AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY (STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS)
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Stress-Strain Curve
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑥
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Hooke’s Law
• To keep small deformation and stresses at save levels most
structure are designed so that stresses remain well below the
yield stress.
• Most materials exhibit linear stress-strain behaviour at lower
stress levels.
• Hooke’s law for uniaxial stress in a homogenous isotropic
member 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑥𝑥
– where the value of Young’s modulus 𝐸 [GPa] must be determined Elongation is associated by
experimentally. transverse contraction.
• Hooke’s law for shear 𝜏𝑥𝑥 = 𝐺 𝛾𝑥𝑥 The ratio of contraction is
– where 𝐺 [GPa] is shear modulus of elasticity or shear modulus. called Poisson’s Ratio
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = − 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 or
For isotropic material: 𝐸, 𝐺, and are 𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝜀𝑧𝑧 = − 𝜀𝑥𝑥
related through
range between 0.25 - 0.35 6
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law
(a) The total extensional strain (b) Strain due to 𝜎𝑥 (c) Strain due to 𝜎𝑦 (d) Strain due to 𝜎𝑧
Strain due to 𝜎𝑥 : Strain due to 𝜎𝑦 : Strain due to 𝜎𝑧 :
1
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧
′ ′′ ′′
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ′′′ ′′′ 𝐸
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜀𝑥𝑥 = −𝜈𝜀𝑦𝑦 = −𝜈 𝜀𝑥𝑥 = −𝜈𝜀𝑧𝑧 = −𝜈
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
1
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧
′
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = ′
−𝜈𝜀𝑥𝑥 = −𝜈 ′′
𝜀𝑦𝑦 =
′′′
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = ′′′
−𝜈𝜀𝑧𝑧 = −𝜈 𝐸
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
1
′ = −𝜈𝜀 ′
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ′′′
𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑥𝑥 = −𝜈 ′′ = −𝜈𝜀 ′′
𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑦𝑦 = −𝜈 𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝐸
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law
(a) The total extensional strain (b) Strain due to 𝜎𝑥 (c) Strain due to 𝜎𝑦 (d) Strain due to 𝜎𝑧
In matrix form we can write these equations as:
1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 1 1 −𝜈 −𝜈
𝐸 𝜀 = 𝐴 𝜎 𝐴 = −𝜈 1 −𝜈
𝐸 −𝜈 −𝜈 1
1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝐸 𝜀𝑥𝑥 −𝜈 𝜎𝑥𝑥
1 1 −𝜈
1 𝜀𝑦𝑦 = −𝜈 1 −𝜈 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝐸
𝐸 −𝜈 −𝜈 1 𝜎𝑧𝑧
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law
(a) 𝜏𝑥𝑦 produces 𝛾𝑥𝑦 only (b) 𝜏𝑥𝑧 produces 𝛾𝑥𝑧 only (c) 𝜏𝑦𝑧 produces 𝛾𝑦𝑧 only
1 1 1
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜏
In matrix form we can write 1 𝑥𝑦
these equations as: 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝐺 𝜏𝑦𝑧
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law
(a) 𝜏𝑥𝑦 produces 𝛾𝑥𝑦 only
(a) The total extensional strain (b) Strain due to 𝜎𝑥 (c) Strain due to 𝜎𝑦 (d) Strain due to 𝜎𝑧
(b) 𝜏𝑥𝑧 produces 𝛾𝑥𝑧 only
𝜀𝑥𝑥 1 - - 0 0 0 𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜀𝑦𝑦 - 1 - 0 0 0 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝑧𝑧 1 - - 1 0 0 0 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (c) 𝜏𝑦𝑧 produces 𝛾𝑦𝑧 only
𝐸 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 0
𝛾𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝛾𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 0 2(1+) 𝜏𝑦𝑧 For Isotropic material:
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Plane Stresses
• Aircraft are made out of sheet metal or composites,
• Loads are not applied through the thickness of the sheet,
• Therefore, we can assume ‘plane stress’.
𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , and τ𝑦𝑧 are all zero.
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law (Plane Stress)
Strain in terms of Stress:
𝜀𝑥𝑥 1 - - 0 0 0 𝜎𝑥𝑥 1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜈𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝑦𝑦 - 1 - 0 0 0 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐸
𝜀𝑧𝑧 1 - - 1 0 0 0 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 1
𝐸 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 0
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜈𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝛾𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝐸
𝛾𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 0 2(1+) 𝜏𝑦𝑧
−𝜈
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝐸
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
𝐺
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Generalized Hooke’s Law (Plane Stress)
2D Plane Stress Problem:
– Plate-like structure under in-plane loads
– No constraints in thickness direction
– Stresses in z direction are zero
Strain in terms of Stress: Stress in terms of Strain:
σ𝑥𝑥 1 0 𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜀𝑥𝑥 1 1 − σ𝑥𝑥 𝐸 1 0
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝐸 − 1 σ𝑦𝑦 σ𝑦𝑦 = 𝜀𝑦𝑦
1 − 2 1
𝜏𝑥𝑦 0 0 1− 𝛾𝑥𝑦
−𝜈 2
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝐸
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 0
𝐺 13
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting
bending) or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains.
