EEU Chapter 4  Composed of the eye, optic nerve, and certain parts of the

brain.
4.1 A CHRONICLES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING  The eye is the organ that allows a human to sense light
and produce electrical impulses that will be sent through
Foot-Candle the optic nerve to the brain.
 The brain is that part of the visual system where the
 The earliest known unit of illumination still used today.
impulses are processed.
Herman Sprengel
THE EYE
 A German chemist invented a more efficient vacuum pump
Iris
in 1865 which was critical to the development of
incandescent light bulb.  Surround the pupil and adjusts for the amount of light
available.
Joseph Swan
Lens
 First developed a working incandescent light bulb using
carbon filament lamp in February 5, 1879.  A transparent ellipsoidal medium that changes thickness,
allowing it to bend and focus the rays of light entering the
Thomas Alva Edison
interior of the eye.
 First announced the successful development of an
Retina
incandescent lamp with a baked carbonized cotton thread
filament in December 21, 1879.  Composed of nerve cells with photoreceptors that are
 First to develop a commercially feasible electric light, a shaped like rods and cones.
low-cost lamp that could remain lit for a long time.
 Color blindness
 1882 – Edison Electric Light Company later known as
 The inability to distinguish colors.
Consolidated Edison Company.
 On August 26, 1895, the Niagara Falls Power Company 4.3 LIGHT
became the first commercial utility to produce a transmit
hydroelectric power. Light
 In 1939, General Electric introduced fluorescent lighting,
an electric light source that is more efficient than the  Form of energy known as electromagnetic radiation and
incandescent lamp. travels as an electromagnetic wave.
 Travels 300,000 km/s
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
 Developed technical standards, specification and design
techniques that govern the design and construction of  Energy radiated in the form of a wave caused by an electric
building lighting and electrical system. field interacting with a magnetic field.

IESNA – Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Wavelength

LALD – International Association of Lighting Designers  Measured as the distance from one peak of one wave to
the next wave. (1nm = 000 001 meter or one billionth of a
NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association meter)

ALA – the American Lighting Association Frequency

National Electrical Code (NEC)  Number of wave cycles per second (unit: hertz Hz)
 Tv and radio waves are several meters long with
 Model code that specifies the minimum provisions frequencies ranging from 10 kilohertz to 300 000
necessary for protecting people and property from the megahertz.
use of electricity and electrical equipment.
Color Wavelength
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1
Violet 380-450 nm
 Addresses energy consumption in commercial and high- Blue 450-495 nm
rise residential buildings. Green 495-570 nm
4.2 ELEMENTS OF SEEING Yellow 570-590 nm
Orange 590-620 nm
Optics
Red 620-750 nm
 Branch of physics that relates to the properties of light and
the function of vision.
VISIBLE LIGHT
THE VISUAL SYSTEM
  Part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum  This kind of lamps provide light source by incandescence,
 It is the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to which which is the emission of light caused by heating the
the human eye is sensitive. filament.

BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Illuminance  This category can be divided into 2 more sub category: low
pressure lamps, and high-intensity discharge (HID).
 The amount of light incident on (striking) a surface.
Low-pressure discharge
Luminance
 Fluorescent lamps
 Is how bright an object appears.  Low-pressure sodium lamps
Reflectance High-intensity Discharge
 The ratio of reflected light versus the light striking the  Mercury vapor lamps
surface.  Metal halide lamps
Transmittance  High-pressure sodium lamps

 The ratio of light transmitted through body to light Luminaire

illuminating surface.  A complete lighting unit which consists of lamps, lamp
Absorptance sockets, any lenses, refractors, or louvers, any ballasts, and
the housing.
 The ration of the light absorbed versus the light striking the  A light fixture is a luminaire that does not have lamps.
surface.
Luminous flux
4.4 THE COLOR OF LIGHT
 The measure of the perceived power of light expressed in
Color Perception lumens (lm).

 The ability to distinguish and interpret different Lumen

wavelengths of visible light.
 Defined as the quantity of light given out through a
Chromatic steradian by a source of one candela of intensity radiating
equally in all direction.
 Having color
 A chromatic light source emits a fairly even distribution of Candela (cd)
all wavelengths of light.
 The luminous intensity, in a given direction.

