ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT HANDOUT message determine whether the message was understood by the receiver.

If
Teacher: Mr. John Casiano C. Mayuga the
Communication comes from latin word communis which means commonness participants of the conversation continue giving feedback, the flow of
and communicare which means to share. communication continues.
NATURE, ELEMENTS, AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Communication is the transmission of ideas and emotions between or
among persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. The word ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
communication comes from the Latin word communis, which means Verbal communication refers to the use of words or speech in sending
“common.” messages
To be common means to come together or to share something in common and transmitting ideas or feelings. The communicators make use of language
together. in order to convey what they would like others to know. For example, the
Communication helps people adapt to or survive in the place they live in. words in a conversation are considered verbal communication or verbal cues.
The Process of Communication Nonverbal communication, on the other hand, refers to the act of expressing
Communication is a process; it starts with a stimulus, which is an idea or ideas in ways that do not involve, or go beyond, using words. Body language,
concept that the sender has and would like to convey. The sender encodes the appearance, voice, and environment are some of the nonverbal cues that
message by putting it into words and then expresses the ideas in proper greatly
sequence. This message is then accepted and interpreted or decoded by the affect the meaning of one’s message.
receiver. The receiver may or may not respond to the sender. If the receiver
chooses to respond, then he or she will provide feedback. When providing Types of Nonverbal Communication
feedback, the receiver then becomes the sender, and the first sender then Kinesics - This refers to the use of body language in communication. This
becomes the receiver of the message. includes
There may, however, be a breakdown in the communication process. This gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions.
breakdown in the process may happen because of noise, which is any barrier Examples:
or  nodding at an acquaintance while passing by him or her on the street
hindrance that obstructs the understanding of the message.  raising one eyebrow while listening to someone’s story
Nodding at an acquaintance indicates an acknowledgement of having seen
Elements of Communication him or her. It may also be construed as a form of greeting. Raising an
Participants - These are the communicators; they can be both senders and eyebrow while listening to someone’s story may be interpreted as disbelief.
receivers. A sender transmits the information to the receiver, while the Haptics - This refers to the use of touch to convey meaning in a conversation.
receiver This isoften dependent on culture. In some countries, friendly touching is
decodes the message in order to formulate a response. encouraged, but in others, it is considered an invasion of one’s personal space.
Message - This is the main point of having communication. The message is Examples:
the main idea or information that the sender would like to convey to the  stroking the hand of someone sick
receiver. Thus, it is important for the message to be stated clearly and in a  patting someone on the back
way that is understandable to the receiver. Stroking the hand of someone sick may be done to comfort the person.
Channel - This is the means of delivering the message. It can be a face-to-face Patting someone on the back is done to express approval or praise.
conversation, a letter, a phone call, an e-mail, or social media.
Feedback - This refers to the response of the receiver. This helps the sender of Proxemics - This refers to how the space or distance between the sender and
the the
receiver affects their communication. This includes intimate distance (less avoided. Both verbal and nonverbal cues are used to help achieve this
than 6 purpose.
inches to 18 inches), for embracing, touching, or whispering; personal Verbal cues - Some verbal cues used for this purpose include the following:
distance (1.5 to 4 feet), which is for interacting with good friends or family; ● “That’s it” and “Thank you” – signal that a speaker is done speaking
social distance (4 to 12 feet), which is for interacting with acquaintances, and ● “Yeah” and “Uh-huh” – encourage a speaker to continue speaking
public distance (12 to 25 feet or more), which is used for public speaking. ● “Well . . .” and “Um . . .” – indicate that a speaker is not finished
Examples: speaking or is still thinking about what to say next
 standing on a platform or stage while giving a speech ● “Is that clear?” and “Do you follow?” – check the continuous flow of
 sitting right next to a close friend conversation and may also be used to assert authority over someone
Someone who is standing on a platform or stage while giving a speech when telling him or her to do something
maintains public distance. On the other hand, sitting right next to a close Nonverbal cues - The meanings of nonverbal cues may vary depending on
friend puts the two in an intimate distance, indicating their closeness and culture. Nonverbal cues used for this purpose include the following:
familiarity with each other. ● Eye contact
1. When a speaker looks at a listener, the speaker is signaling that
Chronemics - This refers to the role of time in the communication process. he or she is requesting feedback or wants the listener to take
Since the floor.
various cultures may have different perceptions of time when it comes to 2. When a listener looks at and slightly up at the speaker, the
punctuality or in interactions, chronemics may greatly affect communication. listener is signaling that he or she wants the floor.
Examples: Head-shaking - indicates that the listener wants the speaker to stop
 showing up early to work each day talking
 being on time to a get-together with friends ● Raising the index finger - signals that the speaker is not finished
Showing up early to work every day may indicate that one has good work speaking or that the listener would like to say something
ethic and values the work he or she does. Being on time to a get-together ● Leaning back - signals that the speaker is done talking and is now
with friends may show an eagerness to see them and respect for their time. yielding the floor.
Paralanguage - This refers to the tone, speed, and volume of a speaker’s voice.
Sighs and gasps are also considered as paralanguage. Motivation
Examples: One of the functions of communication is motivation. Communication may be
