1.

Procedural Text
a. The Purpose of Procedural Text
The purpose of procedural text is to direct, inform or explain a procedure how to do
something.

b. The structure of Procedural Text

Procedural Text has three stages;
1. Goal
Examples:
 How to make fried noodles
 Making fried noodles
2. List of Materials/ingredients/equipment/properties you need.
3. The steps/ the procedure how to do something.

c. Explaining the Procedure (Language Features)

To explain the procedure of doing something we use:
1. Simple present tense
S + Verb 1
2. Imperative Sentence/command
Verb 1 +……
be + ….(anjective/noun/adverb)
3. Connectors:
a. Conjunctions;
Next, then, after that, afterword, after, before, while, when, if, whether, at last, finally.
b. Ordinal numbers: First, second, third, fourth, etc.
c. Certain words/expressions:
Make sure, remember to, don’t forget to, etc
Notes:
1. We can’t use ordinal numbers & Conjunctions in the same sentence.
Examples
(incorrect): First, prepare the properties. Second, next heat the water.
(correct): First, prepare the properties. Second, heat the water. Or
First, prepare the properties. Next, heat the water.

2. We can use conjunction with certain words in the same sentence. We also can use
ordinal number with certain words in the same sentence.
3. We can use before, after, and while with subject or with verb’ing.
Examples:
a. Before you heat the water … / Before heating the water …
b. After you prepare the ingredients… / After preparing the ingredients ….
c. While you heat the water … / while heating the water …
d. Types of Procedural Text:
1. Recipes
2. Manuals for operating electronic devices, etc.

Example of Procedural Text

How to Make Instant Fried Noodles

Materials & Ingredients

 a saucepan
 a plate
 a colander
 chopsticks / a fork
 a pack of instant fried noodles
 3 glasses of water
Steps:
 First, pour 3 glasses of water into the saucepan and boil it.
 Second, add the instant noodle to the boiling water.
 Then, cook the noodles for 5 minutes. While the noodles are being cooked, put the
spices and seasonings on a plate.
 After 5 minutes, separate the noodles from the water using a colander and mix the
noodles together with the seasonings using a fork or chopsticks.
 Finally, serve the noodles with eggs or vegetables.

2. Personal Recount Text

a. Purpose / Definition: to retell something which happened in the past or to tell a series of
past events.
b. The Structure
1. Orientation: Introducing the characters, place and time.
2. Events: Things that happened in the past in chronological order (in sequence).
3. Features:
 Using adverb of time and place to connect events chronologically, e.g. in 2020,
the next day, etc.
 Using past tense and past continuous tense to describe the events.
 Using connectors: first, next, then, after that, etc. to help the reader know the order
of the events.
 Using description of personal emotions to help the reader connect to the writer’s
experience.
Example of Personal Recount

My Holiday

During the holidays, our family went to Victor Harbor. We stayed in a holiday
apartment. There were nine other apartments where we stayed.

After we unpacked our things, we went to the beach. At the beach we met our cousins
and played with them.
Later on, Mum went shopping with my brother to buy some groceries. While she was
shopping, Dad and I went fishing.
The next day we went to Greenfields Adventure Park. It was really crowded.
Every day we went to the beach. Sometimes while we were there, we went fishing
with Dad.

On the last day of our holiday, we all went fishing again. We caught lots of fish. It
was really cool fishing with Dad.

3. Descriptive Text
a. Description: A text that describes a particular person, thing, or place. The text makes the
reader get the “picture” of the person or thing that is being described.
b. Generic/common Structure
1. Title: the name of text that gives hints the reader about what is being described.
2. Identification: introduce the subject of the description.
3. Description: Gives details of the characteristics of the subject.
c. Features
1. Simple present tense if the person or animal is still alive and if it is talking about
general truth.
2. Simple past tense if person, animal, or thing does not exist anymore.
3. Adjectives: To describe the subject.
4. Adverbs: To describe the subject how person or animal acts/moves.

