FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
1 INTRODUCTION
• Arguably one of the most complex subjects in financial
accounting and reporting
• Simply – a means of raising finance and includes
‘everyday’ loans
• In practice – wide ranging, extremely complex financial
arrangements
• Separate standards dealing with how financial instruments
should be presented, recognised, measured and disclosed
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
1. INTRODUCTION
The relevant IASs/IFRSs are:
• IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation
• IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement (gradually being replaced by IFRS 9)
• IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures
• IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Replaced IAS 39)
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Table 1: Examples of financial instruments
Cash Derivatives
Asset class Securities Other Exchange OTC
Cash Traded
Equity Stock N/A Stock options, Stock options
equity futures
Liability: Bonds Loans Bond futures, Interest rate caps
non-current options on bond and floors, Interest
futures rate options
Liability: Bills Deposits Short-term Forward rate
current interest rate agreements
futures
Foreign N/A Spot Currency futures Foreign exchange
exchange foreign options, foreign
exchange exchange swaps,
currency swaps
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS: DEFINITIONS
Financial instrument
This is a contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial
liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial asset
This is any asset that is:
• cash;
• an equity instrument of another entity;
• a contractual right:
Ø to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; or
Ø to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to the entity; or
• a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments and is:
Ø a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable
number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
Ø a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed
amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity’s own
equity instruments. For this purpose the entity’s own equity instruments do not
include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or
delivery of the entity’s own equity instruments.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS: DEFINITIONS
Financial liability
This is any liability that is:
• a contractual obligation:
Ø to deliver cash or another financial asset to another
entity; or
Ø to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with
another entity under conditions that are potentially
unfavourable to the entity; or
• a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own
equity instruments.
Equity instrument
This is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the
assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 1: Definition of a financial instrument
Explain whether each of the following meet the definition of a
financial instrument:
(a) Issue of ordinary share capital
(b) Issue of debt
(c) Sale of goods on credit
(d) Purchase of goods on credit
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 1: Definition of a financial instrument
Solution
(a) Issue of ordinary share capital represents an equity instrument
since the shareholders own a financial asset and the company has
an equity instrument in the form of new share capital.
(b) Issue of debt creates a contractual obligation between the
company and the lender for the debt to be repaid in the future.
Therefore the company has a financial liability and the lender has a
financial asset.
(c) Sale of goods on credit creates a contractual obligation
between the customer and the company. The customer has a
financial liability and the company has a financial asset.
(d) Purchase of goods on credit creates a contractual obligation on
the part of the company to pay for the goods. Therefore the company
has a financial liability and the supplier has a financial asset.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Equity instrument or financial liability
• A financial instrument should be classified as either an
equity instrument or a financial liability according to the
substance of the contract, not its legal form
• An entity must make this decision at the time the instrument
is initially recognised and the classification cannot be
subsequently revised based on changed circumstances
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Equity instrument or financial liability
• A financial instrument is an equity instrument only if:
Ø the instrument includes no contractual obligation to deliver
cash or another financial asset to another entity; and
Ø if the instrument will or may be settled in the issuer’s own
equity instruments, it is either:
ü a non-derivative that includes no contractual obligation
for the issuer to deliver a variable number of its own
equity instruments; or
ü a derivative that will be settled only by the issuer
exchanging a fixed amount of cash or another financial
asset for a fixed number of its own equity instruments.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 2: Contractual obligation – liability or equity
If an enterprise issues preference shares that pay a fixed rate of
dividend and that have a mandatory redemption feature (for
example, must be repaid on a specified date and amount in the
future), the substance is that they are a contractual obligation to
deliver cash and, therefore, should be recognised as a liability. For
example:
• X Limited has 200,000 10% €1 preference shares in issue. The
shares are redeemable in five years at a premium of 25 cent;
• Top Limited entered into a zero coupon loan (i.e. interest and
principal repayments deferred until maturity) for €400,000. No
interest is payable during the term of the loan but the loan is
repayable after 5 years at €440,000.
In contrast, if the preference shares do not have a fixed maturity
date, and the issuer does not have a contractual obligation to make
any payment, then the preference shares would be treated as part of
equity.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Equity instrument or financial liability
A contractual right or obligation to receive or deliver a number
of its own shares or other equity instruments that varies so that
the fair value of the entity’s own equity instruments to be
received or delivered equals the fixed monetary amount of the
contractual right or obligation is a financial liability.
