£ Tat Ae * HOLA = High xx —where xx ~ Ho (0.5 %) + Fesreous Notfereoss Steels Gast Troas Hi Grrppcted Gro, Tron alle Dube) fae Vala + Alloy, eae dow Hedlum et Grbon Grben Phin WS.A" Plan net ce Tool Stainless Strength Low Alloy. etal Alloys eee ot Ferreaus Nonfereous ~|_ Steels Gast. Irons S44 thc 8-4 wt ZC & microstructure + fecite , graphite 1 cementite. Fecreous I A ina | Nemendlatore for. steels Caisi /sae) Ploin Corben Steels ) Oe een Ni (.65~ 2.00%) ,.Cr-(0.H0 = 0.30! ws uk ~C noo Stajaless Steel IZ Ge” CamScanner ile tarandiWw Av : Sy pepe GiNiytle nome, | loa Cea Ni de +—j}4_+ - I Pi —Bromple | toto a0 fono3no ose Aigo 304, KOS. Hordnatil + + et sel 4 + +] lores 1 TTYo cee ee etc oties| + ° + = ala | dated bridges crack. pistons weer drills high T. touess _shalts gears. ype. sas apple. press bolts. tear lies utbines vessels hom applic. ‘Prnaces blades New. cottes. E resistant. increasing. strength, cast, decreasing, Suctitity. ~ tows Corben Steel (< 0.15 wt% C) “abwdant fe of steel is LOS —areatect quarts prada, east expensive | (Net ¢ cespeasive 0 heat treatment ied to form mortensite; i: aw needed to improve. the a \ I dich hy, ond toughest = Git “ode aa Tolel mac CamScanner ile tarandttHediom Gubr. Steet (0.28 0.6 ut%c) “Gane. heat headed ~ dusteritizing, quenching. ove then iongtig Condition — fempereal_martensite £ Host “often used in tempereal ~~ Hedluincortoon steels have low hardenability, Addition: of — [Link], Ho improves the. heat reoding._ capacity Heal eodedl alloys are stonge= Gut have, lower dachiliy eae “opplicetion s ~ Baila, wheels and tracks, eons crontshafls + — aedest_ord least ductile | | i het inhardened onal dempered Condition + ~ corbide formers lite G,V, W ore added as alloging. { zane to form carbides of these metal ~ Used as teol..and die steels oving to the high hardness aad : al resistonce. property. “BW Stainless. Steel Stainless steels - A grovp of sleds that contain at least 1% Cr Exhibits | extaordiry corrosion resistance due. to formation ofa hia loyer of. G05 on. ne sotto L ai Three mai _classes | i a Stainless Steel - Grpared of ait (cx) Hr CamScanner ile tarandt| dover _teltg. ent (a abet ton" lope thea pre “iren). de Hebtectc paints i -| enna CamScanner ile taADD. SMALL. Al AMOUNT of. [Link] Ag 10 GRAY CAST-TKON Gmpacted.. Graphite Tron raat = Reladvely “high themal Grchetivity, = Geoel resistance thermal shock [= Inner onidotion ot clevoted Lenpetoures PROBUCTION. oF CAST IRONS Temperature —> i ee oer | |REEST_WHNE CT. 10H - Peheat Feta] —- Le222"e fbr Josh Gevmerciel it ' ele Cast iron. Fonge | — Slou! ol de Gr Pearlitie. Malet , Applications of Qst Jtors 1 Grog. Iron. + Doctile CNodula-) hoa + Small cylinder blocks. cylinder heads, pistons d Frese contain pots eK: valve. Diesel engine. castings, lia, coders Mh sy gar rd adie poet Ls White Toh, + Halleable Trea ti © Used as surce mofolals for. poduciny ML. * Railroadl, connecting rods... = Coopacted Graphite. Iron { Te Biesel engine blocks exhaust manilolols, bree des! far high speed 4 CamScanner ile tarandtLimitations of Ferrous Alloys +} 4) Relatively high density 2) Relatively bus decdrieal conslictivities a) Generally Per corrosion resistance. NONFeffeOus ALLOYS Gy Alloys “Al Alois Brass: Zany subst. impurely Ccestume jeodey coins