LUMINOUS EFFICACY
Monochromatic
 The ratio of the light output of a light source (a specific
 Only one color
lamp) to the electrical energy consumed to produce the
 A monochromatic light source produces visible light in a
light source. (Unit: lm/W)
very small range of wavelength.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX
COLOR QUALITY
 A method of numerically comparing the color distribution
 A light source that produces a blend of wavelength evenly
of a light source toa reference lamp.
distributed across the light spectrum is perceived as white
light. Spectral power distribution curve
VISUAL ACUITY  A graphic presentation of the quantities of light emitted by
a lamp by wavelength component.
 The ability to distinguish fine details.
4.6 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
4.5 CHARACTERISTIC OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Lamp
 Emit visible light as a result of heating; the incandesce.
 A devise that generates light.
 Also known as “Light Bulb”
CATEGORIES OF LAMPS  Incandescent Filaments can reach temperatures of
between 4600 and 6000 Fahrenheit
Incandescent Lamps
Medium Base
  Familiar threaded base found with ordinary lamp up to 300  Composed of a tubular glass bulb that is covered with a
W. thin phosphor coating on its inside surface.

Candelabra Base Linear fluorescent lamps (LFL)

 Smaller thread base used in ornamental lighting such as  Commercially available in straight, U shape of circular
chandeliers. tubes in a variety of sizes, wattages, voltages, colors, and
types of bases.
Mogul Base

 Larger threaded base found on lamps that are 300 W or

greater.

Long-life lamps

 Used in applications where the difficulty or cost of High output (HO) and very high output (VHO) fluorescent lamp
changing lamps is prohibitive.
 Offer higher light (lumen) output in comparison to
Rough service lamps standard output fluorescent lamp
 Consume more power
 Special version of standard lamps that are helpful for rough  Used in re-lamping applications.
or vibration service.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
Plastic-coated lamps
 Miniaturized fluorescent lamps
 Not unbreakable but they break less frequently and when  Designed as a substitute for standard size incandescent
they break, the shattered glass contained within the plastic lamp.
coating.
Phosphor
Low-voltage lamps
 Blend in a fluorescent lamp determines the color
 Used in decorative and accent lighting applications that temperature and color rendering of the light emitted by
require good control or highlighting. the lamp.
TUNGSTRN-HALOGEN LAMPS Halo phosphors
 Frequently called halogen lamps, a smaller, brighter, and  The most popular, least expensive, and lowest quality
more expensive version of incandescent lamp. phosphors.
GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER)
 It produces continuous light by passing electricity through  The ratio of light (the luminous flux, in lumens) emitted to
a gas contained within the lamp. the electrical energy consumed, including the ballast.
Ballast High Intensity Discharge lamps
 An additional device that is required in all gaseous  Also called as HID lamps
discharge lamps.  Produce a very bright light by discharging an arc.
 A voltage transformer and current-limiting device designed
to start properly control the flow of power to discharge Components:
light sources such as fluorescent and HID lamps.
1. Internal arc tube – contains the fill gas.
TYPES OF BALLASTS 2. Large outer glass bulb – sorrounds the arc tube to avoid
shattering that could result from direct contact with water
 Magnetic or Iron Ballasts and other fluids.
 Increase and control voltage, heavy noise.
 Electronic Ballasts COMMON TYPES OF HID LAMPS:
 Use solid-taste electronic components, less noise
and capable of dimming lamp (lumen) output. 1. Mercury Vapor Lamps
 Ballast noise  The first commercially available HID lamps.
 Extremely annoying in quite spaces.  High pressure MV lamps
 Constructed of an internal quartz tube enclose in
Ballast Factor (BF) an outer glass enveloped
2. Metal Halide Lamps
 Calculated by dividing the lumen output of a lamp ballast  Constructed similar to MV lamps except that it
combination by the lumen output of the same lamp on a has various metal halides added to mercury and
reference ballast. argon in the glass fill.
Fluorescent Lamps 3. High-Pressure Sodium lamps
  Contains an internal arc tube made of a  Combines with other types of lighting to give an overall
translucent ceramic material rather than quartz feel to a room that serves little purpose other than to look
glass because of the high temperature (2350 attractive.
Fahrenheit/1300 Celsius)
4. Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps EMERGENCY & SAFETY LIGHTING
 A blend between HID and fluorescent  A secondary lighting system that provides backup
technologies. illumination when the power supply to the normal lighting
 Produces a monochromatic yellow light system is interrupted.
Blended Lamps These includes:
 Combine the luminous efficiency of an HID lamp with the Emergency Lighting
good color rendering capability of an incandescent lamp.
 Required in the critical care and emergency spaces found
Mercury-Tungsten Blended Lamps in hospitals, police, fire protections and crisis management
 They are directly interchangeable with incandescent lamps areas.
and have a longer lamp life but they cannot be dimmed. Stand-by Lighting
Solid-State Lighting  Enables normal activities to continue substantially
 Refers to a type of lighting that uses light-emitting diodes unchanged.
(LEDs), organic light-emitting diode lights (OLEDs), or  Powered by an emergency generator or battery backup
polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) system.