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18
19
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
SIMPLE BEAM THEORY
Bending Stress in a Straight Members
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Bending of Thin Plates
• Thin plate is a sheet of material with a small
thickness in comparison to its other dimensions
but capable of resisting bending as well as
membrane forces.
• A plate forms are a basic part of an aircraft
structure, being, for example, the area of stressed
skin bounded by adjacent stringers and ribs in a
wing structure or by adjacent stringers and frames
in a fuselage.
• In this chapter we shall investigate the effect of
pure bending on the small deflection of
rectangular plates.
• Two approaches are presented: an ‘exact’ theory
based on the solution of a differential equation
and an energy method relying on the principle of
the stationary value of the total potential energy
of the plate and its applied loading.
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• Pure bending moments of intensity 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦 per
unit length are uniformly distributed along the
edges of the thin rectangular plate.
• The former is applied along the edges parallel to
the 𝑦 axis, while the latter is applied along the
edges parallel to the 𝑥 axis. When these bending
moments produce compression at the upper
surface of the plate and tension at the lower, we
assume, they are positive.
• If we also assume that the displacement of the
plate in a direction parallel to the 𝑧 axis is small in
comparison to its thickness 𝑡, and that sections Plate subjected to pure bending.
that are plane before bending remain plane after
bending, then, as in simple beam theory, the
middle plane of the plate does not deform during
bending and is thus a neutral plane.
• For our axis system, we use the neutral plane as the
reference plane.
Deformed plate under pure bending with equal moments. 25
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• Consider an element of the plate with side
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 and a depth equal to the plate's
thickness 𝑡.
• Assume that the neutral plane 𝑛’s radii of
curvature are 𝜌𝑥 and 𝜌𝑦 in the 𝑥𝑧 and 𝑦𝑧
planes, respectively.
• Positive plate curvature corresponds to
positive bending moments that cause
displacements in the positive direction of (a) Direct stress on lamina of plate element; (b) radii of curvature of neutral plane.
the 𝑧 or downward axis.
26
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• As in simple beam theory, the direct strains 𝜀𝑥 and
𝜀𝑦 corresponding to direct stresses 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 of an
elemental lamina of thickness 𝛿𝑧 a distance
𝑧 below the neutral plane are given by
(1)
• Referring to relations between 𝜀 and 𝜎 (slide 13)
(2) (a) Direct stress on lamina of plate element; (b) radii of curvature of neutral plane.
• Substituting for 𝜀𝑥 and
𝜀𝑦 from Eqs (1) into (2)
(3)
and rearranging gives
27
For your reference check slides number 13, 19
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• As would be expected from our assumption
of plane sections remaining plane, the direct
stresses vary linearly across the thickness of
the plate, their magnitudes depending on the
curvatures (i.e., bending moments) of the
plate.
• The internal direct stress distribution on
each vertical surface of the element must be
(a) Direct stress on lamina of plate element; (b) radii of curvature of neutral plane.
in equilibrium with the applied bending
moments. Thus
(4)
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• Substituting for 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 from Eqs (3) • Then, the bending moment per unit
gives length along 𝑥 and 𝑥𝑦 directions are
given as
(6)
(5)
• Let
Plate subjected to pure bending. 29
Note: D is known as the flexural rigidity of the plate
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• If 𝑤 is the deflection of any point on the plate in
the 𝑧 direction, then we may relate 𝑤 to the
curvature of the plate in the same manner as the
well-known expression for beam curvature. Hence
• the negative signs resulting from the fact that the
center's of curvature occur above the plate in Plate subjected to pure bending.
which region z is negative. Equations (6) then
become
(7)
Deformed plate under pure bending with equal moments.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ANALYSIS
BENDING OF THIN PLATES
Pure Bending of Thin Plates
• Equations (6) define the deflected shape of the
plate provided that 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦 are known. If either
𝑀𝑥 or 𝑀𝑦 is zero, then
• and the plate has curvatures of opposite signs. The case of
Anticlastic bending*
𝑀𝑦 = 0 is illustrated in the Fig.
*A surface possessing two curvatures of opposite sign is known as an anticlastic surface,
as opposed to a synclastic surface which has curvatures of the same sign.
• Further, if 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀 then from Eq (6)
• Therefore, the deformed shape of the plate is
spherical and of curvature (8)