c | Cattosion revistat) i ~ low 9 (density) 2.9 glen oN — Gs, Ay, Si, Ma, Dn ocdlions \ \ = Solid sd. or precipilotion \ Bronze: Sn,Ai, sinh | NONERROUS | Stunghened (auc. tall ports ove. ast. inpries \ Aus | & pectaging) (toustings loading yds My Ail loys Gite: precip herdened a very @ (esi: 1 alot “Tax stength - ijt» . cacy Pi 7 NY X Hoircoll missles \* oT Al (Noble metals NN - 5 hoys, le. metals \ =relotwely lou @ | ~ Ag) Au, Pe Re metals eek | 7 AU) | eftoc tory. etal PA lem? ~[Okidadiok / ~ Nb, Mo, Ws, Ta, > feactie. of high T 4 eorrasion setistant ~ high melting. fernporadures ~ Space applicotions Cer | aah tS a pct metol. Pute Cy i see and malleable , cit igh “dechtical sii second only 49 ‘silver (ag) * Goppe- is tefited fo. high purty, for tran, f electrical applications.” Excellent thermal cordyct * Electrical, ond constiiclion indies Ore Ake largest uses of Cy. ~The. second, oye use OP Co is prbeely in coins CamScanner ile tarandt‘Bpper Allous Fee ee AEEE Brasses anol. Brontes cre most | coe cenponly. used alloys of Gol. + Bross is an alley with Zn. Bronzes fantain tin, alumiaurn silicon Or Berylion Other. copper alloy fomies inchde copper ~ nickels ancl mictl. silvers | Ateying: Element [unis “nomibors 7 lee (2) b6u 00 — C6930 Tin (Sn) CH RGR Aluavinn (AQ) Phesphor Gone [Alumina Cem ~ Ce4200 Siticon (9) CEUI09~ 666100 Nickel (Ni) Copper Alloys C Brass)|_ + Bross is the mest emma. alloy, of Gor Its an allay. wits Za * Brass has higher ductility. than copper. or zinc - Fasy, cost ~Felativelu. lw meting, point. ond sig /Buidity (200%) Fasy. Relatively. low melting. polat. onal ved fluidity. + Propayrties can be. a presence of O protective ‘thin oxide surface {len + Con be used as biomaterial + Lenitotion of pure Ti is its lower Strenads . Allegis is done. ah tt ab “improve strength. Metal Fabrication. CCocceert How do we fabricate. metals 1 ct | Blacksmith ~ hammer (forged) | Gast_riolter. metal into | mold Form ee Operaction pat ° e Stock, pres +o final ‘shape. Beformodion beby reetystell izodlion TP + Stfain_hordeningo¢ oeeaes. + Stall. deformation CamScanner ile tarandtwe Spe ay naan, q etal Fabricetion Methods Forming. C | +Forgiag_C Sahn) : + Pourde- Metal | LIGUBE: contents Beet | lmatten | ofetat (net ottn oes lies) | — get = Hetal melted fina, Presse Bt ft ‘alloying_elenents odd, ‘ a. yt ra et ae et iat be a - = Common ancl inexpensive t cr ieteat Force, = Gives asec productina of L “often of elev. | shopes. & + = Weaker lucts, laterno.l int | Rolin (Wot ar Gl feltg) | detects eerie Clock ot | C-beoms Fells, sheet & plete) = geod option for low T t t a Gy bite materials | | | > : " ify cy =e Ga) |_ -Sano sting. | density. { rH SS 1 [foal Jen] | + rer orea. Contact | Drawing [ nolo | K (rods, wire, tubing) Save clenssficlotion by. ° dition at’ I | do [orc A + Snvestment Casting, . higher torporedure LJ} tensile | Clow solime., tome 1] J a Welding, Stage, Force Bie | Areivcation 4 one large 12 ienproctiall) _+ Extrusion (rods, teeing) ie : It lie nA” = — Lax is malte os Fe ora) thea” powteol Lore wrald~ holler, \ fold covity remains | Stage - Motien wetol Lis. poured into mold aval | ram > billet. alloweal {> solidify. | paola plaster of por Oana Cit. “| Slextrusion ‘Heat =aGtected zone: (region. in which