LECTURE NOTES ON

MTH 1304: Calculus and Its

Applications

YUMSUK, Kano

©2015
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Course Outline

Hours Theme Week

Functions of a Real Variable, Graphs,

6 1,2
Limits and Continuity

3 Derivative as a Limit of Rate of Change 3

9 Differentiation 4,5,6
3 REVIEW 1 7
1 TEST 1 8
2 Extreme Curve Sketching 8
Integration as an Inverse of
2 9
Differentiation
7 Methods of Integration 9,10,11
4 Definite Integrals 12,13
5 Applications to Areas and Volumes 13,14

2 REVIEW 2 15

1 TEST 2 15
 2

PART 1: Functions of a Real Variable, Graphs, Limits

and Continuity
Yusuf Ya’u Gambo

1.1 Real-Valued Functions

The amount of money Musa makes depends on the number of days he

works. The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation
above sea level. The speed of a moving object depends on the distance
it travelled and the time taken. In the first two cases (examples), the
value of one variable quantity, which could be called �, depends on the
value of another variable quantity, which could be called �. Since the
value of � is completely determine by the value of �, we say that � is a
function of � and � is called the dependent variable while � is called the
independent variable. Moreover, these first two cases are examples of a
function of one variable while the third case is an example of a function
of two variables.

The set of all possible input values for the number of days Musa works
in the above example is called the domain of the function while the set
of all output values of the money he makes is the range of the function.
Functions whose domains and ranges are sets of real numbers are
called real-valued functions of a real variable.

Functions are often represented pictorially as

� �

� �(�)

Fig. 1.1

Same situation can also be represented with the notations

�: � ⟶ �; � ⟶ � � ; � = �(�)
which indicates that � is a function that takes elements of the set � to
elements of the set � according to the rule � ∈ � maps to �(�) ∈ �.

Example 1
Given a function � of real numbers � defined by � � = 4� 3 − � − 1,
evaluate � at input values 3, 1, 4 − �, �(1).
 3

Solution
� 3 = 4 3 3 − 3 − 1 =− 1
� 1 =4 1 3−1 −1= 7
� 4−� =4 4−� 3− 4−� −1
= 16 − 4� 3 − 4 + � − 1
= 16 − 4� � − 1 − 1
= 16� − 16 − 4�2 + 4� − 1
= 20� − 4�2 − 17
� �(1) = � 7 = 4 7 3 − 7 − 1 =− 113

Interval
A subset of real line is called interval if it contains at least two
numbers and contains all the real numbers lying between any
two of its elements. For instance, the set of all real numbers �
such that −1 < � < 9 , 2 ≤ � ≤ 7 and 4 ≤ � are all intervals. An
interval is said to be closed if it contains both of its endpoints,
half open if it contains one endpoint but not the other, and open
if it contains neither endpoint. The endpoints are also called
boundary points; they make up the interval’s boundary. The
remaining points of the interval are interior points.

Table 1.1

Notation Description Graph

(�, �) �<�<� � �

(�, �] �<�≤� � �
Finite
[�, �) �≤�<� � �
[�, �] �≤�≤� � �
(�, ∞) �<�<∞ �
[�, ∞) �≤�<∞ �
Infinite ( − ∞, �] −∞ < � ≤ � �
( − ∞, �) −∞ < � < � �
( − ∞, ∞) −∞ < � < ∞

When a function � = �(�) is defined and the domain is not stated

explicitly, then the domain is assumed to be the largest set of �-values
 4
that produce the real � -values. This is known as the natural domain.
For example, given the function
1
�=
�−1
It is clear that all real values of � except for � = 1 produce real values of
� . Thus, the natural domain of the function is the entire set of real
numbers excluding the point where � = 1, i.e. ( − ∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞). As for
1
the range, observe that �−1 can produce all real numbers except 0 for all
�-values. Therefore the range of the function is ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).

Example 2
Find the natural domains and ranges of the functions
1
a) � = �2 − 9 b) � = 1 − � c) �(�) = �.

Solution
�) −∞, − 3 ∪ 3, ∞ ; [0, ∞)
b) −∞, 1 ; [0, ∞)
c) −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ ; −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ .

