EEA0175

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING FOR
POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
 Active and Passive Elements
• The elements of a circuit can be classified into
active elements and passive elements.
• The elements which can deliver energy are called
active elements.
• The elements which consume energy either by
absorbing or storing are called passive elements.
• The active elements are voltage and current
sources. The sources can be of different nature.
• The sources in which the current/voltage does
not change with time are called direct current
sources or in short dc sources. (But in dc sources,
the current/voltage changes with load).
• The sources in which the current/voltage
sinusoidally varies with time are called sinusoidal
sources or alternating current sources or in short
ac sources.
• The passive elements of a circuit are resistors,
inductors and capacitors, which exhibit the
property of resistance, inductance and
capacitance, respectively under ideal
conditions.
• Resistance, inductance and capacitance are
called fundamental parameters of a circuit.
• Practically, these parameters will be distributed
in nature. For example, the resistance of a
transmission line will exist throughout its
length. But for circuit analysis, the parameters
are considered as lumped.
• The resistor absorbs energy (and the absorbed
energy is converted into heat).
• The inductor and the capacitor store energy.
When the power supply in the circuit is switched
ON, the inductor and the capacitor store energy,
and when the supply is switched OFF, the stored
energy leaks away in the leakage path. (Hence,
inductors and capacitors cannot be used as
storage devices).
 Nodes, Branches and Closed Path
• A typical circuit consists of lumped parameters, such as
resistance, inductance, capacitance and sources of
electrical energy like voltage and current sources
connected through resistance-less wires.
• In a circuit, the meeting point of two or more elements
is called a node. If more than two elements meet at a
node then it is called the principal node.
• The path between any two nodes is called a branch. A
branch may have one or more elements connected in
series.
• A closed path is a path which starts at a node and travels
through some part of the circuit and arrives at the same
node without crossing a node more than once.
Typical circuit. Branches of the circuit

Nodes of the circuit

Closed paths of the circuit
 Open Circuit
• In a circuit if there is an open path or path of
infinite resistance between two nodes then
that path is called an open circuit (OC). Since
current can flow only in closed paths, the
current in the open circuit will be zero.
 Short Circuit
• In a circuit if there is a closed path of zero
resistance between two nodes then it is called
short circuit (SC). Since the resistance of the
short circuit is zero, the voltage across the
short circuit is zero.
 Ideal and Practical Sources
• In ideal conditions the voltage across an ideal
voltage source should be constant for whatever
current is delivered by the source. Similarly, the
ideal current source should deliver a constant
current for whatever voltage across its terminals.

Characteristics of an ideal voltage source. Characteristics of an ideal current source.

• In reality, ideal conditions never exist (but for analysis purpose, the
sources can be considered ideal). In practical voltage source, the
voltage across the source decreases with increasing load current
and the reduction in voltage is due to its internal resistance. In a
practical current source, the current delivered by the source
decreases with increasing load voltage and the reduction in current
is due to its internal resistance.
 DC Source Transformation
• A practical voltage source can be converted into an equivalent
practical current source and vice-versa, with the same terminal
behaviour. In these conversions the current and voltage at the
terminal of the equivalent source will be the same as that of
the original source, so that the power delivered to a load
connected at the terminals of original and equivalent source is
the same.

Conversion of voltage source to current source.

• A voltage source with series resistance can be
converted into an equivalent current source with
parallel resistance as shown in Fig. Similarly, a
current source with parallel resistance can be
converted into an equivalent voltage source with
series resistance as shown in Fig.

Conversion of current source to voltage source.

• The ideal resistor offers opposition only to the
flow of current. The property of opposition to
the flow of current is called resistance and it is
denoted by R.
• The ideal inductor offers opposition only to
change in current (or flux). The property of
opposition to change in current is called
inductance and it is denoted by L.
• The ideal capacitor offers opposition only to
change in voltage (or charge). The property of
opposition to change in voltage is called
capacitance and it is denoted by C.
 RESISTANCE
• Resistance is the property of an element (or
matter) which opposes the flow of current (or
electrons).
• The current carrying element is called a
conductor.
• The resistance of a conductor (in the direction of
current flow) is directly proportional to its length
l and inversely proportional to the area of cross-
section a.
The proportionality constant is the
resistivity, r of the material of the
conductor.
RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTING WIRE
resistivity, electrical resistance of a conductor of
unit cross-sectional area and unit length.
A characteristic property of each material, resistivity
is useful in comparing various materials on the basis
of their ability to conduct electric currents. High
resistivity designates poor conductors.
• The unit of resistivity is ohm-metre(Ω-m).
• The resistivity of a material at a given
temperature is constant.
• For example, the resistivity of copper is

and that of aluminium is

• The resistance of a conductor is distributed
throughout the length of the conductor. But
for analysis purpose the resistance is assumed
to be concentrated at one place, which is
called lumped resistance.
• For connecting the lumped resistance to the
other part of the circuit, resistance-less wires
are connected to its ends as shown in Fig.
(Normally, the term resistance in circuit theory
refers only to lumped resistance).
A lumped resistance with resistance-less wires
connected to its ends.
 Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
• The three fundamental laws that govern the electric circuit are
• Ohm’s law
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Ohm’s Law