the. -tieeetuctore, hes been —|chonged. J.) tt CamScanner ile tarandt“Therma Processing = Shas felie? fealce L “at | Metals. - al. Heat 40 %, oneal p hold. i Miele | then Gol down Ss hereicize- Gteels): SAresses resulting, from late very soft steels | plastic. \"eformetion Sor _ovod machinidg_ . Heat \ | = = nonudiferm cooling. ee te Tyas B hold | | +Process. Aenea, 4 Neoadtive effects. L of catd wor na by (recovery /* teerystelizatten) phase. transform Types. of Anwealing. Normalize (teels) Uscel to refine the gtawns onda more uniform Gaal desirable size disterbution, Heot to get yp thea aac took + Fall Ameal. (steels) h Mate SoSt steels or poool Porraing_« Heat to gel he} ‘then furnace~ cool {o obtain Coarse — peor hte: Heat “Treatment “Temperacot t- Time Paths | r a) Fal peer by eat: _c) Tem ering. ce 140 t0* ae gt CamScanner ile tarandtHerc ane oe Seals | ore Mortensite..|—- “ordenabil y_ = measure of the abit | to querer 4 tse useal female ardent — erst { — Flot goon. t+ : oe enol a feet ale "ee vole ae {Diet hordness versus. distance tem. the querched endl —— == Bilence flow queried end r Hordaess MAC Reason Why. Haralness Changes with. Distance av Ror perched ond "The. caaling rete decreases E Hordness Mee = Mactensite + Pooclite > Fine Poarlite => Peorlite wo | ft Time (s) Jott CamScanner ile tarandti mt firos quenched. end. " Lk Gen) ‘Alloy. Steels " (xt40, 4340, 51d, C64) =eontoin Ni, (er, Me | (o.24> 2wt%) La these elements shift +1. the" acre’ habia Limes (lon Ato) = mortenide + Effect 9? specimen hen surface orea.— “Lo — vole) == coring. tod dhoughout. inbube| incroies horace tiosghout © interiar. inbseoses PekiloA (Gold da Beet | Cele ta CamScanner ile tarandiP pitation Hardesing. | | I + Partices impedt astocotina eatin Ale Co system | [Dipl | : [IPRA soliton. herd leat (get foi soltibr) \ i |B) be) do 4.80 | ©] | compasstion cone ouailable. preciprlétion “herdeaing. ~ Pk B+ quench ta) room Lemp. (retain. oi splvtioa) = PEC: ccheat {0 nucleate Small & porticles willua phase. = + Other _ alloys hetdeas “Co-Be- a “Co=Sn = Hg AL : re | I r Tnfence of Precipitation Heat “Treatment on TS , % EL + ora AL Allow * Aoxima o, roe ; { os a + 2 | ae i ttt tt tual tied Jip |e Aeig t ddAnvo bbb tb pweclpHadion: Heat pleapitatiot heat tty reat tune | beat dine plot tt | 1 rit H+} | i t i itt rat} +-+ os a ri rit im } fad i et ttt 1 PE ET CamScanner ile tarandi= tonic sieuclre i + Atoms oce_composedl of ~ Photons > positively rege = Neuhons 7 nevtial purlicles a + Blecttons > negetively, cher —-Suevading the’ vel ee + Every. differ atom. ho protean” in the nucleus ae » Aeonic: number (2) = snomber of protons qi + Far on. electrically. neutral. atom s + Number of = number of electtons a d : + Number of electrons = atomic. aumbe- eae © Z ronggs Ram 1 for Marogen {0 82. Por Lroniuns (lhe dag neturaliy occuring. demands} aaa oe The dtomic. «oss (A) of a, specific fabs i The sum of | the mosses 0! oe iuawaas iy | the puceos ! r bis ah NF | a Fl mnber of nevtrans. (NY ata. bs soli # nevtions de! ope inner | ~ camscanner ile tarand|_| me. elements. have. bh0 or more | different LI tomic. masses) | Callécl| listrtope. | a have. the Same, tombe ot poten: Lut, diptrert. #.of Ltt ie, weight + Weighted average of the atomic: messes of the « a otairing, Isedopes. The odgmic. weight is ‘oflen specified “in mass. berate a = +Ateenle mass tit Cams) + 42. 