Example 3
1
Given that � = and that 4 ≤ ℎ ≤ 100, find the range of the function.
ℎ

Solution
The range is 0.1,0.5 .

Sums, Differences, Products and Quotients

If � and � are functions, then for every � that belongs to the domains of
both � and �, we define functions � + �, � − �, �� and �/� by
�+� � =� � +� �
�−� � =� � −� �
�� � = � � . � �
� � �
� = where � � ≠ 0
� � �
�� � = �� � where � is any real constant

Example 4
Given that � � = 1 − 3� and � � = 4� + 5, find � + �,
� − �, ��, 4�, − 2� and �/ −2� .
 5

Solution
�+� � = 1 − 3� + 4� + 5 = 6 + �
�−� � = 1 − 3� − 4� + 5 =− 4 − 7�
�� � = 1 − 3� 4� + 5 = 5 − 11� − 12�2
4� � = 4 1 − 3� = 4 − 12�
−2� � =− 2 4� + 5 =− 8� − 10
� 1 − 3� 1 − 3�
� = =
−2� −8� − 10 −8� − 10

Composite Functions
Composite functions are another way of combining functions. If � and
� are two functions, then the composite function � ∘ � is defined as
� ∘ � � = � �(�)

Example 5
1
Given that � � = � and � � = 1 − � , find � ∘ � � , � ∘ � � and
�∘� � .

Solution
1
�∘� � =� � � =� 1−� =
1−�
1 1
�∘� � =� � � =� = 1−
� �
1 1
�∘� � =� � � =� = =�
� 1
�

1.2 Graphs of Functions

The graph of a function � is the graph of the equation � = �(�) . It

consists of the points in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates (�, �)
are input-output pairs for �.

Note that not every curve you draw is the graph of a function. A
function � can have only one value �(�) for each � in its domain, thus
no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once.
This is why a circle cannot be the graph of a function since vertical
lines intersect the circle twice as shown below.

�2 + �2 = 4
 6

Example 6
Draw the graph of the function � = �2 − � − 2 for −3 ≤ � ≤ 3.

Solution
Plot a sufficient number of points within the given range of values of �
as in the following table.

� -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
� = �2 − �
10 4 0 -2 -2 0 4
−2

The Computation
� = �2 − � − 2,
2
For � =− 3, � = −3 − −3 − 2 = 10
2
For � =− 2, � = −2 − −2 − 2 = 4 and so on.
 7

Below are the graphs of several functions frequently encountered in

calculus. It is a good idea to learn the shapes of these graphs so that
you can recognize them or sketch them when the need arises.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 1.3: Graph of � = �2 − � − 2

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k)

Fig. 1.4

Even Functions and Odd Functions

A function � = �(�) is even if � −� = �(�) for every number � in the
domain of �. This implies both � and −� must be in the domain of �.
Thus, the function � � = �2 is even since � −� = −� 2 = �2 = �(�).
 8
The graph of an even function � = �(�) is symmetric about the �-axis
(Fig. 1.4 (a) and (f)).

A function � = �(�) is odd if � −� =− �(�) for every � in the domain

of �. Again, both � and −� must lie in the domain of �. The function
� � = �3 is odd since � −� = −� 3 =− �3 =− �(�). The graph of an
odd function � = �(�) is symmetric about the origin (Fig. 1.4 (b), (c)
and (e)).

Piecewise Functions
Sometimes a function uses different formulas on different parts of its
domain. One example is the absolute value function
�, �≥0
� =
−�, � < 0,
whose graph is given in Fig. 1.4 (f).

