+X2+1. Generate 3 bit CRC code C(x) which is to be
appended to M(x)
6. Examine the role of error detection techniques (parity, CRC, checksum) in identifying
frequent frame losses in a communication link.
7. Explain in detail the concept of framing in the data link layer. Discuss fixed-size
framing and variable-size framing with neat diagrams. Compare both methods
highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and suitable applications
8. A bit stream 1101011011 is transmitted using the standard CRC method. The
generator polynomial is x4+x+[Link] the bits are received without error or not.
9. Analyze a bit stream 10011101 is transmitted using the standard CRC method. The
generator polynomial is x3+1.
[Link] is the actual bit string transmitted?
[Link] the third bit from the left is inverted during transmission. How will receiver
detect this error?
10. Starting from the concept of ALOHA random access, extrapolate how CSMA/CD
improves performance in wired LANs. Explain with suitable diagrams.
11. Use Case 1: A university lab uses 10Base5 Ethernet.
Use Case 2: A small office uses 10Base-T Ethernet.
Apply Ethernet principles to examine how topology and cabling affect performance,
reliability, and scalability in both cases.
12. Explain in detailed about controlled access protocol with neat sketch.
13. Apply your knowledge of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA to a campus network that uses
Ethernet for wired connections and Wi-Fi for mobile devices. Illustrate how these
protocols work together to ensure seamless data transmission.
14. Discuss the characteristics of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards
15. Apply the concept of Go-Back-N ARQ to explain how retransmissions are handled in
case of multiple lost frames.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which IEEE standard is widely used for Wireless LANs?
a) 802.3
b) 802.5
c) 802.11
d) 802.15
2. Which of the following is NOT used for error control?
a) CRC
b) Acknowledgment
c) NAK
d) Framing
3. The primary purpose of framing in data link layer is:
(a) To detect errors in data
(b) To identify the start and end of a data unit
(c) To provide flow control
(d) To increase throughput
4. In IEEE 802.11, what is the function of CSMA/CA?
a) To detect collisions after they occur
b) To avoid collisions before transmission
c) To increase bandwidth capacity
d) To encrypt wireless data
5. In CSMA/CD, a station checks if the medium is _______ before transmitting, and
listens for _______ during transmission.
a) Idle, collisions
b) Busy, acknowledgments
c) Idle, acknowledgments
d) Busy, collisions
6. Why does Ethernet use Manchester encoding?
a) To increase bandwidth usage
b) To allow synchronization of clocks
c) To reduce number of wires
d) To avoid addressing
7. If a university deploys wireless access points across campus for student connectivity,
which IEEE standard is most relevant?
a) 802.11
b) 802.3
c) 802.16
d) 802.5
8. In a reliable file transfer system, which method ensures correction at the receiver end
without retransmission?
a) Redundancy Check
b) Forward Error Correction
c) Checksum
d) Parity
9. A company sets up a LAN using IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. Which cable type is most
suitable for low-cost short-distance communication?
a) Coaxial
b) Fiber optic
c) Twisted pair
d) Microwave
10. Why does IEEE 802.11 use CSMA/CA instead of CSMA/CD like Ethernet?
a) Because wireless signals cannot easily detect collisions
b) Because wireless LANs do not use addresses
c) Because collisions never occur in wireless networks
d) Because wireless LANs use only fiber optic links
11. In a noisy channel using Go-Back-N ARQ, if the receiver detects an error in frame
number k, the sender:
a) Retransmits only frame k
b) Retransmits all frames from k onwards
c) Sends an acknowledgment and moves forward
d) Ignores the error and continues
12. If collision frequency in Ethernet increases, which network characteristic is most
affected?
a) Bandwidth
b) Throughput
c) Addressing
d) Routing