Inverse of a matrix

Associate Prof. Pham Huu Anh Ngoc

International University

October 18, 2016

Return
Transpose of a Matrix
Invertible matrix

An n-by-n (square) matrix A is called invertible or nonsingular, if there

exists an n-by-n matrix B such that

AB = BA = In

where In denotes the n-by-n identity matrix and the multiplication used
is ordinary matrix multiplication.

The matrix B is uniquely determined by A and is called the inverse of A,

denoted by A−1 . Thus,

AA−1 = A−1 A = In .
Invertible matrix

An n-by-n (square) matrix A is called invertible or nonsingular, if there

exists an n-by-n matrix B such that

AB = BA = In

where In denotes the n-by-n identity matrix and the multiplication used
is ordinary matrix multiplication.

The matrix B is uniquely determined by A and is called the inverse of A,

denoted by A−1 . Thus,

AA−1 = A−1 A = In .
Example
We have
     
2 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 2 0 0
 0 3 0  0 1/3 0  =  0 1/3 0   0 3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 1
   
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
Thus  0 3 0  is invertible and its inverse is  0 1/3 0  .
0 0 1 0 0 1
That is,  −1  
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
 0 3 0  = 0 1/3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Example
We have
     
2 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 2 0 0
 0 3 0  0 1/3 0  =  0 1/3 0   0 3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 1
   
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
Thus  0 3 0  is invertible and its inverse is  0 1/3 0  .
0 0 1 0 0 1
That is,  −1  
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
 0 3 0  = 0 1/3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Example
We have
     
2 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 2 0 0
 0 3 0  0 1/3 0  =  0 1/3 0   0 3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 1
   
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
Thus  0 3 0  is invertible and its inverse is  0 1/3 0  .
0 0 1 0 0 1
That is,  −1  
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
 0 3 0  = 0 1/3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Example
We have
     
2 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 2 0 0
 0 3 0  0 1/3 0  =  0 1/3 0   0 3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 1
   
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
Thus  0 3 0  is invertible and its inverse is  0 1/3 0  .
0 0 1 0 0 1
That is,  −1  
2 0 0 1/2 0 0
 0 3 0  = 0 1/3 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Example

Let    
2 1 1/2 −1/6
A := ; B :=
0 3 0 1/3
Note that
    
2 1 1/2 −1/6 1 0
AB = =
0 3 0 1/3 0 1
    
1/2 −1/6 2 1 1 0
BA = = .
0 1/3 0 3 0 1

Thus, A is invertible and

 −1  
−1 2 1 1/2 −1/6
A = = = B.
0 3 0 1/3
Example

Let    
2 1 1/2 −1/6
A := ; B :=
0 3 0 1/3
Note that
    
2 1 1/2 −1/6 1 0
AB = =
0 3 0 1/3 0 1
    
1/2 −1/6 2 1 1 0
BA = = .
0 1/3 0 3 0 1

Thus, A is invertible and

 −1  
−1 2 1 1/2 −1/6
A = = = B.
0 3 0 1/3
Example

Let    
2 1 1/2 −1/6
A := ; B :=
0 3 0 1/3
Note that
    
2 1 1/2 −1/6 1 0
AB = =
0 3 0 1/3 0 1
    
1/2 −1/6 2 1 1 0
BA = = .
0 1/3 0 3 0 1

Thus, A is invertible and

 −1  
−1 2 1 1/2 −1/6
A = = = B.
0 3 0 1/3
When is a square matrix invertible?

Theorem: The matrix A ∈ Rn×n is invertible if and only if det A 6= 0.

Example:
When is a square matrix invertible?

Theorem: The matrix A ∈ Rn×n is invertible if and only if det A 6= 0.

Example:
Example

Let  
2 1
A := ;
0 3

Note that det A = 6 and thus A is invertible.

   
1 3 −1 1/2 −1/6
A−1 = = .
6 0 2 0 1/3
Example

Let  
2 1
A := ;
0 3

Note that det A = 6 and thus A is invertible.