Example 7
Graph the function
�2 , �≤1
� � =
6 − �, �>1

Solution

Example 8
Find a formula for the following function graphed
 9

�(�)

�
0 1 2 3 4

−1

Fig 1.2

Solution
2, 0 ≤ � < 1, 2 ≤ � < 3

� � = −1, 1≤�<2

0, 3≤�≤4

1.3 Limits

Definition: Let �(�) be defined on an open interval about �0 , except possible

at �0 itself. If �(�) gets arbitrary close to a number � ∀�
sufficiently close to �0 , we say that � approaches the limit � as �
approaches �0 , written as
lim �(�) = �
�→�0

Example 9
a) Given the identity function � � = �, the
lim �(�) = �
�→�
Thus,
lim � = 9; lim � =− 2
�→9 �→−2

b) Given the constant function � � = �, then

lim �(�) = �
�→�
Thus,
lim 13 = 13
�→4

Rules for Finding Limits

If lim �(�) = � and lim �(�) = � where � and � are real numbers, then
�→� �→�
 10
1. lim � � + �(�) = � + � Sum Rule
�→�
2. lim � � − �(�) = � − � Difference Rule
�→�
3. lim � � . �(�) = �� Product Rule
�→�
4. lim ��(�) = �� Constant Multiple Rule
�→�
5. lim � � /�(�) = �/�, �≠0 Quotient Rule
�→�
6. lim � � �/�
= ��/� , �, � ∈ ℤ Power Rule
�→�

Some Theorems
1. Limits of polynomials are evaluated by direct substitution.

Example 10
lim 1 − 2� + 10�2 = lim 1 − lim 2� + lim 10�2
�→−6 �→−6 �→−6 �→−6
= lim 1 − 2 lim � + 10 lim �2
�→−6 �→−6 �→−6
= 1 − 2 −6 + 10 −6 2
= 373
2. Limits of rational functions are evaluated by direct substitution
provided the limit of the denominator is not zero.

Example 11
Evaluate
3�4 − �2 + 8
lim
�→2 �3 − 7

Solution
Recalling that lim � = � and lim � = �, and combining some rules given
�→� �→�
above, we obtain
lim 3�4 = 3 lim �4 = 3 2 4
= 48
�→2 �→2
lim �2 = 2 2
=4
�→2
lim 8 = 8
�→2
lim �3 = 2 3
=8
�→2
lim 7 = 7
�→2
Therefore
3�4 − �2 + 8 48 − 4 + 8 52
lim = = = 52
�→2 �3 − 7 8−7 1

Example 12
Evaluate
�2 + 8 − 1
lim
�→−1 �+2
 11

Solution
�2 + 8 − 1 −1 2 + 8 − 1 9−1
lim = = =2
�→−1 �+2 −1 + 2 1

Limits of Rational Functions in which the Limit of the Denominator

is Zero
1. Cancelling a Common Factor

Example 13
Evaluate
�2 − 5� + 6
lim
�→3 �2 − 3�

Solution

�2 − 5� + 6 �2 − 3� − 2� + 6
=
�2 − 3� �2 − 3�
� �−3 −2 �−3
=
� �−3
�−3 �−2
=
� �−3
�−2
=
�
2
� − 5� + 6 �−2 3−2 1
∴ lim 2 = lim = =
�→3 � − 3� �→3 � 3 3

2. Creating and Cancelling a Common Factor

Example 14
Evaluate
�−4
lim
�→16 � − 16

Solution
�−4 �−4 �+4 � − 16 1
= × = =
� − 16 � − 16 �+4 � − 16 �+4 �+4
�−4 1 1 1
∴ lim = lim = =
�→16 � − 16 �→16 � + 4 16 + 4 8

The Sandwich Theorem

Suppose that �(�) ≤ �(�) ≤ ℎ(�) in some open interval containing �
except possibly at � = � itself. Moreover, if
lim �(�) = lim ℎ(�) = �
�→� �→�
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Then
lim �(�) = �
�→�

Example 15
Given that 4 − 2�2 ≤ �(�) ≤ 4 cos �, find lim �(�).
�→0

Solution

lim 4 − 2�2 = 4 − 2 0 2
=4
�→0
lim 4 cos � = 4 cos 0 = 4
�→0
∴ lim �(�) = 4
�→0

1.4 Continuity

Definition: A function � is said to be continuous at a point � = � of its

domain if
lim �(�) = �(�)
�→�

Example 16
1
The function � � = �−2 is continuous at every point on the domain [ −
1,1] while the same function isn’t continuous on the whole ℝ.