Light-Emitting Diodes Safety lighting

 Semiconductor that consists of a chip of semiconducting  Ensures the safety of people involved in a potentially
material treated to create a structure with two electro- hazardous process.
charged electrons. Escape Lighting
Red LEDs are based on aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)  To ensure that an escape route can be effectively identified
Blue LEDs are from indium gallium phosphide (InGan) and used in case of failure of normal lighting system.

Green LEDs are from aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) Exit Lighting

 Illuminated signage used to provide clear directions for an

4.7 FORMS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
emergency exit of building occupants.
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
4.8 LIGHTING INSTALLAION
 Good architectural lighting is crucial to the performance of
everyday activities and to the appreciation of the built Common Types of Luminaires
environment. Pendent
Basic functions of light in interior building spaces:  A luminaire that is hang with a cord, chain, or tube that
Ambient Lighting enables it to be suspended from a ceiling or other
[Link] broadcast light over the entire space.
 Sometimes called general lighting
 Provides uniform illumination throughout the space

Local Lighting Uplight

 Someone called task lighting  A luminaire where a shielded light source directs its light
 Illumination provided for specific visual function to the ceiling, where it is reflected back to the space.
 Can influence the effectiveness of the individual Downlight
performing the task
 A luminaire that is usually attached to or recessed in the
Accent Lighting ceiling and emits a concentrated light downward.
 Is directional lighting use to emphasize a particular object High Hat
or area
 Emphasizing a particular architectural feature, piece of  A type of downlight that is recessed, canister-shaped
artwork, photograph, or plant. luminaire with a shielded lamp that emits light downward.

Decorative Lighting Recessed Luminaires

 Light source that adds a quality of interest to the space.

  Are mounted above the ceiling or behind a wall or other Valance Lighting
surface so that any visible projection of light is significant.
 A lighting installation where the light source is shielded by
Scones a panel that is parallel to the wall at the top of a window.

 A decorative, wall-mounted luminaires that provide Fluorescent Lighting

ambient illumination. They can direct light upward,
downward, or in all directions.  Widely used for general lighting installation in buildings.

High Bay Luminaires Fluorescent Luminaires

 Used in high-ceiling areas, 20 ft (6 m) or higher, that  Available in released, surface-mounted, or pendent style
require uniform illumination. fixture designs.

Low Bay Luminaires Fluorescent luminaires can be…

 Are more compact. They are designed for use in low-to Lensed
medium-ceiling areas, 12 to 20 ft (3 to 6 m). they are  Have a flat lens to diffuse the light
typically used for general illumination in offices, retail
spaces, and loading dock areas. Parabolic Louvered

Spotlight  Have parabolic shaped reflectors and open louvers to

direct the light downward.
 A luminaire that is designed to emit an intense,
concentrated beam of light with usually no more than a 20 Troffer
degrees divergence (spread) from where it is directed.
 A linear luminaire constructed of an inverted metal trough
Floodlight that serves as a fixture for fluorescent lighting lamps.

 A luminaire that emits an intense light that is broader than Wraparound

a spotlight and that is capable of being in any direction.
 Have a lens that wraps around the lamps to diffuse and
COMMON LIGHTINH INSTALLATION direct the light outward.

Directional Lighting New Lamp and Luminaire designs

 Illumination where received at the work plane or light  Offer excellent lighting and solutions to specific lighting
illuminating an object is incident predominantly from a problems.
particular direction.
Halogen and Compact fluorescent lamps

 Small, offer low maintenance, and have excellent light and

Track Lighting color qualities.

 A directional lighting installation where luminaires are Metal Halide Lamp

attached to and are moveable along a metal track.
 Good color rendering qualities and work well in spaces
Diffused Lighting with high ceiling.

