Social Sciences - it examines society and the intricate relationships among

individuals within a society.

The fields of social sciences:

- Anthropology
- Economics
- History
- Psychology
- Political science
- Geography
- Liguistics
- Sociology

Career Assistance - It is the help given to clients in exploring their career options.

Narrative Report - is a structured, factual account of events or experiences, told in

a story-like format, often for educational, business, or institutional purposes,
focusing on what happened, when, and where.

Career Orientation - It is the process or activity of matching people’s interests and

skills with the opportunities that are available in the workforce.

Clarified Thinking - Clearer Thoughts This means being able to plan your career,
set priorities, and make smart choices.

Assessment - This section provides techniques and tools used for examining
relevant factors in career planning.
Counselor - a trained professional who provides psycho-social intervention for
personal and psychological problems.

Counseling - is often confused with guidance and psychotherapy.

Applied Social Science - Larsson and Wieselgren (2013) view the social sciences as
a kind of “oxygen” in today’s globalized society. As we need oxygen to breathe, we
also need social sciences to understand and make sense of the world we are living
in that goes beyond what the natural sciences can offer to us.

Anthropologist/ Anthropology - The study of human kind.

Substance Abuse - In this setting, counselors help clients overcome different kinds
of addictions, such as drugs or illegal substances, alcohol, and gambling, among
others.

Counseling Session - A structured meeting between the counselor and client to

discuss concerns and find solutions.

Gestures
- Verbal
- Non-verbal communication such as facial expressions, eye contact, and
body language used during counseling.
Behavioral Modification - A counseling technique used to change undesirable
behavior into positive behavior.

Decision Making - The process of choosing the best option after considering
different choices.

Ethical Principles
 Ethical principles are fundamental guidelines for right and wrong behavior,
promoting core values like fairness, honesty, respect, and responsibility in
fields like science, business, and personal life. They include key examples
like Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice, helping
resolve conflicts between personal values and societal expectations.

Counseling Process
 The counseling process is a collaborative journey where a trained counselor
helps a client explore issues, gain self-understanding, and develop coping
skills in a safe space.

Bereavement counselors
 They help individuals cope with grief and emotional pain after losing a loved
one. They provide guidance, emotional support, and healthy ways to
process loss and healing.

Marriage counselors
  They assist couples in resolving conflicts and improving communication
within their relationship. They also help partners understand each other
better to build a healthier and stronger marriage.

Foster care
 It provides temporary care and protection for children who cannot live with
their biological families. Foster care ensures children receive safety,
emotional support, and proper guidance while waiting for reunification or
adoption.

Remediation
 is the process in counseling that focuses on identifying and correcting
emotional, behavioral, or psychological difficulties that hinder a client’s
well-being.

Relationship building
 in counseling is the intentional development of a trusting and supportive
connection between the counselor and the client.

Termination and follow-up in counseling

 refer to the planned and ethical process of ending the counseling
relationship and ensuring the client’s continued well-being after sessions
conclude.

Problem solving in counseling

 is a systematic process that helps clients identify, understand, and resolve
their personal difficulties in a constructive way.
School setting
 Refer to the environment where formal learning takes place, such as
classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and other areas within a school. These
settings are designed to support students’ academic, social, and personal
development through structured lessons, rules, and activities.

Community setting
 Refer to places outside the school where people interact and work together,
such as neighborhoods, barangays, churches, health centers, and local
organizations. These settings help individuals develop social responsibility,
cooperation, and civic awareness through shared experiences and
community activities.

Behavioral modification
 Focuses on helping the individual build positive habits, manage emotions
more effectively, and improve interactions with others. Through clear
expectations, consistent reinforcement, and supportive guidance, the
individual is encouraged to make meaningful and lasting changes.

Narrative report
 Reflects steady improvement in behavior and attitude, with the individual
showing increased self-awareness, cooperation, and effort toward personal
growth. Continued encouragement, structure, and positive feedback will
support ongoing development and help maintain these positive outcomes.

Individualized counseling
  One-on-one process with a trained professional (like a psychologist or social
worker) in a safe, confidential space to explore personal challenges,
emotions, and behaviors for self-understanding, growth, and developing
coping skills for issues like anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship
problems.