Some discontinuities are removable. For example,

�2 − 2� + 1
� � =
�(� − 1)
is discontinuous at � = 0 and � = 1. However, the discontinuity at � =
1 can be removed as follows:
�2 − 2� + 1 �−1 2 �−1
= =
� �−1 � �−1 �
�2 − 2� + 1 �−1
∴ lim = lim =0
�→1 �(� − 1) �→1 �

Functions can have a jump discontinuity. For Example

The step function
0, �<0
�� =
�, �≥0
 13

�
0

Some functions can have infinite discontinuity. Example

1
� � =
�2
�

�
0

Rules of Continuity
If the functions � and � are continuous at � = �, then the following functions
are continuous at � = �:
a) � + � and � − � b) �� c) �� where � is any real number
�/�
d) �/� �(�) ≠ 0 e) � � .

Theorem: Every polynomial is continuous at every point of the real line.

Every rational function is continuous at every point where its denominator is
different from zero.

Example 17
The function � � = 1 − 4�2 + �3 is continuous ∀� ∈ ℝ. However,
1 − 4�2 + �3
� � =
�(� − 1)(�2 + 3)
is continuous only at where � ≠ 0 and � ≠ 1.

Theorem: If � is continuous at � , and � is continuous at �(�) , then � ∘ � is

continuous at �.
 14
Example 18
5
Given that � � = 2�−1 and � � = � defined on the domain [0,2] . Is � ∘ �
continuous at � = 1?

Solution
Since
5
lim �(�) = =5
�→1 2 1 −1
and
lim �(�) = 1 = 1,
�→1
it implies � � and � � are continuous at � = 1 . Thus, � ∘ � continuous at
� = 1.
PART 2; A. S. Kutama
THE DERIVATIVES, AS LIMIT OF RATE OF CHANGE
The derivative of a function measures the rate at which the function changes.
2.1 Definition;
The derivative of a function f with respect to the variable x is the function f ′ whose
value at x is
� �+ℎ −�(�)
f ′ (x) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

provided the limit exists.

If f ′ (x) exists, we say that f has a derivative (is differentiable) at x. This is called
the first principle.
Notation;
There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function y = f (x). Besides f ′ (x)
we have

, �� ��,
�� �
y′, �(�), �� � and �.
�� ��
Steps for calculating f ′ (x) from the definition of derivative
1. Write expressions for f (x) and f (x + h)
2. Expand and simplify the difference quotient
� � + ℎ − �(�)
.
ℎ
3. Using the simplified quotient, find f ′ (x) by evaluating the limit
� �+ℎ −�(�)
f ′ (x) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Remark: The process of calculating a derivative is called differentiation.

Example 1. Differentiate the following functions
a) y = mx + d
1
b) y = �
2�
c) f(x)= �−1, and where does the curve y = f (x) have slope -1, 2 or 4.
Solution;
Using the above steps, we can solve the problems as follows
a) Given y = mx + d then the steps will be as
1th, f(x) = mx + d and f(x + h) = m(x + h) + d
� �+ℎ −�(�) m �+ℎ + d−(m(�) + d) mx+mh+ d−m�− d)
2nd, . = =
ℎ ℎ ℎ
�ℎ
= ℎ
= m.
� �+ℎ −�(�)
3rd, f ′ (x) = lim ℎ
= lim � = m
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

∴ f ′ (x) = m.
1
b) Given y = � we have
1 1
1th, f(x) = � and f(x+h) = �+ℎ
1 1 �−(�+ℎ) �−�−ℎ −ℎ
� �+ℎ −�(�) − �+ℎ � �+ℎ � �+ℎ � −1
2nd, . = �+ℎ �
= = = =
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ (�+ℎ)�

� �+ℎ −�(�) −1 −1 −1
3rd, f ′ (x) = lim = lim = (�+0)� =
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 (�+ℎ)� �2

−1
∴ f ′ (x) = �2
2� 2(�+ℎ)
c) Given f(x)= �−1 then f(x + h)= (�+ℎ)−1
2(�+ℎ) 2� 2�+2ℎ �−1 −2�(�+ℎ−1)
Therefore f(x + h)- f(x)= - �−1 =
(�+ℎ)−1 (�+ℎ−1)(�−1)
−2ℎ
= (�+ℎ−1)(�−1)
� �+ℎ −�(�) −2ℎ 1
then, f ′ (x) = lim = lim ×
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 (�+ℎ−1)(�−1) ℎ