• Ohm’s law states that the potential difference (or voltage) across any
two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing
between the two ends provided the temperature of the conductor
remains constant.
• The constant of proportionality is the resistance R of the conductor.
V  I ⇒ V = I R ..... (1)
• From equation (1), we can say that when a current I flows through a
resistance R, then the voltage V, across the resistance is given by the
product of current and resistance
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic
sum of currents at a node is zero.
ΣI=0

From equation, we can say that, “the sum of currents entering

a node is equal to the sum of currents leaving that node”.
• Hence, we can say that current cannot stay at a
point. While applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
to a node we have to assign polarity or sign (i.e., +
or −) for the current entering and leaving that node.
• Let us assume that the currents entering the node
are negative and currents leaving the node are
positive.
• With reference to Fig., we can say that currents I1
and I2 are entering the node and the currents I3 and
I4 are leaving the node.
• Therefore, by Kirchhoff’s Current Law we can write,
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic
sum of voltages in a closed path is zero.
ΣV=0
• A closed path may have voltage rises and voltage
falls when it is traversed or traced in a particular
direction. While applying KVL to a closed path we
have to assign polarity or sign (i.e., + or -) to
voltage fall and rise. Let us assume voltage rise as
positive and voltage fall as negative.
• Consider the circuit shown in Fig. Let us trace the
circuit in the direction of current I. In the closed
path ABCDEFGA, the voltage rise are E1 and E2
and voltage fall are IR1, IR2, IR3, IR4 and IR5
From equation we can say that, “the sum of voltage rise in a closed
path is equal to the sum of voltage fall in that closed path”.
 VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE
• Consider two resistances R1 and R2 in series
which are connected to a dc source of V volts
as shown in Fig. Let I be the current supplied
by the source and V1 and V2 be the voltages
across R1 and R2, respectively. Since the
resistances are in series, the current through
them will be I amperes.
Resistances in series
 CURRENT DIVISION RULE
• Consider two resistances R 1 and R2 in parallel
are connected to a dc source of V volts as
shown in Fig. 2.37.
• Let I be the current supplied by the source and
I1 and I2 be the current through R1 and R 2,
respectively. Since the resistances are parallel
to the source, the voltage across them will be
V volts.
 EXAMPLE 1
In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, find the total
resistance across the supply voltage.
EXAMPLE 2
 EXAMPLE 3
• Find the equivalent resistance of the network
shown in Fig. 1.
Find the voltage across AB in the circuit.
• Solve the currents in various branches of the
circuit shown in Fig. 1, by mesh analysis.
the branch currents are evaluated as
shown below
• Determine the currents in various elements of
the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 1, using mesh
analysis.
Using Node voltage method, determine the
voltages at node 1 and 2 in the circuit shown
in Fig.
Find the power in the 4 Ω resistor of the circuit
shown in Fig. 1, using the node method.
• In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, determine the
power supplied by the current sources.
In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, find the potential
difference between A and D.
For the circuit of Fig., find all the node voltages
and the currents in resistances 0.25  and
1/3 . Use the nodal method.
V3=0.579V
For the circuit of Fig., determine the
nodal voltages and current through
the 2 resistance.
• Analyse the circuit of Fig. by the mesh
method. From the results, calculate the
current in the 5  resistance.
• Determine the voltages across various
elements of the circuit shown in Fig. 1, using
the node method.
To solve branch voltages
• In the network shown in Fig. 1, find the
current through the 2 Ω resistor, using the
node method.
• In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, write mesh
equations by inspection and solve Vx and Ix.
Verify the result by node analysis.
• In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, find the voltage
across the 40 Ω resistor and the power
supplied by 5 A source, using node analysis.
• In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, find the value of
E using node analysis which will make the
voltage across 10 Ω resistance as zero.
Convert the constant voltage source shown in Fig. 1.64 into equivalent current source.

Convert the constant current source of Fig. 1.66 into equivalent voltage source.
Use source transformation technique to find the current through the 2 W resistor in
Fig. 1.67.
• Using nodal analysis the current through 20Ω
resisters.
• Using nodal analysis, obtain the current
flowing all the resistors resistors of the circuit
as shown in figure
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
EQUATION
Find the RMS value of full rectified and
half rectified sine waves as shown n=in
figure
• Consider a circuit consisting of resistance R, inductance L, and
capacitance C connected in series with each other across an ac
supply. The circuit has been shown in Fig.