Python Programming Notes multi - line comment

"""
Prepared by Dr. Subhendu Das
Assistant Professor, GGDC Chapra
3rd January, 2025 2.2 Variables
Variables store data. You can assign values using the = oper-
1 Introduction to Python ator.
x = 10 # integer
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose program- name = " Jimmy " # string
ming language. It is easy to read and write, making it pi = 3.14 # float
beginner-friendly. Python is widely used in: is_active = True # boolean

• Data Science and Machine Learning

2.3 Data Types
• Web Development (Flask, Django)
• Integer (int): whole numbers, e.g., 5, -10
• Automation and Scripting
• Floating Point (float): decimals, e.g., 3.14, -0.5
• Game Development
• String (str): text, e.g., ”Hello”
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Boolean (bool): True or False
1.1 First Program
• None: represents no value
Your first Python program prints a message on the screen.
print ( " Hello , ␣ World ! " ) x = 5
print ( type ( x ) ) # < class ’ int ’>
Exercise: Print your name and age using print(). print ( type ( pi ) ) # < class ’ float ’>
print ( type ( name ) ) # < class ’ str ’>
2 Python Basics print ( type ( is_active ) ) # < class ’ bool ’>

Exercise: Create variables of all data types and print their

2.1 Comments types.
Comments are non-executable lines used to explain code.
# This is a single - line comment 3 Operators
""" 3.1 Arithmetic Operators
This is a

1
a , b = 10 , 3 name = input ( " Enter ␣ your ␣ name : ␣ " )
print ( a + b ) # 13 age = int ( input ( " Enter ␣ your ␣ age : ␣ " ) ) #
print ( a - b ) # 7 converting string to int
print ( a * b ) # 30 print ( " Hello , " , name )
print ( a / b ) # 3.3333 print ( " You ␣ are " , age , " years ␣ old " )
print ( a // b ) # 3 ( floor division )
Exercise: Write a program to add two numbers entered by
print ( a % b ) # 1 ( modulus )
print ( a ** b ) # 1000 ( power ) the user.

5 Conditional Statements
3.2 Comparison Operators
Conditional statements allow decision-making.
a , b = 5 , 10
print ( a == b ) # False age = 20
print ( a != b ) # True if age >= 18:
print ( a > b ) # False print ( " Adult " )
print ( a < b ) # True elif age > 12:
print ( " Teenager " )
else :
print ( " Child " )
3.3 Logical Operators
Exercise: Write a program to check if a number is positive,
x = True negative, or zero.
y = False
print ( x and y ) # False
print ( x or y ) # True 6 Loops
print ( not x ) # False
6.1 While Loop

3.4 Assignment Operators i = 1

while i <= 5:
a = 5 print ( i )
a += 3 # a = a + 3 -> 8 i += 1
a *= 2 # a = a * 2 -> 16

Exercise: Write a program to calculate area and perimeter 6.2 For Loop
of a rectangle using variables and operators.
for i in range (1 , 6) :
print ( i )
4 Input and Output Keywords: break, continue, pass
Exercise: Print all even numbers from 1 to 20 using loops.

2
7 Functions 8.4 Dictionary

Functions are reusable blocks of code. Key-value pairs, unordered, mutable.

def greet ( name ) : student = { " name " : " Jimmy " , " age " : 30}
return " Hello ␣ " + name student [ " age " ] = 31
print ( student [ " name " ])
print ( greet ( " Jimmy " ) )
Exercise: Create a dictionary of 3 students with name and
Exercise: Create a function to calculate the factorial of a age. Print all names.
number.

9 Strings
8 Data Structures
s = " Python "
8.1 List
print ( s . upper () ) # PYTHON
Ordered, mutable collection of items. print ( s . lower () ) # python
print ( s [0:3]) # Pyt
fruits = [ " apple " , " banana " , " cherry " ] print ( " thon " in s ) # True
fruits . append ( " mango " ) # add element print ( s . replace ( " Python " , " Java " ) )
fruits . remove ( " banana " ) # remove element
print ( fruits [0]) # apple Exercise: Count number of vowels in a string.

8.2 Tuple 10 File Handling

Ordered, immutable collection.
# Writing to a file
point = (3 , 4) f = open ( " test . txt " , " w " )
print ( point [0]) f . write ( " Hello , ␣ file ! " )
f . close ()

# Reading a file
8.3 Set f = open ( " test . txt " , " r " )
print ( f . read () )
Unordered, mutable, no duplicates.
f . close ()
s = {1 , 2 , 3 , 3}
print ( s ) # {1 , 2 , 3} Exercise: Write a program to count the number of lines in
a file.

3
11 Exception Handling 14 Advanced Topics
• List Comprehension: [x**2 for x in range(5)]
try :
x = 10 / 0 • Lambda Functions: f = lambda x: x*2
except Zer oDivis ionErr or :
print ( " Cannot ␣ divide ␣ by ␣ zero " ) • Iterators and Generators
finally :
print ( " Done " ) • Virtual Environments
Exercise: Handle input errors when a user enters a non- • pip (Python package manager)
number.

15 Next Steps
12 Object-Oriented Programming • Work on small projects: Calculator, To-Do App, Web
Scraper
class Student :
def __init__ ( self , name , age ) : • Learn libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib
self . name = name
self . age = age • Learn frameworks: Flask, Django

def greet ( self ) : • Practice coding daily

print ( " Hello , " , self . name )

s1 = Student ( " Jimmy " , 30)

s1 . greet ()

Exercise: Create a class Rectangle with methods to cal-

culate area and perimeter.

13 Modules and Packages

import math
print ( math . sqrt (16) ) # 4.0

from math import pi

print ( pi )