Example 3: Contractual obligation – fixed monetary
amount
For example, Company Y plc has a contractual obligation to
pay Company Z €1,000,000 on 31 December 2020 by issuing
its own shares. Therefore the number of shares that Company
Y plc has to issue on 31 December 2020 will depend upon its
share price on that date.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Compound financial instrument
• This has both a liability and an equity component from the
issuer’s perspective
• Component parts must be accounted for and presented
separately according to their substance
• Split made at issuance and cannot be revised
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 5: Compound financial instrument (2)
Tilt plc issued the following compound financial instrument at
par on 31 December 2018: two million 50 cent 3% convertible
bonds 2018. The value of two million 50 cent 3% convertible
bonds 2018 without the conversion rights was estimated to be
€960,000 on 31 December 2018.
Requirement
Show the amounts that should be included in the financial
statements of Tilt plc for the year ended 31 December 2012 in
respect of the above transactions.
Solution €
Total amount raised at issue (2m x 50c) 1,000,000
Allocated to liability (FV of bond without rights) 960,000
Allocated to equity 40,000
Classification is made at issuance.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
25.3 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
In accordance with IFRS 9, financial assets may be classified
under the following three headings:
1. Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or
loss (FVTPL)
2. Financial assets measured at fair value through other
comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
3. Financial assets measured at amortised cost
Classification is made at the time the financial asset is initially
recognised, namely when the entity becomes a party to the
contractual provisions of the instrument.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
1. Financial assets measured at FVTPL
• Default classification
• Initially measured at fair value, with transaction costs being expensed
as incurred in arriving at profit or loss in the period
• Financial assets measured at FVTPL include:
Ø financial assets held for trading purposes;
Ø Derivatives (an arrangement or product (such as a future, option,
or warrant) whose value derives from and is dependent on the
value of an underlying asset, such as a commodity, currency, or
security)., unless they are part of a properly designated hedging
arrangement (see Derivatives later); and
Ø debt instruments, unless they have been correctly designated to
be measured at amortised cost (see Financial Assets Measured
at Amortised Cost later).
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 6: Initial measurement – held for trading
A debt security that is held for trading is purchased for
€8,000. Transaction costs are €600. The initial carrying
amount is €8,000 and the transaction costs of €600 are
expensed.
This treatment applies because the debt security is classified
as held for trading and, therefore, measured at fair value with
changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss (i.e.
measured at FVTPL).
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Financial assets measured at FVTPL
Remeasurement to fair value takes place at each reporting
date, with any movement in fair value taken to profit or loss in
the year (i.e. measured at FVTPL), which effectively
incorporates an annual impairment review.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example7: Financial asset at FVTPL
An entity acquires for cash 1,000 shares at €10 per share and can designate
them as at fair value through profit or loss. At the year end 31 December
2019, the quoted price increases to €16. The entity sells the shares €16,400
on 31 January 2020.
Initial recognition:
DR Financial assets at FVTPL €10,000
CR Cash €10,000
31 December 2019:
DR Financial assets at FVTPL €6,000
CR SPLOCI – P/L €6,000
31 January 2020:
DR Cash €16,400
CR Financial assets at FVTPL €16,000
CR SPLOCI – P/L €400
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
2. Financial assets measured at FVTOCI
• Default = SFP @ FV and value changes recognised in
SPLOCI – P/L (i.e. FVTPL).
• However, at initial recognition, an entity may make an
irrevocable election to report value changes in OCI; only
dividend income is recognised in arriving at profit or loss in
the period.
• This applies to equity instruments only. It will typically be
applicable for equity interests that an entity intends to retain
ownership of (i.e. those that are not held for trading). Initial
recognition at fair value normally includes the associated
transaction costs of purchase.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
3. Financial assets measured at amortised cost
• Amortised cost is the cost of an asset or liability adjusted to
achieve a constant effective interest rate over the life of the asset
or liability (see Examples 8 and 9)
• Amortised cost is calculated using the effective interest method
• Financial assets that are not carried at FVTPL (e.g. those carried
at amortised cost) are subject to an annual impairment test. Any
impairment identified must be charged in full in SPLOCI – P/L
• The ‘financial assets measured at amortised cost’ classification
applies only to debt instruments and must be designated upon
initial recognition. In this instance, the financial assets are initially
measured at fair value plus transaction costs
• A debt instrument that meets the following two tests may be
measured at amortised cost (net of any write-down for
impairment):
Ø The business model test
Ø The cash flow characteristics
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example10: Measurement of financial asset at FVTPL and
amortised cost
Aquaria Limited purchased a five-year bond on 1 January
2019 at a cost of €5m with annual interest of 5%, which is
also the effective rate, payable on 31 December annually.