 sighing while doing chores used for the purpose of motivating oneself and others in various situations.
 gasping as one opens a gift Using communication for motivation is important for various reasons, which
Sighing while doing chores may indicate tiredness or exhaustion, while include the following:
gasping as one opens a gift may indicate surprise or shock. a. It increases productivity. When a person is stimulated or excited
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- about doing something, he or she will find it easier to do the task.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION b. It empowers individuals. When a person is motivated, he or she feels a
Control sense of personal achievement, which contributes to his or her confidence in
Regulation or control and social interaction are functions of communication achieving a goal.
that are used by individuals based on different situations they are in. There are many ways that you can motivate others. Some simple steps you
One of the functions of communication is regulation or control. can do include the following:
Communication is used to regulate or control the pace and flow of 1. Walk the talk. You would not be able to effectively and easily motivate
conversations or the speaking of a participant so that interruptions and others if you are not motivated. Learn more about yourself and identify what
awkward silences between speakers are motivates you. Then, find ways on how you can better motivate yourself.
2. Actively listen. Be attentive when listening to what the other person is According to the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of
saying. Identify what that person’s goal is or what he or she wants to do. Glasgow, there are four basic human emotions, and these are as follows:
3. Make a person feel that he or she makes a difference. Remind the person 1. Happy - This is experienced when a person is content, pleased, delighted,
that his or her efforts are recognized and appreciated. or excited. Situations that usually make a person happy include celebrating a
4. Communicate clearly and with compassion. Adapt your communication birthday, eating one’s favorite food, spending time with a close friend, or
style to the person you are speaking with and focus on the quality and not going on a trip. In a conversation, happiness can be expressed nonverbally
the quantity of communication. Be encouraging and not patronizing. through a person’s voice, facial expressions, and gestures. When a person
is happy, his or her tone of voice is enthusiastic and pitch is elated. Laughing,
Information Dissemination smiling, and even crying also express happiness. Hand signals like V for the
You provide information to others in various speech situations, such as when victory sign and the “high five” also suggest happiness.
delivering an informative speech, when someone asks for directions, and 2. Sad - This is usually characterized by feelings of despair, sorrow, loss,
when getting to know someone. hopelessness, disappointment, or even depression. Some situations that
Here are some tips for giving information to others: make a person sad include losing a loved one, experiencing rejection, or
1. Maintain eye contact and speak clearly. Maintaining eye contact shows hearing bad news. Sadness can be signaled by loose posture, lowered or
your interest and sincerity. When speaking, do not mumble your words. drooping eyes, slight pout, low pitch of voice, and long pauses. Sighing and
Instead, enunciate them clearly. crying also indicate sadness.
2. Use variations in speech. Vary the intonation and volume of your voice, and 3. Surprised - This is usually felt when something unexpected occurs. It is also
use appropriate pauses to enhance meaning. characterized by a feeling of shock or amazement. Feelings of surprise can
3. Focus on the needed information. Decide what information is needed and be seen in situations such as getting a promotion, seeing a celebrity, and
give direct and precise information. Do not overwhelm the person you are winning the lottery. Unlike other emotions, surprise is usually difficult to
talking to with too much information or with information that is irrelevant to hide. When a person is surprised, the following physical signs may be
the topic. observed: mouth opens or jaw drops, eyes widen, and eyebrows raise.
In communicating with others, you also obtain information from them. Here 4. Angry - This is usually experienced when a person feels intense
are some tips for obtaining or receiving information from others: frustration. It is also felt when he or she feels offended, irritated,
1. Note down important information. You do not have to write down humiliated, threatened, disrespected, or provoked. Insult, betrayal, and
everything, but do note the key ideas or details you received. disrespect are some triggers of anger. Gestures such as clenching of the fists,
2. Ask questions. Asking questions is a good way to obtain information. grinding of the teeth, tapping of the feet, and pacing are signs of anger.
Phrases you can use to obtain information include the following: Raising of the voice or screaming, rising of body temperature, and rapid
● Can you tell me about... ? breathing also indicate anger.
● Who do think... ?
● Do you have ideas regarding... ? Social Interaction- It is the most common function of communication. It allows
● I’d like to know more about... ? individuals to interact with each other
3. Ask for clarification and verification. Remind the person that his or her ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
efforts are recognized and appreciated.

Emotional Expression
Emotions help humans communicate their ideas and feelings toward certain
situations. It can vary from time to time depending on the situation, the
participants,and even the environment in which the communication occurs. It
can be conveyed verbally and nonverbally.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION TRANSACTIONAL MODEL- There are many senders and receivers in the
LINEAR MODEL- the first and the simplest model of communication. One-way communication process.
communication flows from a sender to a receiver, but nothing goes back in  It is a simultaneous communication.
return.  It is a circular process of interaction among people who actively
participates in communication situations and exchanging messages
among each other.

INTERACTIVE MODEL-s the improved process of a linear model of

communication (two-directional communication process). In this pattern, the
recipient of the message gets to react to the sender of the message. This model
allows the listener to give periodic feedback. It is a two-way communication
model. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 The feedback is not simultaneous.
 It deals with the exchange of messages taking place both ways from
sender to receiver and vice-versa.