96 the etomit mass of the most commen. isotope ere ttre 26.) # nevivon=6) Ths = Moen = 1.69 x10” Mg. = (ome The etomic mass of the pe ‘alom is Lamu. “Healt = ITopal_| % “For exemple, the atime, exh of iron is 99-85 aa ea = gl + Agente weight ob Ci aout omu, Bogan emis GE Ble apa CCCeeeeerr jolae 5 499-% Beto (Sparta). and 8.3% bu (5p=6n) | CT + otemic. weight for Boron? CCCer Tt © Be [l94« 0) +0340) ] /oo= 0.8 oma [ECO = Bromine i isotopes "90.4% Br-73. and 42 —+ atomic weight. for Bromine, cE aol “refs 98) + Cues 9) oo = ane CCeer er CamScanner ile tarandt, ic “Simuche rlike, choracdesistic Elictons| hove wove|ite and porticle election in en. atom iis chosecterized by fuel peels caled Guar antes = Qunhon tRbebe CCI ‘Deslption [Vals n prac. all (shell ) Kib MiNe 10 (4242) Pech “tel ) g { ( e H oh tie Coo. of stat 4d % * OR fh A PCr 4 | Wa ~ Oo, ve mg = t/a 112 | m= O24 dowitet as t=s) 3 orbital | ~@elpa4 orbital myst) 0,1 9 Borbitals | “Pp FE Bis ee if "C1 ¢0 €) tt 2d S52 docbitol — mg -21,0,f,2 2Forbitals - tt (lo4) Number: _ NOMBEL oF BEETCONS laf stele felsutshel’ —__pa-shelll a fa Tat {if 2/ Coe 3G ce CamScanner ile tarandtgl es which myst have _ op, ee vty) CamScanner ile tarandt_ > + Tnterafomle spacing, is the te center of two” atoms i 2 Ginding, energy Cor bond ene Seperate?” tuo’ atoms trom Jon intaite — distance. apart « 0) The de repulsive, tie net forces on inkesctomic Sept tuo isololed tors - ++} {| equilibrium spacing: Onice in this | posi | _ InteraitomicsegesoAton re ndence. of | | ‘attractive ond dich IB (ee Inlerofeme. sepeotin = ~ b) the [Link] repulsive, attrachve, and ad potential mnergics_oA intel atomic. sepetation for two isolated. atoms. 1a, he tui. athens ill .cquateract jt —t Defame perate them buon attiachve por Spt tT it ssh them together by a. sive for ce -© rep equiliérium spacing between is the ener required to 1 eavilieriur ais spacing. te} CamScanner ile tarandtI _-& acqui allie.) ~ stable. ete tals by. troaslerring. (ion lence. eleckens CamScenner ile tarandt“atoms ia such ui “trot! each atom te over sp boda me ities, TR be ite @ vakace. of ey praeit! bore I Gudleté biad inecti bls it is| between specific. atoms | and | nasa only, 34- nk] -dlteccHtod_betuleen-cnel abba -—andl_anather_t err! pales in the electron -shbeog. a ti ‘e fat TT Tt CamScanner ile tarandttrheket eleckon: ore fot bound. to. ony | — specific atom but ore. fe o. it Proighest the. material et tt + Active. = bonding elec: applied toa metal, — the election) ia_the electron Sea_can © @_ easily move gad Lt} © Bust baleen alaiast all atoms anol “reolecules ~ = Bot its presence. may. be paseced oF any. oF primary. ooh. - + Sezondory betel i is evidenced For. ine gases | j— i » Betueea riBiecules in a Soles thet ore, ant covalett ly. bonded | tt Gal ah belgie lore Indie her by “bbs. Thereire, the Saye oh a move easil. over each | coin ET tner onal his imports. | SG she bring paper cis in. for 1s tt ay CamScanner ile tarandtbond Sad. oF ent int I Petal ¥ nyeet in t + = The bond original nee lelectrostatia Inder deraction belueen 1 { mr gen are Xo and © eet", ‘of high eee i +H { seh as, oan | it = ater Enyeninde cramp ore amected by. beep (dashed lines ia the. oon _ Gartribution of Bond | Types ~ Gruaket semiconductors) - f 5 prigerers = : E i Ko -secprcory) Chycleage + ra de bas it jonic. ceramics. icamae 1 STRUCTURE ano PR * Bonding ! i =Can Toe ionic_ond lor covelentia_choracter =% ionic Choracter inceoses_ wiih olifference in| electronegativiiy. of atom Phir Ceramics ore bernpbs ob at (cost -tuio elemeats or more ystal stuchres ore |-qertraly. ore. pple thon thase the metals : ipsot sttuctures. 