−2 −2 −2
= lim = = (�−1)2
ℎ→0 (�+ℎ−1)(�−1) (�+0−1)(�−1)

−2
∴ f ′ (x) = (�−1)2
 The curve y = f(x) will have a slope -1 when f ′ (x) = -1 at a point x, that is
−2
f ′ (x) = (�−1)2 = -1

i.e. -2 = - (x-1)2, then (x-1) = 2

therefore x = 2 + 1= 2.414
Example 2
a) Find the derivative of y = 2 � ,for x>0
b) Find the tangent line to the curve y = 2 � ,at x=2
Solution;
a) Given y = 2 � , x>0
then f(x) = 2 � and f(x + h) = 2 � + ℎ

� �+ℎ −�(�) 2 �+ℎ−2 �

therefore . =
ℎ ℎ

2 �+ℎ+ � 2 �+ℎ −� 2 ℎ
= ( � + ℎ − �) × = × = ×
ℎ �+ℎ+ � ℎ �+ℎ+ � ℎ �+ℎ+ �

2
= �+ℎ+ �

� �+ℎ −�(�) 2 2 2 1
And f ′ (x) = lim = lim = =2 =
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 �+ℎ+ � �+0+ � � �
1
∴ f ′ (x) = �

b) To find the tangent line to the curve y = 2 � at x=2,

1 1
Our slope will be f ′ (x) = = and from the function we have y = 2 2
� 2
at x=2.
�−�0 1 �−2 2
Now using m= , we have = that is
�−�0 2 �−2
x-2= 2 (� − 2 2) then x-2= 2 � − 4
1
therefore, the tangent line will be y = � − 2.
2
2.2 Interval Differentiation
One-sided Derivatives;
A function y = f (x) is differentiable on an interval (finite or infinite) if it has a
derivative at each point of the interval. It is differentiable on a closed interval[a , b]
if it is differentiable on the interior (a , b) and if the limits
� �+ℎ −�(�)
lim+
ℎ
Right-hand derivative at a and
ℎ→0
� �+ℎ −�(�)
lim−
ℎ
Left-hand derivative at b
ℎ→0

exists at the endpoints.

A function y = f (x) is said to be differentiable at a point if and only if it has Left-
hand and Right-hand derivatives at the point and they are all equal.
Example 3
The function y = |x| is differentiable on the intervals (-∞ , 0) and (0 , ∞) but has no
derivative at x = 0.
In this case the Right-hand derivative will be on the interval (0 , ∞) which is
� � � �
��
(|�|) = �� (�) = �� (1� + 0) = 1, ∵ �� (�� + �) = m

and the Left-hand derivative will be on the interval (-∞ , 0) that is

� � �
(|�|) = ( − �) = ( − 1� + 0) = -1
�� �� ��

To justify that the function has no derivative at x = 0 let us find the one-sided
derivatives at the point.
Right hand,
|0+ℎ|−|0| (0+ℎ)−(0) ℎ
f ′ (x) = f ′ (0) = lim+ = lim+ = = 1, ∵ |h| = h, when h ˃ 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ

Left hand,
|0+ℎ|−|0| |ℎ| −ℎ
f ′ (x) = f ′ (0) = lim− = lim− = = -1, ∵ |h| = -h, when h ˂ 0 Since
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ
the one-sided derivatives are not the same, the function has no derivative at
x = 0.
Theorem 1
If a function f has a derivative at x = c , then f is continuous at x = c.
Proof;
Given that f ′ (c) exists, to prove the theorem, we must show that
lim � � = �(�), or, equivalently, that lim � � + ℎ = �(�)
�→� ℎ→0

Now, if h ≠ 0,
� �+ℎ −� �
then, � � + ℎ = � � + � � + ℎ − � � = �(�) + ×h
ℎ
by taking limit on both sides we have
� �+ℎ −� �
lim � � + ℎ = lim � � + lim × lim ℎ =
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

�(�) + f ′ (x) × 0 = �(�)

