1. Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

(a) The collection of all the days in a week beginning with the letter ‘T’.

(b) The collection of all difficult questions in the chapter on sets.

(c) The collection of girls in your class.

(d) The collection of all active teachers in the school.

(e) The collection of all integers more than -3.

(f) The collection of all beautiful flowers in the park.

2. If,

A = {3, 5, 7, 9}

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

C = {12, 14, 18, 20, 24}

D = {21, 26, 31, 36}

(a) State whether true or false.

(i) 13 ∈ C

(ii) 6 ∉ A

(iii) 9 ∉ A

(iv) 24 ∈ C

(v) 31 ∈ D

(vi) 36 ∉ D

(vii) 20 ∉ C

(viii) 9 ∈ A
(b) Fill in the blanks.
(i) 3 ∈ ___

(ii) 4 ___ B

(iii) 26 ___ C

(iv) 8 ∈ ___

(v) 5 ___ A

(vi) 6 ___ C

(vii) 21 ___ D

(viii) 18 ___ B

3. Write the following sets in the roster form

(a) A = The set of all even numbers less than 12

(b) B = The set of all prime numbers greater than 1 but less than 29

(c) C = The set of integers lying between -2 and 2

(d) D = The set of letters in the word LOYAL

(e) E = The set of vowels in the word CHOICE

(f) F = The set of all factors of 36

(g) G = {x : x ∈ N, 5 < x < 12}

(h) H = {x : x is a multiple of 3 and x < 21}

(i) I = {x : x is perfect cube 27 < x < 216}

(j) J = {x : x = 5n - 3,n ∈ W, and n < 3}

(k) M = {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 40}

(l) N = {x : x is a positive integer and is a divisor of 18}

(m) P = {x : x is an integer and x + 1 = 1}

4. Write each of the following in set builder form.

(a) A = {5, 10, 15, 20}

(b) B = {l, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

(c) C = {P, R, I, N, C, A, L}

(d) D = {0}

(e) E = { }

(f) F = {0, 1, 2, 3, ......, 19}

(g) G = {—8, —6, —4, —2}

(h) H = {Jan, June, July}

(i) I = {a, e, i, 0, u}

(j) J = {a, b, c, d, …..., z}

(k) K = {1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6}

(l) L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

5. Write the cardinal number for each of the following.

(a) X = The set of months in a year

(b) Y = The set of letters in the word INTELLIGENT

(c) Z = The set of prime numbers from 2 to 11

(d) P = {x : x is an even prime number}

(e) Q = {x : x is a quadrilateral having 5 sides}

(f) R = {x : x ∈ I, -5 < x < 2}

(g) S = {x | x ∈ W, x + 2 < 9}
(h) T = {x | x is a prime number which is a divisor of 60}

(i) V = {x : x is a 2-digit number such that the sum of digits is 6}

(j) W = The set of hours in a day

6. Classify the following as finite and infinite sets.

(a) A = {x : x ∈ N and x is even}

(b) B = {x : x ∈ N and x is composite}

(c) C = {x : x ∈ N and 3x -2 = 0}

(d) D = {x : x ∈ N and x2 = 9}

(e) E = {The set of numbers which are multiples of 3}

(f) G = {The set of letters in the English alphabet}

(g) H = {The set of persons living in a house}

(h) I = {x | x ∈ I, x < -2}

(i) J = {x | x ∈ P, p is a prime number}

(I) K = The set of fractions with numerator 3.

7. Identify the following as null set or singleton set.

(a) A = {x | x ∈ N, 1 < x < 2}

(b) P = {Point of intersection of two lines}

(c) C = {x : x is an even prime number greater than 2}

(d) Q = {x | x is an even prime number}

(e) E = {x : x2 = 9, x is even}

(f) R = {The set of whole numbers lying between 0 and 2}

(h) D = {The set of largest 1 digit number}

(i) F = {The set of triangles having 4 sides}

(j) H = {The set of even numbers not divisible by 2}

8. State whether the following are true or false.

(a) The set of letters in the word MASTER is finite.

(b) The set of vowels in the word PLANET is an empty set.

(c) {0} represents a null set.

(d) Equivalent sets are always equal.

(e) An empty set is a finite set.

(f) 10 ∉ set of multiples of 5.

(g) 4 ∈ {x : 4 ≤ x ≤ 10}

(h) If two sets are equal, they are also equivalent.

(i) If P = {x : x = 2n, n ∈ N}

Q = {x : x 2n + 1, n ∈ N}

then P and Q are disjoint sets

9. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets.

(a) A = {2, 4, 6}

B = {1, 2, 3}

(b) P = {a, e, i, o, u}

Q = {a, b, c, d}

(c) X = {x : n ∈ N, x = 2n, n < 4}

Y = {x : x is an even number less than 10}

N = {x : x is a prime number less than 19}

(e) D = {x : x is an integer -3 < x < 3}

E = {x : x is a factor of 8}
(f) G = {x : x ∈ N, x < 7}

H = {x : x ∈ Z, -2 ≤ x ≤ 3}
10. Find the intersection of each of the following pairs of sets.