 Is a lighting installation in which the light on the working High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
plane or on an object is not incident predominantly from a
particular direction.  Used when color rendition is not important such as
factories and warehouse.
Diffuser
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps
 A lighting component such as a translucent glass refractor
that redirects or scatters the light from a source. Produced  Are rarely used in building interiors because they produce
by a variety of indirect lighting techniques. a monochromatic yellow light that renders even the most
vibrant colors in the shade of yellow.
Cornice Lighting
REFLECTOR LAMPS
 A lighting installation where the light source is shielded by
a panel that is parallel to the wall and attached to the  Are incandescent, compact fluorescent or HID lamps with a
ceiling; it distributes light over the wall. built-in reflecting surface.

Cove Lighting TWO TYPES OF REFLECTOR LAMP:

 An uplighting installation where the light source is shielded Elliptical reflector (ER) Lamp
by a ledge or recess with light dispersed over the ceiling ad  Incandescent lamp with an elliptically shape reflector.
upper wall.
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamp  Is excessive brightness in the field of vision that causes
discomfort or, in extreme cases, produces a disability from
 May use an incandescent filament, halogen filament tube, a temporary loss of vision.
or HID arc tube, is a pressed-glass reflector lamp. Relay on  A visual sensation caused by luminance
both internal reflector and prisms in the lens for the
control of the light beam.

REMOTE-SOURCE LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

 An advance lighting technology that transports light from a

single source over a distance to one or more light outlets
emits light evenly along the way.
Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)

 A rating of a lighting installation expressed as a percentage

of individuals who, when viewing from a specified location
and in a specified direction, will be expected to find it
acceptable in terms of discomfort glare.

TYPES OF GLARE:
TWO SYSTEMS OF RSL:
Discomfort Glare
Fiber Optics RSL systems
 Causes visual discomfort without necessarily impairing
 A set of reflectors, filters, and lenses to fed the light of vision.
Fiber optic cables and a fixture to distribute the light at the
point of illumination. Disability glare

Light pipe RSL systems  Occurs when visibility is impaired from excessive
brightness.
 A hollow tube with a reflective inner surface that directs
light through the tube. Direct glare

4.9 LIGHT DISTRIBUTION AND GLARE  Occurs when excessive light enters the eye directly from a
light source.
Candlepower (Candela) Distribution Curve
Reflected glare
 A graphical representation that illuminates the luminous
intensity around the cross-section of a lam or luminaire. The result of light entering the eye after reflecting off a glossy
surface.
CATEGORIES OF LIGHT DISTRIBUTION PRODUCED BY LUMINARIES:
GLARE CONTROL
Direct
 Preventing glare requires special attention to fixture
 90 to 100% of the light is directed downward for maximum design, selection, and position to prevent light from
use entering the glare zone.
Indirect Glare Zone
 90 to 100% of the light is directed to the ceilings and upper  A zone above 45 degrees angle from the fixture’s vertical
walls and is reflected to all parts of a room or 90 to 100% axis.
of the light is directed downward for maximum use.
Lenses
Semidirect
 Typically made from clear UV stabilized plastics.
 60 to 90% of the light is directed downward with the  VCP of 80 or more
remainder directed upward.  Usually much less expensive but they provide less glare
control than louvered fixtures.
General diffuse/direct-indirect

 Equal portions of the light are directed upward and

Louvers
downward.
 Stats in a light fixture that create openings for emitting
Highlighting
light
 Beam projection distance and focusing ability characterize  Provide superior glare control and high visual comfort
this luminaire. compared with lens diffuser systems.
 5 to 7 in cell apertures and depts of 2 to 4 in
Glare
Baffles
  Opaque or translucent elements that shield a light source  Ex. Classrooms, office and drafting areas, laboratories, and
from direct view. kitchen areas.
 Keeps the light from being broadcast into the glare zone.
Categories G through I
4.10 ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE
 Have ranges of illuminance from 200-300-500 to 1000-
Illuminance 1500-2000 fc (2000-3000-5000 to 10000-15000-20000 lx).
For prolonged, visually demanding task.
 The amount of light incident on (striking) a surface.  Ex. Sewing, precision machining, surgery.
Luminance 4.11 PRINCIPLE OF LIGHTING DESIGNS
 The amount of light leaving an object, thus relating to how BASIC DESIGN APPROACH
bright an object appears to the human eye.
 Proper design of a lighting installation requires use of two
LUMINANCE calculating procedures.
 A luminous intensity if a surface in a given direction per 2 calculating procedures:
unit of projected area of the surface.
 1cd/in^2 = 452-foot lamberts Computations for illuminance from a single point source
 1 lambert = 929-foot lamberts 2.054 cd/in^2
 Complex and generally involves computer analysis.
ILLUMINANCE

 It is the density of luminous flux striking a surface.