∴ lim � � + ℎ = �(�)
ℎ→0

hence proved.
Theorem 2: Intermediate value property of Derivatives
If a and b are any two points in an interval on which f is differentiable then f ′ takes
on any value between f ′(a) and f ′(b).
EXERCISES 1
a) Using first principles, find the derivatives of the functions below. Then find
the values of the derivatives as specified
1. � � = (� − 1)2 + 10, f ′(-1), f ′(0), f ′(1).
2
2. � � = 8 − 2� , f ′(-3), f ′(0), f ′(1).
1−�
3. � � = 2�2
, g ′(-1), g ′(2), g ′( 2).
4. � � = 6� − 2, r ′(0), r ′(1), r ′(1 2).
5. � � = 2�3 , f ′(0), f ′(-1), f ′(-2).
1
6. � � = � − �
, v ′(1), v ′(0), v ′(-1).
1
7. � � = 3�−2
, z ′(0), z ′(3), z ′(5).

b) Differentiate the following functions and find the slope of the tangent line at
the given value of the independent variable
3
1) � � = � + 2�
, x = -2, x =1, x =3
 1
2) � � = 2+�
, x = 2, x =1, x =-1
3 2
3) � � = � − � , t = -1, t =1, t = 2 3
4) � � = (� + 1)3 , x = -2, x = -1 2, x =1
c) Differentiate the following functions. Then find the equation of the tangent
line at the indicated point
8
1) � � = �−2
, (x , y) = (6 , 4) , (3 , 5) , (4 , 3)
2) � � = 1 + 4 − � , (t , w) = (3 , 2) , (3 , -5) , (2 , 3)
d) At which point(s) does each of the following functions has no derivatives
1) | x - 1|
2) | x + 1|
3) | 2x - 3|
4) | 2x + 3|
5) | �2 − 4|
6) | 2�2 − 18|
2.3 Alternative Formula
An alternative formula for calculating Derivative at a point, say c, is given as
� � −�(�)
f ′ (c) = lim
�→� �−�

Example 4, Calculate the derivative of � � = �2 + 5 at a point c = 2.

Solution; Given the function � � = �2 + 5 and the point c = 2 then
� � = � 2 = (2)2 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
� � −�(�) �2 +5−9 �2 −4 (�+2)(�−2)
Now, = = = = �+2
�−� �−2 �−2 �−2

Therefore, using the formula we have

� � −�(2)
f ′ (2) = lim = lim (� + 2) = 2+2 = 4
�→2 �−2 �→2

∴ f ′ (2) = 4

EXERCISES 2
Use the alternative formula to find the derivatives of the functions below at the
given values of c
1
1. � � = �+2
, c = -1, c =1, c =3
1
2. � � = (�−1)2
, c = 2, c =-2, c =5
�2
3. � � = , c = 3, c =1, c =0
�−1
4. � � = 1 + � , c = 3, c =-1, c =2
5. h(x) = �2 + 2� , c = 0, c =1.5, c =3
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

Rules for calculating Derivative

If f, g and h are differentiable functions with f = U and g = V, the following
rules are valid:
� � �
1. ��
� � +� � =
��
� � +
��
� � = �' + �'

(Addition rule)
� � �
2. ��
� � −� � =
��
� � −
��
� � = �' − �'

(Subtraction rule)
� �
3. ��
� � =�
��
� � = ��' where c is constant

(Constant Multiple rule)

� � � �� ��
4. ��
� � �(�) = � �
��
� � +� �
��
� � =�
��
+�
��

(Product rule)
�� ��
� � � � −� ��' −��'
5. = �� ��
= �� � ≠ 0
�� � � �2 �2

(Quotient rule)

6. �� � = � � ��� � = � � �ℎ��
�� �� �� ��
= . = �' � = �' � � . �' (�)
�� �� �� ��
(Chain rule)
Derivative of a Constant Function
If ƒ has the constant value f(x) = c, then
�� �
= �� � = 0
��

1
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

Power Rule for Positive and Negative Integers

If n is a positive integer, then
�� �
= �� �� = ���−1 . n a non-zero integer
��

Exercises;

In each of the following, find the first and second derivatives

1. 2
2. �
3. �3
4. − �2 + 3
5. 6�2 − 10� − 5�−2
4�3
6. −�
3
4
7. � =−2�−1 + �2

In Exercises 08–11, find (a) by applying the Product Rule and (b) by
multiplying the factors to produce a sum of simpler terms to differentiate.