Example of Descriptive Text

Mount Tangkuban Perahu

Identification
Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is Bandung’s most famous volcano just 28 km north of the city. This
 volcano offers many places for tourists to see and explore. Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is an
interesting is an interesting destination for anyone who visits Bandung. You can see a huge
crater, hike down into it, walk through the forest on is slopes, or simply enjoy the beautiful
panoramic view.

Description 1
When seen from Bandung, Mt. Tangkuban Perahu has a distinctive shape like an upside down
boat. Tangkuban Perahu means, in fact, “up-turned boat.” This peculiar shape has stimulated
the fantasy of the Sundanese people from early times as expressed in the Legend of
Sangkuriang.

Description 2
Though the mountain appears peaceful, mild eruption occurred in 1969 when Mount Kawah
Ratu spewed ash and debris up to 500 meters into the air. As recently as September 1992, it
was closed to the public for several days because unusual high seismic activity lead
volcanologists to fear a new eruption.

4. Narrative Text
a. Purpose: to entertain/amuse the reader, to tell a moral value through a story.
b. Generic/common structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the character/s, place and time.
2. Complication: Introducing the problem/s in the story.
3. Resolution: Introducing the solution of the problem.
c. Features
1. Using Past Tense, Past Perfect Tense, Past Continuous Tense.
2. Using Simple Present in the dialogue.
3. Using conjunctions such as; once upon a time, one day, long time ago, etc. to connect
sentences and to help the writer to describe the events in sequences.
d. Types of Narrative Text: Myths, legend, folktale and fables.

Example of Narrative Text

Shahrazad’s Story

There was once and Indian king called Shahriyar. One day king Shahriyar found his
wife with another man, so he killed her with her lover. After that the king married a different
woman every day and killed her the next morning before she could stop loving him. This
continued for three years.
Shahrazad was the clever and beautiful daughter of king’s adviser. When her father
told her what was happening, she decided to marry the king. Shahrazad’s father tried to stop
her because he knew she was going to die. But Shahrazad had a plan to save herself and all
the women in the kingdom. The King and Shahrazad got married a few days later. After the
wedding, while the King was drinking with his friends, Shahrazad went to find her sister. “I
need your help,” Said Shahrazad. “Come to the palace this evening and ask me to tell you a
story.”
So that night, Shahrazad was getting ready to bed when her sister came to visit her.
She began telling her sister a story called The Fisherman and the Genie. When she was
telling the story, the King came into the room. He started listening to her story too, and
became more and more interested. Shahrazad continued telling the story all night, but she
stopped just before the end and said “the morning’s here my dear husband. Am I going to
die now?” “No, no,” said the king. “tell me the end of the story.” “I’ll tell you this evening
but not before,” said Shahrazad with a smile. That night Shahrazad finished the story – and
then immediately began another. This continued night after night. The King never heard the
end of the story until the next evening. He couldn’t kill her wife because he wanted to know
how each story ended.
As time passed, the King fell in love with Shahrazad. He knew he couldn’t kill her
because he couldn’t live without her and her stories. To show Shahrazad he really loved her,
the King married her again. The stories Shahrazad told the King became the stories of The
Thousand and One Nights.

https:/[Link]/wiki/List_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights

5. Report Text
a. Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of
systematic observation and analysis.

b. Generic Structure of Report

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public
place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general.
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part,
customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials.

c. Language Feature of Report

1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc.
3. Using simple present tense
The Examples of Report Text

HEART

The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the
heart is only as big as a closed hand. (General Classification)

The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute thought-out a person’s
life. (Description)

The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of
four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chambers are called the right and left auricles
and the bottom chambers are the right and left ventricles. (Description)

When blood enters the heart, it is in dark reddish color because it contains carbon
dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right ventricle. When the heart
contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes
to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and
is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the
heart, and the process begins again. (Description)

PLANT

Plants are living beings. They need food, water and air for survival. (General
Classification)

Plants derive their food from the earth and the air. If you look at their roots, you will find
that ends of these roots are like fine fibers. We call them root-hairs. They absorb water
and minerals, then transport them upwards to the leaves through the trunk and the
branches. It is the leaves which prepare the food. (Description)

