Matching Names
Business ideas of the future
A. The most successful entrepreneurs are those who predict the needs of the future earlier
than the competition. No new business start-up is without risk, but the benefits can be
immeasurable. Inventions such as the automobile, the internet and the iPad were all
initially met with a high degree of criticism, so it is important to maintain the belief that
anything is possible! Below are just a few of the business ideas expected to be successful
in the future.
B. Travelling to space used to be possible only for governments or large aerospace
companies. This is no longer the case, however, and several private companies have
planned tourist missions into space which are going to take place in the next few years.
Consulting firm Futron Corporation predict that the space tourism industry will be worth
$1.3 billion and have more than 25,000 customers in the next five to ten years. Space
tourism pioneer Peter Diamandis also predicts that space hotels are going to be big
business, with companies from around the world already working on such projects. Not
everyone, however, is as convinced about the prospect of space tourism. Jeffrey Jones, a
member of the Center for Space Medicine at Baylor College, warns that even a short
journey into space could cause serious health problems for tourists of average or poor
health.
C. Another idea comes from a company in New Zealand called Martin Aircraft. They have
produced the first commercially available jetpack, which they plan to start selling next year.
Initially, they will be sold to shops and cost approximately $150,000. The craft will work for
short trips only, approximately 30 minutes, and manage speeds of up to 74 kph and an
altitude of 914 m. The CEO of the company, Peter Coker, notes that, as well as being used
by the rich for pleasure, they could also be useful in search-and-rescue operations.
D. Growing meat in a laboratory is an idea which, understandably, appeals greatly to
animal rights activists. Jason Matheny, founder of the not-for-profit company New Harvest,
also feels that producing meat in this way would satisfy a growing global demand for meat.
It would also be healthier, more energy-efficient and sustainable. The Dutch scientist
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Professor Post, who served up the world's first laboratory-grown beef burger, predicts that
'cultured meat' will mean the end of traditional cattle farming within decades. Tracey
Hayes, the CEO of the Northern Territory Cattlemen's Association in Australia, admits that
although this technology could be damaging to the worldwide beef industry, it would not
affect Australia, as cattle farming is a great Australian tradition.
E. According to a recent prediction made by the United Nations, in the future, 86% of
people living in developed countries will live in cities. With this in mind, an idea called
'vertical farming' has emerged. Essentially, vertical farming comes from the belief that
cities should not rely on rural areas for food but should grow their own crops by creating
multi-storey, high- tech greenhouses. The idea for vertical farms came from the ecologist
Dickson Despommier, who turned his knowledge of parasites* into a way of looking at
cities.
F. Daniel Kluko of Green Spirit Farms predicts that software will be used to look after these
multiple farms remotely. For example, an app on a smartphone or tablet will be able to
handle the day-to-day care of crops. Kluko also believes that this use of technology will
help to keep costs to a minimum, allowing vertical farms to compete with traditional farms.
This person believes this new idea
1. could be used to save lives.
2. could be harmful.
3. is best controlled using technology.
4. would fulfil a worldwide need.
5. could have a significant impact on an existing business.
List of people
theo thứ tự
A Peter Diamandis một tên xuất ệ ề ầ
hi n nhi u l n
B Jeffrey Jones
steps:
C Peter Coker 1. find the names
2. highlight keywords trong câu h i ỏ
D Jason Matheny
ỏ ố
3. so sánh thông tin trong bài vs câu h i -> gi ng => ch n ọ
E Professor Post
F Daniel Kluko
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Practice Exercise
Exercise 1:
According to psychologist Tom Gilovich, decisions based on intuition are typically made
instantaneously, and these decisions are not always well informed or products of rational
thought. One of the easiest ways to see the problems with intuitive decision-making is to
look at the way that people act during game play. Even though everyone understands that
most games are based purely on luck, players often make wagers based on irrational
feelings.
Management consultant 'Lyndsay Swinton points out that rational deliberative decision
making, on the other hand, allows decisions to be approached with discipline so that more
appropriate outcomes can be secured. This occurs because the deliberative decision-
making process requires considering the larger ramifications of a decision rather than just
how it feels at the moment. In the end, it yields more appropriate choices with fewer
negative repercussions.