1
8. �2 + 1 �+1+
�

9. 3 − �2 �3 − � + 1
10. � − 1 �2 + � + 1
1 1
11. � + � �− +1
�

Find the derivatives of the functions in Exercises 12–17.

�2 −1
12.� � = �2+�−2
�−1
13.� � = �+1

1+�+4 �
14.� =
�

2
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

1
15.� =
�2 −1 �2 +�+1

�+1 �+2
16.� = �−1 �−2
5�+1
17.� = 2 �

Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential Rule
Recall that an exponential function may be written in the form ��� ,where
a and b are constants and b is positive and not equal to 1. Since the
variable of an exponential function is in the exponent, the Power Rule
cannot be used to find the derivative of this type of function.
The derivative of a function � � = �� is given by;
�' � = ln � ��

Example: Find the derivative of the following

1. � � = 2� .
2. � � = 3. 4� .
2 +�
3. � � = 3� .
Derivative of ��
� �
�� = ln � . �� � = ��
�� ��

Generalized Exponential Rule

Generally, if � = � � , �ℎ� ���������� �� � �������� � � = �� �� ����� ��

�' � = ln � �� �' , �� � = �, �ℎ� ����� ���������� �� �' � = �� �'

2
Example: find the derivative of ��
Solution:
3
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

��
��� � = �2 ,
= 2�
��
�� �� �� 2 � 2
⟹ = . = �� �2 = 2���
�� �� �� ��
Logarithmic Rule
The derivative of � = ln � is given by;
� 1
ln � =
�� �

Generally, if � � = ln � , � = �(�) then

�� � �� 1 �� 1
= ln � = × = �'
�� �� �� � �� �

Derivative of General Logarithmic Function

ln �
Recall that log� � =
ln �

Since ln � is constant, it implies that

� ln � 1 � 1 1 1
= ln � = × =
�� ln � ln � �� ln � � � ln �
ln �
In general, given � � = log� � , � = � � , log� � = where u is
ln �
differentiable function of �, by chain rule

� � ln � 1 � ��
log� � = = . ln � .
�� �� ln � ln � �� ��
1 1 �� 1 ��
= . . = .
ln � � �� uln � ��

Example: Find the derivative of

1. log10 (2 + sin � )

Solution;
��
Let � = 2 + sin � , ��
= cos �

4
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

ln �
⟹ � = log10 � =
ln 10
�� � ln � 1 1 1
= = × =
�� �� ln 10 ln 10 � � ln 10

By chain rule,

�� �� �� 1 cos �
⟹ = × = × cos � =
�� �� �� 2 + sin � ln 10 (2 + sin � ) ln 10

2. � = log2 (2 + tan 2� )

Solution
��
Let � = 2 + tan 2� ⟹ �� = 2���2 (2�)

Using the above general formula, we have

�� 1 �� 1 2
2���2 (2�)
= × = × 2��� 2� =
�� uln � �� (2 + tan 2� ) ln 2 (2 + tan 2� ) ln 2

Exercises:

Derivative of Trigonometry function

Example: Determine the derivative of the following trigonometry function

1. � = sin � 2. � = cos � 3. � = tan �

4. � = sec � 5. � = cot � 6. � = ������

Recall the following identities

If A and B are two angles, then:

a) sin � + � = ��� ���� � + ��� ���� �

b) sin � − � = ��� ���� � − ��� ���� �

5
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

c) cos � + � = ��� ���� � − ��� ���� �

d) cos � − � = ��� ���� � + ��� ���� �

Solution

Using the first principle,

� � + ℎ − �(�)
�' � = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1. � = ��� � ⟹ � � + ℎ = sin � + ℎ and from the first identity above,