9 compas of clecheally, dronges. ions oP atoms | he metallic lon | Or cons =» positivel coe i he oe a fons, oF “paints eget? gs CamScanner ile tarandtmea ions i idainedaance, of Chos = Net. ast ia coras ie should = beflected Un chemical Hen ‘The relotive. sizes of the cations Lonel onions —-t Cations 9 gives dectron, getting “sealer radius 1 Anions. > tales dectton, ettin lage rodlivs. Typically re / Ta + less Uhett_uni + Each cation prefers la have oS “mony. eae anion os possible > coorclinetion faleaber. Focmotion of SteblesAruclue CamScanner ile tarandiSbterehine. jarinienten Fea! Fc it a vei tg { CN 6) _ rumber of colin in unt cele o « feglrel__ [Link]® | cm. # Ng number of prions i unit cell Fool Ac 2 atorne weight Sor dhe cation . Aa 7 atomic weght for Ure onion : i , Determine the crystal strecture Gh Ae and colevlate s E the density of MgO” Valence | tone Atooc | ~ ty _|Flemeit | Atomic : tedius Coml| Redlss (nai) | Alas Cg rel) et if 1604, +2 | 0.092 | | 2u.3r2_ | 1 0,06 22 aut 1 fo} 4 + + 2 2 SL glam 4 ri Ax 24.312 gimrol + AX Ie afore x 6.024 Silicate Ceramics + Silicstes are materials compocecl primarily of ‘silicoon(Si) ord oxygert (o) phi + the Hing most obuadert elements in the gorth's crust ae * Bother than chor: the crystal. structure of = these. moterials ia unibeell , dus Prey : Convenient 49 us2 various a1ragement of an S10, a LW tetrahedron (basic unit of the silicates) 3b Silica Coon ote material is silion_ t _ Chemically. , the oct simple dioxide (Si silica. \ + Structurally, , tis o Yaree~dimensionol network that { is generoted when the corner. oxygen atoms in -tetraihedron ore Shared _b' adjacent p eiohedda. - + Ure ratio of Si tO Sows a cE L 2 the material is electeicaliy. seitial CamScanner ile tarandtThe chon Si-' Ea abl He wo a | Pile rei peracine- NHC). for us materiad Silica. can also be mode 0 exist asa. roncrystalline or seg he gl deqree. ot atomic fegcmbess. silico, the telralsovron el 5 Mee ts slluchwe, poet. cht ckists. “Peed bet dalon lalate tes feat. oa itt S ewe % ancl L CamScanner ile tarandt| Polymorphic Forms of Carbon “Biamond — = Tétranedral bondling, 0 corban + hardest material Lrowa «very high tesmat conductivity © if Tiarge. Single crystols~ gamstanes — Small crystals — used to arindl /cot “other materials = Diomond thin filars shard — surface Coecti ngs — used for cutting tools, medical devices, ete ~ Grophite . uz pal iy ; 3} aot yw ye carbon atom i NCVON is fee ae or cae alec ven ler Wo PH HR OS Trees between boy! Vn Se ay a 1 A Al Se 24a ee Be Planes slide cosily. 1 eee tee over one enother — ont boy be good lubricant . it ema) as \ | Eetereres Fullerenes _ Spherical cluster of GO corkon atoms, Coo + Like a seccer ball = Sheet of graphite rolled ato a tube Ends copped with follerene hemispheres : CamScanner ile tarandt