At the reporting date of 31 December 2019 interest has
been received as expected and the market rate of interest
is now 6%.
Requirement
Account for the financial asset on the basis that it is classified:
(a) as FVTPL; and
(b) to be measured at amortised cost, on the assumption it
passes the necessary tests and has been properly
designated at initial recognition.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example10: Measurement of financial asset at FVTPL and
amortised cost
Solution
(a) If classified as FVTPL
The FV of the bond is measured based upon expected future cash flows
discounted at the current market rate of interest of 6% as follows:
Year Expected cash flows 6% discount factor PV €m
31 December 2020 €5m x 5% = €0.25m 0.9434 0.2358
31 December 2021 €0.25m 0.8900 0.2225
31 December 2022 €0.25m 0.8396 0.2099
31 December 2023 €0.25m + €5m 0.7921 4.1585
4.8267
Therefore, at the reporting date of 31 December 2019, the financial asset
will be stated at a fair value of €4.8267m, with the fall in fair value
amounting to €0.1733m taken to profit or loss in the year. Interest received
will be taken to profit or loss for the year amounting to €0.25m.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example10: Measurement of financial asset at FVTPL and
amortised cost
(b) If classified to be measured at amortised cost
This requires that the fair value of the bond is measured based upon
expected future cash flows discounted at the original effective rate of 5%.
This will continue to be at €5m as illustrated below:
Year Expected cash flows 5% discount factor PV €m
31 December 2020 €5m x 5% = €0.25m 0.9524 0.2381
31 December 2021 €0.25m 0.9070 0.2267
31 December 2022 €0.25m 0.8638 0.2160
31 December 2023 €0.25m + €5m 0.8227 4.3192
5.000
In addition, interest received during the year of €0.25m will be taken to
profit or loss for the year.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Reclassification of financial assets
• For financial assets, reclassification is required between
FVTPL and amortised cost, or vice versa, if and only if
the entity’s business model objective for its financial assets
changes so that its previous model assessment no longer
applies.
• If reclassification is appropriate, it must be done
prospectively from the reclassification date. An entity does
not restate any previously recognised gains, losses or
interest.
• IFRS 9 does not allow reclassification where the:
Ø OCI option has been exercised for a financial asset; or
Ø fair value option has been exercised in any circumstance
for a financial asset or financial liability.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Impairment
• IFRS 9 effectively incorporates an impairment review for
financial assets that are measured at fair value, as any fall
in fair value is taken to profit or loss or OCI in the period
(depending upon the classification of the financial asset)
• For financial assets designated to be measured at
amortised cost, an entity must make an assessment at
each reporting date whether there is evidence of possible
impairment
• If impairment is identified, it is charged in arriving at profit or
loss immediately
• The recoverable amount would normally be based upon the
present value of the expected future cash flows estimated at
the date of the impairment review and discounted to their
present value based on the original effective rate of return at
the date the financial asset was issued.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 11: Impairment of financial assets measured at
amortised cost
Using the information contained in Example 10, where the carrying value of
the financial asset at 31 December 2019 was €5m. If, in early 2020, it was
identified that the bond issuer was beginning to experience financial
difficulties and that there was doubt regarding full recovery of the amounts
due to Aquaria Limited, an impairment review would be required. The
expected future cash flows now expected by Aquaria Limited from the bond
issuer are as follows:
31 December 2020 €0.20m
31 December 2021 €0.20m
31 December 2022 €0.20m
31 December 2023 €0.20m + €4.4m
Requirement
Calculate the extent of impairment of the financial asset to be included in
the financial statements of Aquaria Limited for the year ending 31
December 2020.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 11: Impairment of financial assets measured at
amortised cost
Solution
The future expected cash flows are discounted to present value based on
the original effective rate associated with the financial asset of 5% as
follows:
Year Expected cash flows 5% discount factor PV €m
31 December 2020 €0.20m 0.9524 0.1905
31 December 2021 €0.20m 0.9070 0.1814
31 December 2022 €0.20m 0.8638 0.1727
31 December 2023 €0.20m + €4.4m 0.8227 3.7844
4.3290
Therefore, impairment amounting to the change in carrying value of
(€5.0m – €4.329m) €0.671m will be recognised as an impairment charge
in the year to 31 December 2020. Additionally, there will also be
recognition of interest receivable in the SPLOCI – P/L for the year
amounting to (4.329m x 5%) €0.2165m.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Derecognition of a financial asset
• Once an entity has determined that the asset has been transferred, it
then determines whether or not it has transferred substantially all of
the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset
• If substantially all the risks and rewards have been transferred, the
asset is derecognised
• If substantially all the risks and rewards have been retained,
derecognition of the asset is precluded
• If the entity has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the
risks and rewards of the asset, then the entity must assess whether it
has relinquished control of the asset or not
• If the entity does not control the asset then derecognition is appropriate;
however if the entity has retained control of the asset, then the entity
continues to recognise the asset to the extent to which it has a
continuing involvement in the asset.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example12: Derecognition of a financial asset
• If a company sells an investment in shares, but retains the
right to repurchase the shares at any time at a price equal to
their current fair value then it should derecognise the asset.