implies
� � + ℎ = sin � + ℎ = ��� � cos ℎ + cos � ��� ℎ − ��� �
1
⟹ �' � = lim ��� � cos ℎ + cos � ��� ℎ − ��� �
ℎ⟶0 ℎ
��� �( cos ℎ − 1) sin ℎ
= lim + ���� lim = 0 + ��� � × 1
ℎ⟶0 ℎ ℎ⟶0 ℎ
= ��� �
⟹ �' = ��� �
2. � = ��� �, also using the third identity above, implies
� � + ℎ = cos � + ℎ = ��� � sin ℎ − cos � cos ℎ
1
⟹ �' = lim −��� � sin ℎ + ��� � cos ℎ − ��� �
ℎ⟶0 ℎ
−��� � sin ℎ ��� �( cos ℎ − 1)
= lim + lim
ℎ⟶0 ℎ ℎ⟶0 ℎ
sin ℎ
=− ��� � lim + 0 =− ��� �
ℎ⟶0 ℎ
sin �
3. � = tan � = , using quotient rule
cos �
��
� = ��� � ⟹ �' = = ��� �
��
��
� = ��� � ⟹ �' = =− ��� �
��

6
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

�� ��
−� ���� � ��� � − ��� � −��� � ���2 � + ���2 �
'
⟹� = �� �� = =
�2 ���2 � ���2 �
1
= = ���2 �
���2 �
1
4. � = ��� � =
��� �
Also applying quotient rule, we have
��� � × 0 + 1 × − ��� � −��� � −1 ��� �
�' = 2 = 2 = × = ��� ���� �
��� � ��� � ��� � ��� �

Derivative of �� � ��� ��
� �
�� = �� � = ��
�� ��

Generally, if � = �� then

� ��
�' = (�� ) = �� = ��
�� ��
⟹ �� � = �2
2 � 2 2
⟹ �' = �� � = 2���
��
����, �� � = ln � then
� 1
ln � =
�� �

Generally, if � = ln � then

�� � 1 �� 1
= ln � = × =
�� �� � �� �

Derivative of General Logarithmic Function

ln �
Recall that log� � =
ln �

Since ln � is constant, therefore

7
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

� ln � 1 � 1 1 � 1
= ln � = × × � =
�� ln � ln � �� ln � � �� � ln �
ln �
In general, given � = log� � = where u is differentiable of �, by chain
ln �
rule

� � ln � 1 �
log� � = = ( ln � )
�� �� ln � ln � ��
1 1 �� 1 ��
= × × = ×
ln � � �� uln � ��

Example: Find the derivative of log10 (2 + sin � )

Solution

Let � = 2 + sin �

ln �
⟹ � = log10 � =
ln 10
��
By chain rule, �� = cos �

�� � ln � 1 1 1
= = × =
�� �� ln 10 ln 10 � � ln 10

�� �� �� 1 cos �
⟹ = × = × cos � =
�� �� �� 2 + sin � ln 10 (2 + sin � ) ln 10

2. � = log2 (2 + tan 2� )

Solution
��
Let � = 2 + tan 2� ⟹ = 2���2 (2�)
��

Using the above general formula, we have

�� 1 �� 1 2���2 (2�)
= × = × 2���2 2� =
�� uln � �� (2 + tan 2� ) ln 2 (2 + tan 2� ) ln 2

8
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

Implicit Differentiation

A function f is called an explicit function if y is expressed in terms of �, that is y

and � are on different side. But when a function is expressed such that y and �
can’t be in explicit form, then such a function is called an implicit function and
the derivative of an implicit function is called implicit differentiation.

Example: Differentiate each of the following implicitly

a) �2 + �2 = 4
b) �2 � + �2 � + 4� = 1
c) 4�2 � − 5�2 �3 + 4� = 0
d) (� + �)2 = 5

Solution

a) �2 + �2 = 4
Differentiating both sides, we have
�� ��
2� + 2� =0 ⟹ 2� =− 2�
�� ��
�� �
⟹ =−
�� �
b) �2 � + �2 � + 4� = 1
Differentiating both sides by applying product rule on the product terms,
we have
�� ��
�2 + 2�� + �2 + 2�� +4 = 0
�� ��
��
�2 + 2�� =− (�2 + 2�� + 4)
��

�� − �2 + 2�� + 4
⟹ = , � ≠ 0, � ≠ 0
�� �2 + 2��

9
MTH 1303 (Differentiation)

10