Look at the following statement (Question 1) and the list of researchers below. Match the
statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in box 1 on your answer sheet.
1. Approaching decisions with discipline leads to better results.
List of researchers
A. Tom Gilovich
B. Lyndsay Swinton
C. Robin M. Hogarth
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Exercise 2:
Although known primarily for their honey production, bees are actually more important to
human- being as pol pollinators of the staple crops that make up our diet. In fact, the
America Environmental Protection Agency claims that pollinators are responsible for
nearly one in every three bites of the food you eat. If this is true, then the fact that honeybee
numbers are dwindling should be a major cause of concern, not only for they survival but
for ours. A study carried out by Nicholas Calderone, associate professor of entomology at
Cornell University, showed that crops pollinated by honeybees and other insects
contributed 29 billion dollars of annual farm income in the United State, revealing the
extent of their importance both agriculturally and economically. This poi was emphasised
by Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, senior professor at the University of São Paulo, who
stated in a United Nations report that pollinator's health is directly linked to our own well-
being. In fact, a study by Professor Simon Potts in the UK revealed how a massive decline in
honeybee colonies has made agriculture reliant upon pollination by wild bee species,
many of which are also under threat.
Look at the following statements (Questions 1-2) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
1. The welfare of creatures that pollinate crops, such as bees, has a direct connection
to human health.
2. Agriculture has become dependent on a certain kind of bee for pollination.
List of researchers
A. Simon Potts
B. Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca
C. Nicholas Calderone
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Exercise 3:
Despite being less than 250 years old, the United States has become one of the world's
economic powerhouses. Although the country's location, vast size, and abundant natural
resources played a large role in its success these would have had little impact without
advances in the transportation industry. Until around 1800. the country relied mainly on
water-based transportation, such as ships and boats for its cargo needs. Since the country
was rather small and most early cities were on the East Coast, early Americans could
easily trade with one another and with their European trading partners using this form of
transportation. However, as the 19th century got underway, the Louisiana Purchase
doubled the size of the nation and it eventually reached the West Coast. This resulted in
vast interior areas that were not accessible by boat and therefore ended the water-based
transportation era. The problem was solved by the construction of the transcontinental rail
system, which brought the country into the land-based transportation era. The new
railways allowed large-scale shipping of large items from one coast to the other for the first
time. Later, after the invention of the automobile, highways mirrored this transcontinental
system and people could easily drive across the country on their own. These land-based
systems dominated transportation in America until the mid to late-1900s. The following
period saw the simultaneous rise of air travel and information technology. As the air-based
transportation era began, people could travel or send parcels across the country in a
matter of hours rather than days or weeks, and transferring information became
instantaneous.
Classify the following statements as referring to
List of Scientists
A. Air-based transportation era
B. Land-based transportation era
C. Water-based transportation era
[Link] speed of the postal service was reduced to less than a day.
4. A new form of travel emerged at the same time as a new technology.
5. A new system provided a way of travelling alone across the country.
6. The location of cities on one coast made trade easy.
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Exercise 4:
Step is a necessity for all animals which, according to some scientists, could reveal
something about our shared evolutionary ancestry. Because of its universality, many early
sleep researchers felt that it must have begun very early in animal evolution. However, this
view is contested by some scientists, such as Jerry Siegel of the University of California,
who suggests that the need for sleep could have developed in each species separately. "It
could be more of a case of convergent evolution, he states, suggesting that sleep "is an
adaption to an animal's environment rather than a rat inherited from a common
evolutionary ancestor, Siegel's theory is backed up by the massive variation in sleep
patterns across different species, from possums that can sleep for up to 18 hours a day, to
birds that take hundreds of short naps every day. He has also discovered that dolphins,
which are renowned for their ability to put one side of their brain to sleep at a time, have
another unique sleep pattern. After an adult dolphin gives birth, neither she nor her
offspring will sleep for an extended period of time. This practice, the opposite of what
occurs in land mammals, suggests that animals adapt their own system of sleep, rather
than inherit a universal one. Nonetheless many scientists still hope to find an overarching
theory for why all animals need sleep. Paul Shaw, a researcher at Washington University, in
St. Louis, claims that because 'sleep is costly" in terms of vulnerability to ambush from
other animals, there must be an underlying evolutionary reason for its universality. Shaw
cites sleep research pioneer Alan Rechtschaffen, who stated "If sleep doesn't serve an
absolutely vital function, it is the biggest mistake evolution ever made.'