• If a company sells an investment in shares and enters into an
agreement whereby the buyer will return any increases in
value to the company and the company will pay the buyer
interest plus compensation for any decrease in the value of
the investment, then the company should not derecognise the
investment as it has retained substantially all the risks and
rewards.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
4 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
IFRS 9 requires that financial liabilities should be accounted
for as follows:
1. Financial liabilities measured at FVTPL; and
2. Financial liabilities at amortised cost.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
1. Financial liabilities measured at FVTPL
• Includes financial liabilities held for trading and derivatives that are not part of a
hedging arrangement
• All other financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost unless the fair value
option is applied
• Classification is made at the time the financial liability is initially recognised
• IFRS 9 requires gains and losses on financial liabilities designated as FVTPL to
be split into:
Ø the amount of change in the fair value that is attributable to changes in the
credit risk of the liability, which is presented in OCI; and
Ø the remaining amount of change in the fair value of the liability which is
presented in arriving at profit or loss in the period
• If the accounting treatment for the credit risk (i.e. taken through OCI) creates or
enlarges an accounting mismatch in profit or loss then the gain or loss relating to
credit risk should also be taken to profit or loss This determination is made at
initial recognition and is not reassessed
• Amounts presented in OCI should not be subsequently transferred to profit or
loss; the entity may only transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
2. Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost
Example 13: Financial liabilities measured at amortised
cost (deep discount bonds)
Coffee Limited issued debt with a nominal value of €400,000
on 1 January 2019, receiving proceeds of €315,526. The debt
will be redeemed on 31 December 2023. The interest rate on
the debt is 4% and the internal rate of return is 9.5%.
Requirement
Based upon the information provided, show how the debt
should be accounted.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 13: Financial liabilities measured at amortised
cost (deep discount bonds)
At Inception:
DR Cash €315,526
CR Liability €315,526
Annual interest payments: €
4% x €400,000 x 5 years 80,000
Deep discount (€400,000 - €315,526) 84,474
164,474
Year SPLOCI - Interest Winding up interest SFP -
P/L Charge Paid charged to SPLOCI - P/L Liability
€* € € €
2019 29,975 16,000 13,975 329,501
2020 31,303 16,000 15,303 344,804
2021 32,756 16,000 16,756 361,560
2022 34,348 16,000 18,348 379,908
2023 36,092 16,000 20,092 400,000
80,000 84,474
*Opening SFP liability x 9.5% [for example, 2012: €315,526 x 9.5%]
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Offsetting
• IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements states that
assets and liabilities, and income and expenses, should not
be offset (i.e. netted against each other) unless required or
permitted by a standard
• IAS 32 specifies that a financial asset and a financial liability
should be offset and the net amount reported when an
enterprise:
Ø currently has a legally enforceable right of set-off; and
Ø intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the
asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Derecognition of a financial liability
• A financial liability should be removed from the statement of
financial position when, and only when, it is extinguished,
that is, when the obligation specified in the contract is either
discharged, cancelled, or expired.
• Where there has been an exchange between an existing
borrower and lender of debt instruments with substantially
different terms, or there has been a substantial modification
of the terms of an existing financial liability, this transaction
is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original
financial liability and the recognition of a new financial
liability.
• A gain or loss from extinguishment of the original financial
liability is recognised in SPLOCI – P/L.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
5 HEDGE ACCOUNTING
Hedging Instruments
• All derivative contracts with an external counterpart may be designated as
hedging instruments except for some written options
• An external non-derivative financial asset or liability may not be designated as
a hedging instrument except as a hedge of foreign currency risk
• A proportion of the derivative may be designated as the hedging instrument
Hedged Items
A hedged item can be a:
• single recognised asset or liability, firm commitment, highly probable transaction,
or a net investment in a foreign operation
• group of assets, liabilities, firm commitments, highly probable forecast
transactions, or net investments in foreign operations with similar risk
characteristics
• held-to-maturity investment for foreign currency or credit risk (but not for interest
risk or prepayment risk)
• portion of the cash flows or fair value of a financial asset or financial liability or
• non-financial item for foreign currency risk only or the risk of changes in fair
value of the entire item
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Main categories of hedges
1. Fair value hedge
• A hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a
recognised asset or liability or a previously unrecognised
firm commitment to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price or
an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm
commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and
could affect profit or loss.