The green material, chlorophyll, prepares the food like a machine. It converts the carbon
dioxide taken from the air and water from the ground into sugar with the help of
sunlight. This chemical reaction is called photosynthesis. In fact, the chlorophyll takes
energy from the sunlight and uses it to synthesize the hydrogen from water and carbon
from carbon dioxide for making sugar. This reaction also gives out oxygen and water
which are excreted by the leaves. (Description)
6. Exposition Text
a. Analytical Exposition
Analytical exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement that shows
the author's attitude, opinion, or position on the theme being discussed, then supported
by various arguments and closes with an affirmation or restatement of the opinion stated
at the beginning.

b. Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement containing
the issue or problem that is raised as the theme of the writing. Then it is supported by
various arguments and supporting evidence that can lead the reader to the author's
point of view. Finally, the text will close with suggestions or recommendations from the
author on what should be done or happened related to the problems or issues presented
at the beginning.

Analytical Exposition
1. Definition: It’s a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding.

2. Social Function: Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is an important
matter.

3. Text Structure
a. Thesis: It contains the position, opinion or attitude of the author.
b. Argument: It contains the opinions or arguments presented by the author.

c. Reiteration/Conclusion: It contains a re-statement of the author.

4. Language Features
1. Using the simple present tense.
2. Using conjunctions such as: because of, so, therefore, the reason, besides, in
addition, furthermore, but, vice versa, henceforth, on the other hand, second, then,
next, consequence, as a result, so, by, accordingly, despite, due to, for that reason,
and others.

3. Contains arguments.

4. Using words that contain cause and effect.

5. Using vocabulary that is able to arouse the reader's emotions, such as: Amused,
concerned, innocent, unreasonable etc.
Example
How do you study when the test is coming? Do you start preparing for the test weeks or
months before the test or leave things to the last hour? If you start studying weeks or
months before the test, it is great. However, if you study all the material in the last hour or
minute, it is not good for you. This is called cramming.

Cramming is when students stay up all night until morning to study before a test or finish
an assignment. This habit can lead to negative impacts, the first being that disruptions in
the regular sleep cycle can cause temporary intellectual lapses. For most students, less
sleep can make them could not focus on the class. Additionally, cramming can leave us
with memory lapses as well.

Each person has a different sleeping schedule, so some of them often use a stimulant for
cramming. An example stimulant, and the most common, is coffee. While delicious and
beneficial, it causes many problems in the long-term such as Caffeine Intoxication
Syndrome, anxiety, panic, and headaches.

To sum up, cramming is not recommended because it disturbs a person’s sleep cycle
which causes temporary intellectual lapses, and using stimulants for cramming gives them
a bad effect on their health.

Hortatory Exposition
1. Definition: It is a type of persuasive text. It is used to explain to the reader
something that is allowed or not to be done. This type of text is formal and written
based on facts. You can find this type of text in scientific journals, magazines,
articles, newspapers, academic speeches, and scientific books.
2. Function: It serves to force the reader to agree and even follow instructions.

3. Text Structure

a. Thesis: It contains your opinions

b. Arguments: In this section, you can include recommendations, opinions

from other people, or trusted sources to support the opinions that have
been written at the beginning.
 c. Recommendation: The last part of this paper contains recommendations
for its readers. Recommendations can contain suggestions of what to do or
not to do based on the arguments or opinions that you have given.

4. Language Feature

b. Using the simple present tense.

c. Using conjunctions such as: because of, so, therefore, the reason, besides, in
addition, furthermore, but, vice versa, henceforth, on the other hand, second,
then, next, consequence, as a result, so, by, accordingly, despite, due to, for
that reason, and others.

d. Contains arguments.

The Importance of Reading

Thesis
I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say
so?

Argument I
Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world
such as Science, technology, sports, arts, culture, etc. written in either books,
magazine, newspaper, etc.
Argument II
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something
happening in any part of the world which can we see directly.
Argument III
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read
books, novels, comics, newspaper or magazines on the entertainment column such
as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.
Argument IV
Last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about
Irian Jaya we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.

