1.
MEMORY OF COMPUTER
Computer memory is the storage space where data, instructions, and results are kept.
It helps the computer to work efficiently and quickly.
Types of Memory:
Primary Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory, volatile, very fast.
- ROM (Read Only Memory): Permanent memory, non-volatile, stores booting instructions.
Secondary Memory:
- Hard Disk (HDD)
- Solid State Drive (SSD)
- Pen Drive
- CD/DVD
- Memory Card
Importance:
- Stores data and programs
- Helps in fast processing
- Essential for computer functioning
2. REGISTER
Register is the smallest and fastest memory unit located inside the CPU.
It temporarily holds data, instructions, and addresses during processing.
Characteristics:
- Very fast access speed
- Very small capacity
- Used directly by CPU
Types:
- Accumulator
- Program Counter
- Instruction Register
- Memory Address Register
- Memory Data Register
3. LIBREOFFICE
LibreOffice is a free and open-source office software suite developed by The Document
Foundation.
It is an alternative to Microsoft Office.
Components:
- Writer: For documents
- Calc: For spreadsheets
- Impress: For presentations
- Base: For databases
- Draw: For drawings
- Math: For formulas
Features:
- Free of cost
- Open source
- Works offline
- Supports multiple file formats
4. TYPES OF COMPUTER WITH FUNCTIONS
Supercomputer:
- Performs very complex calculations
- Used in weather forecasting and space research
Mainframe Computer:
- Handles large data and many users
- Used in banks and railways
Minicomputer:
- Supports multiple users
- Used in small organizations
Microcomputer:
- Desktop: Office and home use
- Laptop: Portable computing
- Tablet: Touch-based use
- Smartphone: Communication and computing
5. TYPES OF HACKING
Hacking is accessing computer systems with or without permission.
Types:
- White Hat Hacking: Ethical and legal
- Black Hat Hacking: Illegal and harmful
- Grey Hat Hacking: Without permission but not harmful
- Script Kiddies: Beginners using tools
- Hacktivists: Social or political hacking
- Insider Hacking: Misuse of authorized access
6. TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUSES
Computer virus is a harmful program that damages data or system.
Types:
- Boot Sector Virus: Affects system booting
- File Virus: Infects executable files
- Macro Virus: Infects documents
- Trojan Horse: Disguised harmful program
- Worm: Spreads automatically
- Spyware: Steals information
- Adware: Displays unwanted ads
7. PROTOCOLS
Protocols are rules that control data communication in a network.
Common Protocols:
- HTTP: Transfers web pages
- HTTPS: Secure web communication
- FTP: File transfer
- SMTP: Sending emails
- POP3: Receiving emails
- IMAP: Accessing emails online
- TCP: Reliable data transmission
- IP: Addressing and routing
8. FILE EXTENSIONS
File extension is the part of a file name after the dot (.) showing file type.
Document Files:
.txt, .doc, .docx, .odt, .pdf
Spreadsheet Files:
.xls, .xlsx, .ods, .csv
Presentation Files:
.ppt, .pptx, .odp
Image Files:
.jpg, .png, .gif, .bmp
Audio Files:
.mp3, .wav
Video Files:
.mp4, .avi, .mkv
Program Files:
.exe, .apk
Compressed Files:
.zip, .rar, .7z
Web Files:
.html, .css, .js