(a) A = {1, 4, 9, 16}

B = {3, 6, 9, 12}

(b) C = {p, q, r, s}

D = {a, b}

(c) P = {x : n ∈ N, x = 3n n< 3}

Q = {x : x ∈ N x < 7}

(d) X = {x : x is a letter of the word ‘LOYAL’}

Y = {x : x is a letter in the word ‘FLOW’}

(e) G = {x : x = n2, when n ∈ N}

H = {x : x = 4n, when n ∈ W n < 5}

11. If P = {1, 2, 3} Q = {2, 3, 4} R = {3, 4, 5} S = {4, 5, 6}, find

(b) P ∪ R

(c) Q ∪ R

(d) Q ∪ S

(e) P ∪ Q ∪ R

(f) P ∪ Q ∪ S
(g) Q ∪ R ∪ S

(h) P ∩ Q

(i) P ∩ R

(j) Q ∩ R

(k) Q ∩ S

(l) P ∩ Q ∩ R

(m) P ∩ Q ∩ S

(n) Q ∩ R ∩ S

12. If A = {a, b, c, d} B = {b, c, d, e} C = {c, d, e, f} D = {d, e, f,

(a) A - B

(b) B - C

(c) C - D

(d) D - A

(e) B - A

(f) C - B

(g) D - C

(h) A - D

13. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
Find:

(a) A'

(b) B'

(c) A' ∪ B'

(d) A' ∩ B'

(e) (A ∪ B)'

Also show (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'.

14. Find the complement of the following sets if universal set is the
set of natural numbers.

(a) {x : x is a prime number}

(b) {x : x is a multiple of 2}

(c) {x : x is a perfect cube}

(d) {x : x ≥ 10}

(e) {x : x Є N, 5x + 1 > 20}

(f) {x : x is an odd natural number}

15. If U = {a, b, c, d, e, f} find the complement of the following.

(a) A = { }

(b) B = {c, d, f}

(c) D = {a, b, c, d, e, f}

(d) C = {a, b, d}

(e) E = {b, c}

(f) F = {a, c, f}
16. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and A = {2, 3, 6}, find

(a) A ∪ A'

(b) ∅ ∩ A

(c) A ∩ A'

(d) U' ∩ A
17. Let P = {1, 3, 5, 7} Q = {3, 7, 9, 11} R = {1, 5, 8, 11}, then
verify the following.

(a) P ∪ Q = Q ∪ P

(b) (P ∪ Q) ∪ R = P ∪ (Q ∪ R)

(c) P ∩ Q = Q ∩ P

(d) (P ∩ Q) ∩ R = P ∩ (Q ∩ R)

(e) P ∪ (Q ∩ R) = (P ∪ Q) ∩ (P ∪ R)

(f) P ∩ (Q ∪ R) = (P ∩ Q) ∪ (P ∩ R)

Worksheet on Operation on Sets

18. Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, A = {a, c, f , g}, B = {f, g, b, d}

Verify:

(a) (A ∪ B)' = (A' ∩ B')

(b) (A ∩ B)' = (A' ∪ B')

(i) A

(ii) B

(iii) A

(iv) B'

(v) A ∪ B

(vi) A ∩ B

(vii) (A ∪ B)'

(viii) (A ∩ B)'

(ix) A - B

(x) B - A

(xi) ξ
Solved Question on De Morgan's Law
Question 1: Given that U = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 7} and B = {2, 3, 9}.
Prove De Morgan's Second Law.
Solution:
U = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 7} and B = {2, 3, 9}
To Prove: (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
(A ∩ B) = {2}
(A ∩ B)' = U - (A ∩ B) = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9} - {2}
(A ∩ B)' = {3, 7, 8, 9}
A' = U - A = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9} - {2, 7}
A' = {3, 8, 9}
B' = U - B = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9} - {2, 3, 9}
B' = {7, 8}
A' ∪ B' = {3, 8, 9} ∪ {7, 8}
A' ∪ B' = {3, 7, 8, 9}
(A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
Question 2: Given that U = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}, A = {1, 9} and B = {4, 6, 9}.
Prove De Morgan's First Law.
Solution:
U = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}, A = {1, 9} and B = {4, 6, 9}
To Prove: (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
(A ∪ B) = {1, 4, 6, 9}
(A ∪ B)' = U - (A ∪ B) = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} - {1, 4, 6, 9}
(A ∪ B)' = {8}
A' = U - A = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} - {1, 9}
A' = {4, 6, 8}
B' = U - B = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} - {4, 6, 9}
B' = {1, 8}
A' ∩ B' = {4, 6, 8} ∩ {1, 8}
A' ∩ B' = {8}
(A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
Hence Proved
Question 3: Simplify the Boolean Expression: Y = [(A + B).C]'
Solution:
Y = [(A + B).C]'
Applying De Morgan's law (A . B)' = A' + B'
Y = (A + B)' + C'
Applying De Morgan's law (A + B)' = A'. B'
Y = A'. B' + C'
Question 4: Simplify the Boolean Expression: X = [(A + B)' + C]'
Solution:
X = [(A + B)' + C]'
Applying De Morgan's law (A + B)' = A'. B'
X = [(A + B)']' . C'
X = (A + B). C'