Peer counseling
 A support system where trained individuals with similar backgrounds
or experiences (peers) help others navigate personal, social, or academic
challenges through active listening, empathy, and shared understanding.

Protective Services in the government: protective services like social welfare,

correctional institutions, state-run rehabilitation centers,military and police where
counselors can be found provides direct counseling to abused women and
childrend-in-conflict (CICL) etc.
Private Sectors:
- There are also counselors in private clinics and in industries/companies like
Human resources (HR) department that provides independent services through
private practice. Community:
- Few Counselors that are in the community practice settings can be found in
nongovernment organizations (NGOs), schools, hospitals, rehabilitation centers,
mental health facilities, and residential care institutions where they help
people/clients namely, children, adolescents, families, and special groups such as
people with disabilities and many more.

Family Services
 - Family counseling - focuses on improving family relationships or helping the
family cope with invident-specific issues, such as death.
- Family life education - intervention to strengthen the family through
educational activities that seeks to prevent family break down.
- Family planning - assisting the planning of the family when it comes to the
time, spacing, of the births to fit with their needs.

Crisis Counseling - Provides immediate support, guidance, and coping strategies

to empower individuals to navigate through intense challenges, and find solutions.

Connectional counseling - Focuses on guiding individuals to facilitate behavior

change, solve issues to promote decision-making process, and improve their well
being and ability to cope, using their skills like active listening, goal-setting and
empathy while applying theories like psychological and sociological disciplines.

Acceptance - Counselors recognized and espouse unconditional acceptance of

their clients' rights and unique needs. Hence, counseling is a service that is open
to all clients regardless of their demographic background.

Confidentiality - Counselors keep their clients' personal information and problems

strictly to themselves. It is worthy to note, however, that there are limits to this
principle.

Individuality - Counselors recognize that all clients are unique in their own way.
There is no single way to address different clients with different concerns.

Self-determination - This principle is based on the recognition that clients have

the right to capability to make their own decisions.
Enabler - Empowers clients to resolve problems.

Advocate - Social workers speak on behalf of their clients to promote fair and
equitable treatment or to gain access to resources.

Educator - Social workers educate clients to help them gain knowledge and skills
to address their problems.

Therapist - Helps person's replace maladaptive behavior, deal with their problem
or recover from social or health trauma

Purposeful Expression of Controlled Emotionals (PECEI) - Is a concept in social

work and therapist , s ability to express emotions in a controlled and purposeful
way, showing empathy and understanding without getting overly involved or
losing professional boundaries.

Child and Adolescent Counseling - Focuses on helping child and adolescents with
their developmental needs and concerns.

Therapy Groups – Help members replace maladaptive behaviors, deal with

personal problems, or recover from social or health trauma, with emphasis on
support, remediation, and rehabilitation.

Primary Group – Families or close-knit communities provide essential support,

guidance, and socialization, helping individuals develop coping skills, strengthen
relationships, and improve overall well-being.
Self-Development – Facilitates individuals’ understanding of themselves and their
surroundings, improving strengths, eliminating detrimental qualities, and
enhancing coping strategies, social functioning, and communication skills.

Group work - Is a method where individuals with common needs or concerns

come together to share experiences, support one another, and develop skills
under the guidance of a social worker.

Self-help Group - A distinct group type that has "central shared concerns". This
group's emphasis is on mutual aid, interdependence, and on creating environment
in which individuals may one take charge of their lives.

Social work services - Are organized professional interventions designed to help

individuals, families, and communities cope with problems and improve their well-
being, guided by social work values of social justice and empowerment.

Social Action - Focuses on organizing disadvantaged groups so they can demand

fair treatment and access to resources based on social justice and democracy.

Social Case Work - Is a primary method of social work that helps individuals
understand and solve their problems to improve their adjustment and
relationships in different situations.

Social welfare - Administration-is the systematic management of programs and

services aimed at improving people's well-being, involving planning,
implementing, and evaluating initiatives to address social needs while
coordinating resources and stakeholders.

Social work research - Is systematic inquiry that builds knowledge to understand

social issues, assess interventions, and guide evidence-based practice. It merges
rigorous methods with social work values to address inequality, vulnerability, and
related concerns.

