Dr.
Annisa Jusuf
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS Dr. I Made Wiragunarsa
TORSION OF BEAMS Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung, INDONESIA
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Suggested Readings
Chapters 17
of
Aircraft Structural Analysis
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Learning Objectives
▪ Familiarity with the source for torsional force in the wing structure.
▪ Review of shear stresses as a result of torsion force in solid sections.
▪ Obtaining the shear stresses as a result of torsional force in beams
a) closed section beams,
b) open section beams.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
How Loads are Carried in The Wing Box
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Torsion on Wing Coming From Engine
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Torsion Coming From Control Surfaces And Landing Gear
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
More on Source of Torsion
▪ In majority of practical cases, it is impossible to guarantee that
the shear load would act at the shear center of the cross section;
▪ Any shear load (lift, engine, landing gear, etc.) may be
represented by the combination of the shear load applied
through the shear center and a torque;
▪ The stresses produced by the separate actions of torsion and
shear may then be added by superposition;
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Reminder
Shear stress at intermediate distance, 𝜌
𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
𝐽
Maximum shear stress Angle of twist
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑙
𝜏max = 𝜃=
𝐽 𝐺𝐽
Polar moment of inertia
Solid Section Tube
𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋 𝑟𝑜4 − 𝑟𝑖4
𝐽= 𝐽=
Torsion is a moment that 2 2
twists/deforms a member about its
* Used only if shaft is circular, its material homogenous,
longitudinal axis. and it behaves in an linear-elastic manner
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Reminder (Example)
The shaft consist of solid 80-mm-diameter rod
segments AB and CD, and the tubular segment BC
which has an outer diameter of 100 mm and inner
diameter of 80 mm. Length of segments AB, CD,
and BC are 300 mm.
a) Determine the maximum allowable torque
𝑇 that can be applied to the shaft.
b) Determine the angle of twist of end D with
respect to end A.
The material has an allowable shear stress of
𝜏allow = 75 MPa, shear modulus G = 26 GPa.
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Reminder (Example)
The polar moment of inertia:
𝜋 40 4
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = 𝐽𝐶𝐷 = = 4021238 mm4
2
𝑇
𝜋 504 − 404
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 𝑇 𝐽𝐵𝐶 = = 5796238 mm4
2
Torque:
𝑇 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑟𝐵𝐶
𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝑟𝐶𝐷
𝜏allow = 𝜏allow =
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 𝑇 𝐽𝐶𝐷 𝐽𝐵𝐶
Known: Find:
𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 80 mm 𝑇=? 𝑇 40 𝑇 50
75 = 75 =
𝑑𝐵𝐶 outer = 100 mm 𝜃𝐴/𝐷 = ? 4021238 5796238
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 𝑇
𝑑𝐵𝐶 inner = 80 mm 𝑇 𝑇 = 7539821 Nmm 𝑇 = 8694357 Nmm
𝜏allow = 75 MPa controls
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Reminder (Example)
Angle of twist of end D with respect to end A:
𝑇𝑙 𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑙𝐵𝐶 𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝑙𝐶𝐷
𝜃𝐴/𝐷 = = + +
𝐽𝐺 𝐽𝐴𝐵 𝐺 𝐽𝐵𝐶 𝐺 𝐽𝐶𝐷 𝐺
𝑇
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 𝑇 7539821 300 7539821 300
𝜃𝐴/𝐷 =2 +
4021238 26000 5796238 26000
𝜃𝐴/𝐷 = 0.043 + 0.015
𝑇
𝜃𝐴/𝐷 = 0.058 rad
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 𝑇
Known: Find:
𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 80 mm 𝑇=?
𝑑𝐵𝐶 outer = 100 mm 𝜃𝐴/𝐷 = ? 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 𝑇
𝑇
𝑑𝐵𝐶 inner = 80 mm
𝜏allow = 75 MPa
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Torsion of Thin-Walled Closed Section
• Thin-walled tubes of noncircular shape are used to construct
lightweight frameworks such as those in aircraft.
• This section will analyze thin-walled tubes with a closed cross-section.
Assumption:
1. The wall of tube is thin when compared to the tube radius.
2. The thickness should be less than 10% of the smallest overall external
dimension.