Recommendation
From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge,
 information, and also entertainment. Or in summary, we can say reading is truly
important in our life.

Example 2
The emergence of the internet has given entrepreneurs many ways to make money.
Writers are a group that has benefited from their talents as a result of the rise of
internet-based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online. determined by the
owner of the blog. They are very popular because the blogs are usually written on a
certain subject area but can vary as their content is their simplicity to get up and
running.

There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you
choose to go that route because a blog, in addition to advertisements, means potential
revenue.

Translational writing is also good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your
articles to promote and advertise your own business ventures.

These articles are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free. The
most effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that is
inserted at the end of each article.

These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive
traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you
are selling and one to a blog where you are promoting discussing other products.

Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it’s done earning potential
can become very powerful.
7. Discussion Text
a. Definition: It’s a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints.
b. Social Function: The purpose of the discussion text is to present an issue or
information by describing several opinions of experts in their field and usually the
opinions presented are contradictory (pros and cons). So it can be said that the author
made the text based on the discourse that was in the community.
c. Text Structure
1. Issue
This section is usually located at the beginning of the paragraph which contains
the placement of the problem or issue to be discussed /debated.

2. Supporting Points
In this section, you present opinions that support the issue (Pro). In each
paragraph the Supporting Point consists of two components including the main
idea of the paragraph and an elaboration or description of the main idea of the
paragraph.

3. Contrasting Points
In this section, you present opinions that oppose the issue or problem
(Cons). As in the Supporting Point paragraph, Contrasting Points also
present two forming components, namely the main idea of the paragraph
and an elaboration or description of the main idea of the paragraph.

4. Conclusion or Recommendation
In this section you present conclusions or can also recommend from the
issues/discourses or problems that have been discussed.

d. Language Features
1. Using simple present tense
 2. Using modal, such as (must, should, would, may, etc.)
3. Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection, such as; similarly, however,
furthermore, on the other hand, moreover, in addition, but, nevertheless, etc.

Example
What are the Pros and Cons of Falling in Love with Your Best Friend?

Everyone must have best friends in their lives. A best friend is someone you believe you
can trust your life with. A best friend is the first person you call when you have the most
amazing things in your life, and when you are in the most horrific incidents. But, what if
you fall in love with your best friends? If you have decided to choose your best friend as
someone you will share your life with, there is a lot to consider. Take a moment to consider
the advantages and disadvantages of taking your friendship to the next level.

Having a serious relationship with someone you’ve only been best friends until now may
not be an easy task, but the following advantages may just make taking the risk worth it.
Firstly, you have already laid the groundwork. A strong emotional bond is a strong
foundation of any successful relationship. Next, you can bypass the awkward stuff. The
good news about dating your best friend is that you can simply enjoy the excitement of
taking your relationship to the next level. Besides, you have already had a solid emotional
bond and have shared history of togetherness such as graduating from the same university
together or gathering family by your side. Having shared important moments in each
other’s lives will make your connection stronger and even more likely to last.

On the other side, dating your best friend has also some disadvantages. Before taking a
romantic relationship with your best friend, take a moment to consider the following
drawbacks. First, are you willing to make the sacrifice? What if it doesn’t last? If you break
up, you might loss your friendship forever. Second, there is always a possibility for not
having a mutual feeling between both of you. Decide in advance what your plans might be
if your friend does not reciprocate: can you continue your friendship with him/her? Could
you take it if he/she dates someone else? Third, although you’ll bypass the awkward
getting-to-know-you stage, missing out on discovering a new person, their personality and
their interests could prove to be a little boring for you.

While there are risks involved with confessing romantic feelings to your best friend, it is
worth remembering that the greatest and most successful relationships often grow from
great friendships, and it might just be the best decision you’ll ever make.
8. Argumentative Text
a. Definition: An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that takes a stance on an
issue. In a good argumentative essay, a writer attempts to persuade readers to
understand and support their point of view about a topic by stating their reasoning and
providing evidence to back it up.
b. Social Function: Its function is to persuade readers to understand and support the
author’s point of view.
c. Text Structure:
1. Introductory paragraph.
The first paragraph of your essay should outline the topic, provide background
information necessary to understand your argument, outline the evidence you will
present and states your thesis.

