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Basic Mathematics Chapter-Compressed

Chapter 2 covers fundamental concepts in basic mathematics, including elementary algebra, trigonometry, coordinate geometry, and calculus. It emphasizes the importance of these mathematical principles as foundational tools for solving physics problems. The chapter includes various exercises to apply the concepts learned, such as polynomial equations, trigonometric ratios, and integration techniques.

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7 views38 pages

Basic Mathematics Chapter-Compressed

Chapter 2 covers fundamental concepts in basic mathematics, including elementary algebra, trigonometry, coordinate geometry, and calculus. It emphasizes the importance of these mathematical principles as foundational tools for solving physics problems. The chapter includes various exercises to apply the concepts learned, such as polynomial equations, trigonometric ratios, and integration techniques.

Uploaded by

shahid019akram
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2 Basic Mathematics 2.1-2.32 Introduction al Elementary Algebra 2 ‘Common Formulae 2 Polynomial, Linear, and Quadratic Equations 21 Binomial Expression and Theorem 21 Concept Application Exercise 2.1 22 Elementary Trigonometry 22 ‘Angle and Systems of Measurement of an Angle 22 Four Quadrants and Sign Conventions 23 Limits of the Values of Trigonometric Ratios 23 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 24 ‘Some Important Trigonometric Formulae 24 ‘Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae) 24 Inverse Trigonometrie Functions 28 ‘Sine and Cosine Rule for Triangles 28 Concept Application Exercise 2.2 25 Basic Coordinate Geometry 26 Origin 26 Axis 26 Position of @ Point 26 Distance Formulae 27 Slope ofa Line 27 Straight Line Equations 27 Dependent and Independent Variables 28 Plotting the Velocity~Time Relation of a Particle Moving with Constant Acceleration 29 Concept Application Exercise 2.3 29 Parabola: Quadratic Equations 2.10 Concept Application Exercise 2.4 212 Function 213 Differentiation 213, Limit of a Fung 23 Differential Coefficient or Derivative of a Function 24 Graphical Representation of Derivative of a Function 24 Defining Instantaneous Velocity and Instantaneous Acceleration Notation Properties of Derivatives, Derivative ofa Power Function Derivative of Funetion sin x Derivative of Funetion cos x Differentiation of Commonly Used Functions Product Rule Quotient Rule Chain Rule or “Outside Inside” Rule Double Differentiation Applications of Derivative in Physies Maxi Concept Application Exercise 2.5 Elementary Integration Integration as Inverse of Differentiation Finding Integration of Constant Function Some Important Properties of Integration Standard Formulae for Integration Definite Integral of a Function Algebraic Method to Evaluate Definite Integral Properties of Definite Integral Rule of Substitution Geometrical Significance of a Definite Integral Geometrical Method to Evaluate Definite Integral Concept Application Exercise 2.6 Applications of Integration in One-Dimensional Motion, Derivations of Equations of Motions by Caleulus Method Graphical Interpretation of Integration Concept Application Exercise 2.7 um and Minimum Values of a Function 2s 25 216 2.16 217 217 218 218 2.19 2.19 221 221 222 223 224 225 22 225 225 2.26 227 227 227 228 228 2.29 2.29 229 230 231 INTRODUCTION Mathematics isthe supporting tol for physies. The elementary knowledge ofbasie maths is usefil in problem-solving in physics. The basic knowledge of clementary algebra, trigonomety, coordinate geometry, and calculus is must before going into the depth of physics. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA COMMON FORMULAE 1 +b + 2ab 2. (a—by'= a bY 2ab 3B. (atb4 oF =a? + B+ e+ 2ab + 2he + 2ca 4 (at Dla by= a 5. (a+ DP= a b+ 3ab(a + b) 6. (a by'= ab 3ab(a—b) 7. (a+b) (a—b¥ = 4a 8. (a+b) (a by = 2a +B) POLYNOMIAL, LINEAR, AND QUADRATIC Equations Real Polynomial Let ay 4, dy, ny @, be eal numbers and x be areal variable, then fix y) =a, +ax+ az? + +a," is called a real polynomial Degree or index of a polynomial: The highest power appearing ina polynomial is called its degree. For example, f(x) =x" + 8x+3 isa polynomial of degree 3. ‘Students must note here that its not necessary that the highest power must be of a single variable only. For example, fix, y) = 3x'y + y°+2 is a polynomial of degree 3 because ofthe variable y in the term xy. We add the powers of the variables in a term tw find the degree of a polynomial irrespective of the nature of variables. Thus, in the present case, x°y has power equal 10 2+1=3. Hence, the degree of the given polynomial is 3. Linear Equations Equations having terms of unit degree are called linear equations, eg, x+ y= 2 or 2e-+3-= 5, Such equations always represent a straight line on the graph. Quadratic Equations Equations of second degree are called quadratic equations. The ‘general form of a quadratic equation is ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, where 70, Roots of a quadratic equation: The solutions to a quadratic ‘equation are called its roots. Roots are those values ofa variable such as x for which the given quadratic equation reduces 10 zeto. As a rule, a quadratic equation always has two roots, ‘which may or may not be equal ‘The roots of a quadratic equation are generally represented by ‘and b, Let ax? +x + ¢= 0 be a quadratic equation b+ Ye 4ac 2a 1. Its roots are or = 3B ~~ aac Hence, its solution is given by x =: 2. Sum ofits roots is given by a+ B =— 3. Product of its roots is given by af = 4. Difference ofits roots is given by ce Bb BINOMIAL EXPRESSION AND THEOREM Analgebraic expression containing two terms is called binomial 3 evi F campos. 0e-9 (e+! (e43) ctc., are binomial expressions Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index ‘The general form ofa binomial expression i (x +a)", where mis any positive integer (called index) and x and a are real numbers. Binomial theorem states (tay rege ex al HC bee MO eat be HC, at Facay mam men Dir 2)a X32 1 is the product of first n natural numbers (e.g. 51= 5 x4%32 x1 120). Important Points: ‘© The total number of terms in the expansion is +1. '* In every successive term in the expansion, the power ‘of x decreases by 1 and that ofa increases by 1, so that the sum of the powers of x and a in each term is always. equal to n. 2.2 Mechanics 1 = FICC, ‘©The expression n!'is read as “factorial n." So, "C t (mn — In — 2) 3X 2X1 1 T@=D! n(n 2)- 3K 2x1 Simity, "C= =e Binomial Theorem for Any Index If nis positive, negative or fraction and xis any real number such that-1 << 1, ie... ies between -1 and +1, then according to the binomial theorem, pay aleney AD 2 AnD) ys terms (tay atm MDs t Note * Inisapositive integer, then the expansion willhave (n+ 1)terms., + If nis a negative integer ora fraction, then the numberof terme in ‘the expansion will be infinite, ie, there will be no last term. If x) << 1, then only the frst two terms of the expansion are significant because the values of higher order terms become ‘very small and ean be neglected. Thus, in this ease, the binomial ‘expansion reduces to the following simplified forms when | <1: (ears lem (14 3)"= 1, (aap Lams, (aye = 1 ne Calculate (1001), [EHD We can write 1001 as 100 so that we have 001)? = [roa] = q = 10(1 + 0.001)"°= 1o(1+4 Lex 4. fis small enough, show that 1** aseaasex =F rag 4 Convert 2/6 rad to degrees. [BBD As we know x rad is equal to 180°, hence, 180 trad = "8° degree we Important Points: 1, To determine the sign of a trigonometrical ratio in any quadrant, OP is taken as positive in all the four *” quadrants (see Figure) 2 In the first quadrant, all trigonomettical ratios are positive, j. In the second quadrant, only sin @ and cosee @ are positive. In the third quadrant, only tan @ and cot 8 are positive. ‘In the fourth quadrant, only cos @and see @are positive. ‘The values of sin @ and cos @ are such that -1 < sin @< 1 and-1

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