Community organizing - Process where people with shared interests or problems

come together to build collective power, develop leadership, and take action to
influence decisions, address issues, and create social change.

Social group work - Group work is an essential intervention in our practice. Social
group work is a core social work method that uses purposeful group experiences,
facilitated by a social worker, to help individuals enhance their social functioning,
cope with problems, and achieve personal/mutual goals through interaction.

Social injustice - refers to unequal treatment and systemic barriers that deny
individuals or groups their basic rights and opportunities; social work addresses
social injustice by advocating for equity, human rights, and social change.

New Media - is a content available on-demand and is capable of being accessed

through mobile phones, computers, laptops, and tablets, among others. This
communicstion channel has given voices to marginalized and underrepresented
communities due to its convenience.

Social Media - Social media is considered a subset of new media. It allows for the
creationvand exchange of use-generated content.
Communication - is derived from the Latin word communis, which means
"common" It is the process of sharing information, ideas or-feeling through
talking, writing or other ways.

Political Role - involves influencing, leading leadinge or participating in decisions

that shape society, communities, or governments

Social Role - tells about the culture, it helps strengthen the social fabric of the
nation and gives it cohesion. Under the social role is serves the functions.

Economic Role - The economic. role refers to the part played by individuals,
organizations, or governments In the production, distribution, and consumption of
goods and services. It encompasses various activities,

Dyadic communication - refers to the exchange of information between two

individuals, typically involving reciprocal interaction and feedback, characteristic
of interpersonal communication.

Broadcasting - is the distribution of audio (radio) or video (television) content

using the airspace to a dispersed audience.

Plagiarism - the act of is else's work, ideas, or words as proper acknowledgment

or credit. presenting someone One's, without
Self-concept - influences an motivation, and overall individual's behavior, well-
being it can be shaped by experiances, interactions, and relationship with others.

Public Relationship - is the art of managing communication between public

authorities and the people to create goodwill, mutual understanding, and
effective governance.

Journalism - is the process of collecting. news and information to the public

through media like newspapers, television, and the internet

Film Industry - The film industry is the sector that creates produces, and
distributes movies for entertainment and information.

Effect - refers to the result or impact that an action, event, or media content has
on people or society. It shows how something influences throughts, feelings or
behavior

Sender - the sender is the one that transmit the message through an
understandable communication system. The sender is also known as the encoder
or source

Receiver - Is the one who receives. interprets, and responds to the message
through feedback. The receiver is also known as the decoder or interprcter
Noise - is anything that can distort the message. It is also known "interference".
Channel - refers to the medium by which the message is transmitted from sender
to receiver. The basic and natural channels of communi cation are the five senses:
- hearing
- touching
- smelling
- tasting
- seeing

Group communication - is the interaction among three or more people working

towards a shared goal.

Channel - a passageway for flow (water, communication, energy) or a means of

access.

Task Group - a temporary or permanent team formed to achieve a specific goal,

solve a problem, or complete a defined job, functioning within a larger
organization or project to create deliverables like reports, products, or strategies

Intrapersonal - communication that happens within oneself, such as thinking, self-

reflection, or internal dialogue.

Contempt of court - an act of disrespect or disobedience toward a court, its judge,

or its legal process that interferes with justice. Public communication- the process
of sharing information with a large audience, usually through speeches, media, or
public platforms.

Support groups - assists members manage life stresses by strengthening coping

skills to more effectively adapt to future events.

Treatment Groups - have the broad purpose of increasing the satisfaction of it's
members socioemotional needs.

Educational Groups - aims to help members gain understanding of one's self and
their society.

Mass Communication -Mass communication is the intentional sharing of

messages to a large audience through print or electronic media using technology
and resources.

Interpersonal Communication -Interpersonal communication is the interactive

exchange of messages between people to build, maintain, or end relationships,
guided by goals, ethics, and social needs

Context - Context in communication is the setting, conditions, rules, and roles that
shape how messages are delivered and understood effectively.

Libel - A practitioner who defames verbally,on the other hand,may be charged

with slander subject Article 358 of the RPC.
Anti Obscenity - Article 201 of the RPC prohibits from proliferating immoral
doctrines especially those of the youth.

Copy Right Law - The law also prohibits practitioner from committing copy right
infringement.