• The gain or loss from the change in fair value of the
hedging instrument is recognised immediately in arriving
at profit or loss in SPLOCI – P/L.
• At the same time the carrying amount of the hedged item
is adjusted for the corresponding gain or loss with respect
to the hedged risk, which is also recognised immediately
in net profit or loss in SPLOCI – P/L
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example14: Fair value hedge
Duvet Limited is an Irish company that prepares its financial
statements to 31 December each year. On 1 January 2018
Duvet Limited purchased an investment in a fixed interest debt
security for €100. The company has decided to account for the
investment as available for sale financial asset, with equity
accounting being adopted on remeasurement. The fair value of
the security on 31 December 2018 and 2019 was €110 and
€105 respectively. On 31 December 2018 Duvet Limited
purchased a derivative asset, and its fair value had increased
by €4 on 31 December 2019.
Requirement
Assuming that the derivative asset is designated as a hedge
from 1 January 2019, explain the accounting treatment in 2018
and 2019.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example 14: Fair value hedge
Solution
Year ended 31 December 2018:
The increase in fair value of the investment will be taken to
equity and the security will be recorded at its fair value of €110
in the statement of financial position at 31 December 2018.
Year ended 31 December 2019:
The decline in value of €5 on the security will be taken to the
SPLOCI and hedged by the increase in the derivative of €4. At
31 December 2019, the statement of financial position will show
a security at €105, a derivative at €4, with the net effect on the
SPLOCI being €1.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Main categories of hedges
2. Cash flow hedge
• A hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that:
a) is attributable to a particular risk associated with a
recognised asset or liability (such as all or some
future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a
highly probable forecast transaction and
b) could affect profit or loss.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Example15: Cash flow hedge
A company expects to purchase a piece of machinery for $10 million in a year’s time
(31 July 2021). In order to offset the risk of increases in the euro rate, the company
enters into a forward contract to purchase $10 million in 1 year for a fixed amount
(€6,500,000). The forward contract is designated as a cash flow hedge and has an
initial fair value of zero.
At the year end, (31 October 2020) the dollar ($) has appreciated and the value of
$10 million is €6,660,000. The machine will still cost $10 million so the company
concludes that the hedge is 100% effective. Thus the entire change in the fair value
of the hedging instrument is recognised directly in reserves.
DR Forward contract €160,000
CR Other component of equity – cash flow hedge reserve €160,000
The effect of the cash flow hedge is to lock in the price of $10 million for the
machine. The gain in equity at the time of the purchase of the machine will either be
released from equity as the machine is depreciated or be deducted from the initial
carrying amount of the machine.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
Discontinuance of hedge accounting
• Hedge accounting must be discontinued prospectively (i.e.
going forward and not as a prior period adjustment in
accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in
Accounting Estimates and Errors – if:
Ø the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or
exercised;
Ø the hedge no longer meets the hedge accounting
criteria (e.g. it is no longer effective);
Ø for cash flow hedges the forecast transaction is no
longer expected to occur; or
Ø the entity revokes the hedge designation.
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
6 DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
• An entity must group its financial instruments into classes of
similar instruments
• The two main categories of disclosures required are
information about the:
1. significance of financial instruments
2. nature and extent of exposure to risks arising from
financial instruments
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
1. Significance of financial instruments
Statement of Financial Position
• Details of financial instruments measured at fair value
through profit/loss, reclassified, derecognised, pledged as
collateral and terms breached
SPLOCI and Equity
Items of income, expense, gains, and losses
Other Disclosures
• Accounting policies for financial instruments
• Information about hedge accounting
• Information about the fair values of each class of financial
asset and financial liability
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition
2. Nature and extent of exposure to risks arising from
financial instruments
Qualitative Disclosures Quantitative Disclosures
• Risk exposures for each • Credit Risk
type of financial
instrument • Liquidity Risk
• Management’s objectives, • Market Risk
policies, and processes
for managing those risks
• Changes from the prior
period
Connolly – International Financial Accounting and Reporting – 4th Edition