2. The thesis statement.

This is part of your first paragraph. It is a concise, one-sentence summary of your
main point and claim.
3. Body paragraphs.
A typical argumentative essay comprises three or more paragraphs that explain the
reasons why you support your thesis. Each body paragraph should cover a
different idea or piece of evidence and contain a topic sentence that clearly and
concisely explains why the reader should agree with your position. Body
paragraphs are where you back up your claims with examples, research,

statistics, studies, and text citations. Address opposing points of view and
disprove them or explain why you disagree with them. Presenting facts and
considering a topic from every angle adds credibility and will help you gain a
reader’s trust.

4. Conclusion. One paragraph that restates your thesis and summarizes all of the
arguments made in your body paragraphs. Rather than introducing new facts or
 more arguments, a good conclusion will appeal to a reader’s emotions. In some
cases, writers will use a personal anecdote explaining how the topic personally
affects them.

d. Language Feature
1. Using the simple present tense.
2. Using conjunctions such as: because of, so, therefore, the reason, besides, in
addition, furthermore, but, vice versa, henceforth, on the other hand, second, then,
next, consequence, as a result, so, by, accordingly, despite, due to, for that reason,
and others.

3. Contains arguments.

4. Using words that contain cause and effect.

5. Using vocabulary that is able to arouse the reader's emotions, such as: Amused,
concerned, innocent, unreasonable etc.

Example 1

If you follow luxury resorts or travel influencers on Instagram, odds are good that
you have seen at least one "floating breakfast." In case you are not familiar with them,
here is what to know: they are your typical upscale hotel room service breakfast -- think
toast, fruit, coffee, and the like -- served in a pool or hot tub instead of in bed. Usually,
they are placed on large platters or colorful baskets, then accessorized with bright tropical
flowers to make them even more photogenic.
These breakfasts are particularly popular in Asia and the Pacific, especially at
warm-weather private villa resorts in places like Thailand, Fiji and the Maldives. Nearly
everyone agrees that the trend began in Bali, although no specific resort seems to get the
credit for coming up with the idea first.
While these breakfasts have become more common on resort menus over the last
five years, the coronavirus pandemic has made them more popular than ever as hotel
guests are avoiding buffets and communal dining rooms. "Across the course of the past
year, in-suite dining has become extremely popular, especially for those seeking solace in
 the safety and comfort of their suite," Jann Hess, general manager at Amanjiwo in Bali,
tells CNN Travel. "The floating breakfast is a popular choice." After all, the floating
breakfast needs a pool to float in -- and a private plunge pool is a much better choice than
a shared pool where a splashing kid might make the whole thing topple over.
The floating breakfast has quickly become yet another luxury hotel amenity, like
afternoon tea or a turndown treat. Amid the pandemic, domestic travellers taking
advantage of affordable staycations have also embraced floating breakfasts. Timo
Kuenzli, general manager of Koh Samui's all-pool-villa Cape Fahn Hotel, says that nearly
100% of their guests over the past year have ordered one. "We can definitely see that the
Asian market is way more into having Instagrammable moments to capture than other
markets," he says. In addition to the photos being beautiful, they also serve as a free
marketing tool -- people see the breakfasts online, check out the location tag, and then
want to get in on the experience themselves when they stay at Cape Fahn later.

(Adapted from [Link]

instagram-history-cmd/[Link])

Example 2
Put a Little Science in Your Life
(by Brian Greene)

“When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the Internet,
it’s easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into the fabric
of our day-to-day activities. When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices,
pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science affects the
quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify looming challenges
like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and diminishing resources, we don’t
hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find solutions.

And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon—stem cells,
genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nano-science, brain-
machine interface, quantum computers, space technology—we realize how crucial it is to
cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there’s simply no other way
that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of issues that
will shape the future.”