3. The thickness does not need to be constant.
4. As walls are thin, we assume stress is uniformly distributed across the
thickness of the tube.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Torsion of Thin-Walled Closed Section
Force equilibrium in x-direction:
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝜏𝐴 𝑡𝐴 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜏𝐵 𝑡𝐵 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜏𝐴 𝑡𝐴 = 𝜏𝐵 𝑡𝐵
Shear flow q, and can be expressed as:
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡 Even though the thickness, t,
and the shear stress, 𝜏, vary
around the tube, the shear
Then, flow, 𝒒, in torsion around
𝑞𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 the wall of cross section
will be constant.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Torsion of Thin-Walled Closed Section
Force: 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏 × 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏 × 𝑡 ∙ 𝑑𝑠
The Torsional moment (Torque) at point O,
Torque: 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝐹 × ℎ
𝑑𝑇 = 𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 × ℎ
Shear flow, 𝑞
𝑑𝑇 = 𝑞 𝑑𝑠 ℎ
The area of enclosed within 1
the midline of the section: 𝑑𝐴 = ℎ 𝑑𝑠
2
𝑑𝑇 = 2 𝑞 𝑑𝐴
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Torsion of Thin-Walled Closed Section
𝑑𝑇 = 2 𝑞 𝑑𝐴
The total torsional moment (torque)
for the whole area:
න 𝑑𝑇 = න 2 𝑞 𝑑𝐴
න 𝑑𝑇 = 2 𝑞 න 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 = mean area enclosed
𝑇 =2𝑞𝐴 within boundary of
centerline of tube’s thickness
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Torsion of Thin-Walled Closed Section
𝑇 =2𝑞𝐴
• This equation is known as Bredt-Batho Theory,
or the theory of torsion of thin-walled closed tubes.
• Bredt-Batho formula indicates the relationship
between:
- the torsional moment 𝑇 acting on a thin-walled
closed section,
- its enclosed area 𝐴 ,
- the resultant shear flow 𝑞, and
- shear stress 𝜏.
• Bredt-Batho formula apply only to torsion acting
on the closed hollow tube with an axis of rotation
that lies on shear center.
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Strain Energy
𝑇 =2𝑞𝐴
𝐹
• From these equation, the shear flow 𝑞 and shear 𝛿
stress 𝜏 can be calculated for any thin-walled tubes.
• The angle of twist 𝜃 can be calculated by 𝐹 𝑇
considering strain energy of the tube.
• Strain energy is defined as the energy stored in a
body due to deformation.
𝛿 𝜃
Energy for displacement of the For torsion, the external energy
bar (strain energy): similar with axial loading
1 1
𝑈= 𝐹𝛿 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝜃
2 2 Rotation
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Strain Energy
1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝐹 𝛿
2
1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝛿 𝑇2 𝑙 𝑠
𝑑𝑠
2
𝛿 𝑈 = 2 ර 𝑑𝑙 ර
1 γ= 𝛿 = γ 𝑑𝑙 8𝐴 𝐺 0 0 𝑡
𝑑𝑈 = 𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 γ 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
2
1 𝜏 𝜏 Strain energy:
𝑑𝑈 = 𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑙 γ= Hooke’s Law
2 𝐺 𝐺 𝑠
𝑇2𝑙 𝑑𝑠
1𝑞2 𝑈= 2 ර
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑙 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡 Shear flow 8𝐴 𝐺 0 𝑡
2𝐺𝑡
1 𝑇2 𝑇
𝑑𝑈 = 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑙 T = 2 𝑞 𝐴 or 𝑞 =
24𝐴 𝐺𝑡 2𝐴
𝑇2
𝑑𝑈 = 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑙
8𝐴 𝐺𝑡
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
*5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
Angle of Twist per Unit Length
Work done by the Strain internal energy
external forces in or internal work in
torsion torsion problem
Note: If we give external energy
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑈 to a body, then the energy absorb
by the body (internal energy) will
1 𝑇2𝑙 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 be equal to the external energy
𝑇𝜃 = 2 ර given.
2 8𝐴 𝐺 0 𝑡
𝑠
Angle of twist 𝜃 𝑇 𝑑𝑠
per unit length
= 2 ර
𝑙 4𝐴 𝐺 0 𝑡
∴ The longer the tube, the more the twist angle
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Examples of Single Cell Box Applications in Torsion
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 5.16
Example 1
TORSION OF BEAMS
Square aluminum tube is shown on the figure. Determine maximum shear
stress in the tube if it is subjected to a torque of 85 N·m. Also, compute
angle of twist per unit length due to this loading. Take Gal = 26 GPa.
1.5 m
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 1 (Solution)
Known: Find:
τ =?
T = 85 N.m
𝜃
Gal = 26 GPa =?