 It describes how bright a surface may appear to the human  Inverse square law – states that the illuminance
eye depending upon the surface’s reflectance. at a point on a plane perpendicular to the line
 1 fc = 1 lm/ft^2 joining the point.
 Cosine law of incidence – states that illuminance
Lux (lx) (E) at a point on a plane is proportional to the
cosine of the angle of light incidence, where the
 The SI (metric) unit for illuminance, which is one lumen of angle of light incidence is measured between the
light uniformly illuminating a one square meter surface direction of the incident light and the normal to
(lm/m^2). the plane of the surface.
 1 foot candle (fc) = 10.764 lx
 1 lux = 0.0929 fc Target illumination – average illuminance at a reference work plane.

RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCE Work plane – usually horizontally positioned, at which work is

performed and on which the illuminance is specified and measured.
 Large lighting installation that consumes lot of energy
(electricity and cooling) or too much lighting that is not Calculating Average Illuminance Levels
necessary in a building interior should be avoided.
 The zonal cavity method is the currently accepted method
Light Intensity for calculating average illuminance levels for indoor areas
unless the light distribution is extremely asymmetric.
 Measured in foot candles or in terms of lumens per square
meter or lux LUMINANCE SPACING

Light Output  Once the number of luminaires (#) required for uniform
illumination has been determined, the luminaires must be
 Measured in lumens arranged.
Illuminance categories are ranked in alphabetical order SPACING CRITERION
(A through I):  An approximate maximum spacing to mounting height
Categories A through C ratio required to ensure uniform illumination on the work
plane.
 Have ranges of illuminance from 2-3-5 to 10-15—20 (20-
30-50- to 100-150-200 lx). For ambient lighting in public REDUCING THE COOLING LOAD
and working spaces.  The intent behind the power allowance standard is to
 Ex. Corridors, lobbies, stairs, and conversion areas (e.g. stimulate use of more efficient lighting, but it also reduces
restaurants and exhibition areas) a building colling load by reducing waste heat.
Categories D through F
4.12 LIGHTING DESIGN PRACTICES AND CONSIDERATIONS
 Have ranges of illuminance from 20-30-50- to 100-150-200
HISTORICAL DESIGN PRACTICES
fc (200-300-500 to 1000-1500-2000 lx). For common visual
task requiring more difficulty.
  Banks of light fixtures were routinely used to uniformly  Building codes generally require that building exits be
light classrooms, offices, manufacturing work and spaces, illuminated any time that the building is occupied.
and retail stores.
4.13 LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROLS
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting System Controls
 Both a science and an art, and there is no single correct
lighting solution for all situations.  A variety of switches and controls are used to manage
 The creative side of lighting design helps make the space operation of lighting installation.
aesthetically interesting and psychologically comfortable.
Switch
Layered Light
 An electrical device that opens an electrical circuit, thereby
 A non-uniform, balance use of all types of architectural shutting the light off or closing the circuit to energize the
lighting. lighting installation.
 Tends to create a composition quality that best suits good
Common types of switches used in lighting installation:
atmosphere
Single pole, single throw (SPST)
Ambient Lighting
 Switches are a simple on/off switch that controls a lighting
 The most essential form of lighting because it is the basic
installation from one location
background of light for almost every room.
Three-way switches (S3) and four-way switches (S4)
Task/Local Lighting
 Can be circuited to control a lighting installation from two
 Illuminates a specific visual function and can influence he
or more locations
effectiveness of the individual performing task.
 Two three-way switches – required to control a
lighting installation from two locations.

Accent Lighting Automatic Switches

 Used to add drama and emphasize a particular object or  Deactivate the lighting circuit after a preset time
area. period has lapsed.

Decorative Lighting Dimmer switches

 Aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with  Can be used to vary the luminous flux from
other types of lighting to give an overall feel to a space. lamps in a lighting installation.