   
1 3 −1 1/2 −1/6
A−1 = = .
6 0 2 0 1/3
Properties of inverses

(i) The inverse of an n-by-n matrix is unique (if it exists). That is,

AB = BA = In and AC = CA = In =⇒ B = C.

(Here A, B, C are n-by-n matrices)

(ii) Let A and B be n-by-n matrices. If A and B are invertible then AB is

invertible and
(AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 .

(iii) Let A be an n-by-n matrix. If A is invertible then AT is invertible and

(AT )−1 = (A−1 )T .

Here AT is the transpose matrix of A.

Finding the inverse of an invertible matrix

Elementary row operations on a matrix

(a) Add a multiple of one row to another
(b) Interchange two rows
(c) Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.

Theorem
If the sequence of elementary operations e1 , e2 , ..., ek reduces an n-by-n
matrix A to the identity matrix In , then e1 , e2 , ..., ek converts In into A−1 .
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1
0 3

Solution:
 
2 1 : 1 0
(−1/3)R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 3 : 0 1
 
2 0 : 1 −1/3
(1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (1/3)R2 ,→ R2
0 3 : 0 1
 
1 0 : 1/2 −1/6
0 1 : 0 1/3
Thus,  −1  
2 1 1/2 −1/6
= .
0 3 0 1/3
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1
0 3

Solution:
 
2 1 : 1 0
(−1/3)R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 3 : 0 1
 
2 0 : 1 −1/3
(1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (1/3)R2 ,→ R2
0 3 : 0 1
 
1 0 : 1/2 −1/6
0 1 : 0 1/3
Thus,  −1  
2 1 1/2 −1/6
= .
0 3 0 1/3
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1
0 3

Solution:
 
2 1 : 1 0
(−1/3)R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 3 : 0 1
 
2 0 : 1 −1/3
(1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (1/3)R2 ,→ R2
0 3 : 0 1
 
1 0 : 1/2 −1/6
0 1 : 0 1/3
Thus,  −1  
2 1 1/2 −1/6
= .
0 3 0 1/3
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1
0 3

Solution:
 
2 1 : 1 0
(−1/3)R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 3 : 0 1
 
2 0 : 1 −1/3
(1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (1/3)R2 ,→ R2
0 3 : 0 1
 
1 0 : 1/2 −1/6
0 1 : 0 1/3
Thus,  −1  
2 1 1/2 −1/6
= .
0 3 0 1/3
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1
0 3

Solution:
 
2 1 : 1 0
(−1/3)R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 3 : 0 1
 
2 0 : 1 −1/3
(1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (1/3)R2 ,→ R2
0 3 : 0 1
 
1 0 : 1/2 −1/6
0 1 : 0 1/3
Thus,  −1  
2 1 1/2 −1/6
= .
0 3 0 1/3
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
Find the inverse of the matrix
 
2 1 0
 −4 −1 −3 
3 1 3

Solution:
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 −4 −1 −3 : 0 1 0  2R1 + R2 ,→ R2 ; (−3/2)R1 + R3 ,→ R3
3 1 3 : 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  (1/2)R2 + R3 ,→ R3 ;
0 −1/2 3 : −3/2 0 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 −3 : 2 1 0  2R3 + R2 ,→ R2
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 1 0 : 1 0 0
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  −R2 + R1 ,→ R1
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
2 0 0 : 0 −2 −2
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  (1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (2/3)R3 ,→ R3
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
1 0 0 :0 −1 −1
 0 1 0 :1 2 2 .
0 0 1 : −1/3 1/3 2/3
Therefore,
 −1  
2 1 0 0 −1 −1
 −4 −1 −3  =  1 2 2 
3 1 3 −1/3 1/3 23
 
2 0 0 : 0 −2 −2
 0 1 0 : 1 2 2  (1/2)R1 ,→ R1 ; (2/3)R3 ,→ R3
0 0 3/2 : −1/2 1/2 1
 
1 0 0 :0 −1 −1
 0 1 0 :1 2 2 .
0 0 1 : −1/3 1/3 2/3
Therefore,
 −1  
2 1 0 0 −1 −1
 −4 −1 −3  =  1 2 2 
3 1 3 −1/3 1/3 23
Example: Solve the following system