Look at the following findings (Questions 7-8) and the list of scientists below.
Match each finding with the correct scientist, A, B or C.
7. Animals developed unique sleep habits to match their specific surroundings, rather than
inheriting a general trait.
8. The importance of sleep is evident when we consider how a sleeping animal is much
more open to attack from a predator.
List of Scientists
A. Alan Rechtschaffen
B. Paul Shaw
C. Jerry Siegel
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Exercise 5:
In nature, most animals avoid eating things that have a bitter taste. This occurs, according
to Oxford researcher J. Zhang, because bitterness often indicates toxicity. Therefore,
animals can prolong their lives by avoiding bitter foods. Using this knowledge, some
manufacturers have begun using bitter flavours to act as an animal repellent. In fact,
researcher A. L. Riley showed in his research that applying bitter compounds to objects
could train birds to avoid them. Interestingly, humans seem to have lost the aversion to
bitterness that other animals display. This can be seen through our use of bitter flavours in
commercial food production. Food manufacturers have developed 'bittering agents'
specifically to add this flavour to certain foods.
A good example of the use of these bittering agents occurs in the brewing of beer. The hops
that brewers add to their product are meant to impart a bitter flavour to balance the
sweetness of the sugars that ferment in the malt. This is also the reason that caffeine is
added to colas. When its caffeine is removed, cola is simply cloying fizzy water and must
be balanced with another bittering agent. One of these is liquid 'bitters' made from
aromatic herbs and other plant materials. These commercially available liquids are now
widely used in food and cocktail preparation, but they once had a very different use. They
were seen as health tonics. This was exactly the case with the popular 'bitters' produced by
the House of Angostura. Dr Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert developed the concoction to
ease seasickness and marketed the product to sailors. Over time, his product came to be
used to cut the sweetness of drinks such as lemonade or the Sazerac cocktail.
Look at the following statements (Questions 9-11) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.
9. developed a product to relieve a medical condition
10. explained why animals avoid food with a certain taste
11. conducted research into using bitter items to train animals
List of Scientists
A. Zhang
B. Riley
C. Siegert
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Exercise 6:
ARE PLANTS INTELLIGENT?
In the 1973 book The Secret Life of Plants, Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird reported that plants
had feelings, could read human emotions and thoughts, and had a predilection for classical music.
Their assertions generated an uproar among members of the scientific community. with many
arguing that thinking and feeling require the presence of a brain and that nothing in a plant,
internally or externally, even remotely resembles one. However, members of the reading public who
believed that their plants thrived when dealt with affectionately were quick to give their support.
Although much of the evidence in the Tompkins-Bird book has since been discredited, numerous
articles and studies claiming that plants are more than insentient organisms have since been
published.
A well-known experiment conducted by Monica Gagliano's team at the University of Western
Australia and reported in the journal Oecologia is worth mentioning. For the test, the scientists
selected the mimosa plant, which reactively folds its leaves as a natural protective adaptation
when the plant perceives danger. They came up with an apparatus with a vertical rail, which potted
mimosa plants could slide down before landing on a foam base, and then subjected a large number
of plants to the shock of being dropped from a height of about 15 centimetres.
The plants were not damaged in any way since the pots fell only a short distance onto a sott
surface, but the shock was considerable enough to cause the plants' leaves to close. But
Gagliano's team was testing for intelligence, so they were seeking more than a knee-jerk reaction
from the plants; they wanted to determine if the plants would be able to recall their experience and
even learn from it.
To test their hypothesis, they dropped the plants 60 times at intervals of a few seconds, with each
series of 60 drops being repeated a total of seven times. The team observed that toward the end of
the day, the plants' leaves stopped closing. This indicated that they had
"adjusted' to their experience and no longer perceived falling to be a threat. The plants were then let
undisturbed for nearly a week before being again subiscied to the lest. This lime. some of the
mimosa plants did not fold their leaves at all in response to the drop, while others stopped closing
their leaves after only a couple of drops. Gagliano reasoned that the plans had a recollection of
what had happened in the prior experiment, and postulated they had somelhing akin to memory.