The following are some of the design considerations associated with Common types of switches used in lighting installation:
lighting installation in common spaces:
Keyed Switches
Entrances
 Limit access to switches for lights and equipment
 The entrance or foyer is the transitional space from public to authorized personnel.
to private and exterior to interior.
Door Switches
Office/Studies
 Can activate a lighting circuit when a door is
 Reading and writing required quality that limits eye fatigue open or closed (e.g. similar to a refrigerator light)
caused from glare.
Time Clocks
Restrooms/Bathrooms
 Can be used to control the time period that a
 The best light washes the face from all direction softening lighting installation operates.
shadows.
Electronic Timers
Dining Spaces
 Automatically control operation of a lighting
 Lighting should make the food, the table setting, and the installation with electronic components that are
people look attractive, so excellent color rendition is a wired into the circuity.
must.
Common types of switches used in lighting installation:
Kitchen Spaces
Photocell Controls
 In the home, kitchen lighting has become very important
 Sense light and can be used to control right
because this space has become a central focal point.
lighting in lieu of a time clock or timer.
EXIT ILLUMINATION AND MARKING
Occupancy Sensors TYPES OF GLAZING MATERIALS

 Control a lighting installation by sensing Glass – historically, only glass was used as glazing material and ling
occupants in a space and usually mounted on the life, high light transmission, hardness, and stiffness.
wall or ceiling.
Plastic – during the past two decades, plastic glazing has become an
Central Lighting Control System alternative to glass, it is much lighter in weight and are resistant to
shattering, so they pose less of a safety hazards. The plastic
 Offers building operators full control of multiple commonly used for glazing are acrylics and polycarbonates.
lighting installations from a single location.
Glass and plastic combined – combined in a composite to minimize
4.14 DAYLIGHTING PRINCIPLES the limitation of each.
Daylighting 1. Windows – the main functions of windows are to bring in
daylight and fresh air and introduced a view of the
 The efficient and effective use of direct, diffuse,
outdoors.
or reflected sunlight to provide full or
supplemental illumination for building interiors Fenestration
during hours of sunlight.
 A design term that describes window size,
Sunlight arrangement, and glazing type.
 Excellent color rendition and brilliance Clerestory Window System
DAYLIGHT  A fenestration in an upper story wall that extends
above one roof surfaces.
 A combination of direct, reflected, and diffuse
sunlight. Atrium
1. Direct light – travels in a straight-line path from the sun
and more intense than diffuse and reflected sunlight.  An interior courtyard covered with glazing.
2. Reflected light – strikes a surface and reflects off the
Clerestories and atriums
surface in another direction.
3. Diffuse light – light that has been reflected or refracted by  Are effective daylighting strategies because they
clouds, glazing, or other objects and less intense than introduce daylighting deep into a structure.
direct and reflected light and typically results in less glare.
South-facing windows
GLAZINGS
 Limit solar gains in the summer because the
 Typical performance measures for the Center of steep angle of the summer sun with respect to
glass for selected types of glazing’s are provided. the glass.
Overall coefficient of heat transfer (U) East-and west-facing windows
 A measure of how easily heat travels through an  Exposed to considerable direct sunlight during
assembly of materials these times of the day.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) North-facing windows
 The fraction of solar heat that is transmitted  Although in the northern hemisphere, north
through the glazing and ultimately becomes facing windows do provide good quality
heat. daylighting, excessive heat loss and mean radiant
temperature in the winter is a conce2rn in cold
Visible transmittance (VT)
climates.
 The percentage of visible light (light in the 380 to 2. Skylights – a transparent panel located in a roof opening
720 nm range) that is transmitted through the that allows direct and diffuse sunlight into the building.
glazing.
Roof monitor
Light-to-solar Ratio (LSG)
 A type of skylight system that is a raised, typically
 The ratio between SHGC and VT of single glazing triangular shaped, extension of a roof and that
has at least one glazed surface.
3. Reflected Light Shelves – a passive (non-mechanical)
architectural element or mechanism that allows sunlight to
enter deep into a building.
4. Light Pipes – most commercially available, consists of an
exterior, roof-mounted transparent dome

Sun tracking light pipe

  Type of light pipe that has a movable mirror or
light refracting system.

5. Fabric roof membrane – translucent fabric roof

membranes can be used to introduce daylight through the roof itself.