𝐿
Solution:
The area enclosed within the median line
of the section
50 mm 𝐴 = 50 50 = 2500 mm2
Bredt-Batho formula 𝑇 = 2𝑞𝐴
50 mm 𝑇 85 103 N
𝑞= = = 17
2𝐴 2 2500 mm
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 1 (Solution)
Shear flow formula 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡
Maximum shear stress
𝑞 17 N
𝜏= = = 1.7
𝑡 10 mm2
Angle of twist per unit length
𝜃 𝑇 𝑑𝑠
= 2 ර
𝑙 4𝐴 𝐺 𝑡
50 mm
𝜃 85 103 50 50 50 50
= + + +
𝑙 4 2500 2 26 103 10 10 10 10
50 mm
𝜃 −3
rad
= 6.54 × 10
𝑙 mm
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 2
100 mm
A 1.2 m long tube with cross section shown in
the figure is made of aluminum. (a) Find the
torque that will cause a maximum shear stress 1 mm
of 69 MPa. (b) Find angle of twist per unit
length. Use G = 27.6 GPa for aluminum.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 2 (Solution)
100 mm Known: Find:
𝜏max = 69 MPa T=?
𝜃
𝐺al = 27.6 GPa =?
1 mm
𝐿
Solution:
Bredt-Batho Formula 𝑇 = 2𝑞𝐴
Shear Flow Formula 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑡
𝑇 𝑇max
= 𝜏𝑡 = 𝜏max 𝑡min
2𝐴 2𝐴
Note: The maximum shear stress in a beam subjected to torsion
will occur at the section where the torque is a maximum and at
the point in that section where the thickness is a minimum.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 2 (Solution)
100 mm 𝑇max 𝜏max occurs where 𝑡min.
= 𝜏max 𝑡min Therefore, 𝑡 = 1 mm.
2𝐴
The area enclosed within the median line
1 mm of the section
𝜋
𝐴 = 1002 + 100 200
2
𝐴 = 35707.96 mm2
Torque maximum:
𝑇max = 𝜏max 𝑡min 2𝐴
𝑇max = 69 1 2 35707,96
𝑇max = 4927698.93 Nmm
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Example 2 (Solution)
100 mm Angle of twist per unit length
𝜃 𝑇 𝑑𝑠
= 2 ර
𝑙 4𝐴 𝐺 𝑡
1 mm
𝜃 4927698.93 𝜋 100 100 200 100
= + + +
𝑙 4 35707,96 2 27.6 103 2 2 1 2
𝜃 −5
rad
= 1.60 × 10
𝑙 mm
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Homework #1
A hollow aluminum section is designed, as shown in figure (a) for maximum shear stress of
35 MPa, neglecting stress concentrations.
a) Find the twisting moment that can be taken up by the section and the angle of twist
if the length of the member is 3 m.
b) If the member is redesigned, as shown in figure (b), find the allowable twisting
moment and the angle of twist. Take G = 157.5 103 MPa.
Figure (a) 6 mm Figure (b) 9 mm
6 mm 56 mm 6 mm 56 mm
100 mm 100 mm
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 5.16
Torsion of Thin-Walled Open Section
TORSION OF BEAMS
• The solutions provided hereafter are
approximate for open section beams
(median line is not closed);
• In the opposite figure, a rectangular open
section beam is shown;
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Pay attention to the 𝜏 = ±𝐺𝑡 𝑇 = 𝐺𝐽
direction of shear flow in
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
open section due to torsion
𝑠𝑡 3 1
𝐽= or 𝐽 = න 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑠
3 3 sect
Torsion constant for
cross section with 𝑇𝑡
constant wall thickness 𝜏max = Torsion constant for
𝐽 cross section with
variable wall thickness
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 5.16
Example #1
TORSION OF BEAMS
Determine the maximum shear stress in
the channel section when it is subjected to
an anticlockwise torque of 10 Nm.
Consider the shear modulus of material
as G = 25000 N/mm2.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 5.16
Example #1
TORSION OF BEAMS
• Calculate torsion constant of the section;
• This section is comprised of 3 rectangular walls,
i.e. rectangles 12, 23, and 34, respectively;
𝑠𝑡 3
𝐽=
3
1
𝐽 = 2 × 25 × 1.53 + 50 × 2.53 = 316.7 mm2
3
𝑇𝑡 2.5 × 10 × 103
𝜏max = 𝜏max =± = ±78.9 N/mm2
𝐽 316.7
Note: the maximum shear stress occurs in the web of the section
where the thickness is greatest
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
TORSION OF BEAMS
Homework #2
The cold-formed section shown in Fig. is
subjected to a torque of 50 Nm. Calculate the
maximum shear stress in the section and its
rate of twist. G=25000 N/mm2.
THANK YOU