Gagliano's research, which was heavily publicised, was criticised for conflating learning' with
adapting. Fred Sack, a botanist at the Universily of British Columbia, suggested that the distinction
was very clear; plants evolve, animals learn.
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Another study putting forward the idea that plants can think' focused on the way trees are able to
organise themselves. Suzanne Simard, a forest ecologist at the University of British Columbia,
discovered how trees in a forest arrange themselves in widely distributed networks in a manner that
allows the trees to share resources and protect fellow trees. They injected the trees with a
radioactive carbon and followed the flow of nutrients and chemical signals through the community
with a Geiger counter. A diagram they made of these movements showed that the oldest trees
served as hubs and had as many as 47 connections to other trees. The diagram, they said, looked
like an airline route map. Through the networks, the trees may share information about gravity,
moisture, light, pressure, volume, gases, salts, microbes and potential danger, and plants receiving
the information may change the direction of their growth, restrain their growth, or pass on warnings
to other plants.
Still, sceptics of plant intelligence find ammunition in the bizarre pseudoscientific experiments that
abound, such as the one done on a carrot tied down to an examining table by the respected
botanist and biologist Sir Jagandish Chandra Bose. Bose, after noting that a machine connected to
the carrot registered 'twitches, starts and tremors', concluded, 'Thus can science reveal the feelings
of even so stolid a vegetable as the carrot.' Even more provocative was the work of Cleve Backster, a
former CIA operative turned lie detector instructor, who connected a polygraph machine to a leaf of
the houseplant in his office. Backster found out that when he deliberately thought about setting the
plant on fire, the machine registered a surge of activity.
This led him to the conclusion that not only can plants think, but they can also read minds. In
another experiment, he recruited five volunteers and instructed one of them to root up, stomp on,
and destroy one of two plants in a room. Later, Backster allowed the volunteers to enter, one by
one, and claimed that polygraph metre 'went wild' when the perpetrator entered the room, leading
him to declare that the surviving plant had identified the killer.
Regardless of whether plants are insightful or merely responding to environmental stimuli in a more
primitive manner, the experimental evidence supports the idea that plants, like animals, are
capable of habituation. But does this mean plants have brains? Words such as feel, perceive, learn,
and remember are typically used for creatures with brains, and supporters must show that a brain,
along with its neurons and synapses, is not necessary for knowledge.
Stefano Mancuso, a leading figure in the field of 'plant neurobiology', states that 'if you are a plant,
having a brain is not an advantage', and therefore we should stop thinking in terms of brain
responses when it comes to plant intelligence. Thus, adherents like Mancuso continue to conduct
research in hopes of one day conclusively proving that other ways of processing stimuli and
information, such as with special cells and cell networks, and electrical or chemical signals, are
indeed clear indicators of some form of intelligence among plants.
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Questions 1-6
Look at the following statements (Questions 1-6) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.
NB You may use any letter more than once
1. Plant adaptation should not be confused with learning.
2. Trees position themselves to promote sharing and protection.
3. Plants can identify someone who had done a violent act.
4. Plants' recall of events in a previous experiment suggests some form of memory.
5. It is misleading to think of plant intelligence in terms of brains.
6. Plants can understand people's thoughts.
List of People
A. Suzanne Simard
B. Cleve Backster
C. Stefano Mancuso
D. Monica Gagliano
E. Fred Sack
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Testing for Intelligence in Plants
Monica Gagliano's team set out to test the intelligence of plants through their responses to danger.
They chose the mimosa plant because it has developed an 7................... through which it counters
threats by folding its leaves. The team tested this by pushing the plants down a 8................... The
fall was not harmful, but the plants did fold their leaves when they were dropped.
However, Gagliano's team was focused on the question of intelligence, and did not want to simply
test the plant's immediate 9................... This exercise was therefore repeated to see if the plants
would recollect their 10................... and understand that it was not harmful. Eventually the plant's
leaves stopped closing, allowing Gagliano to conclude that the plants had learned that this was not
a danger.
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