1. Define IOT? Characteristics, Applications.

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identified,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, often communicate
data associated with users and their environment.

Characteristics
• Dynamic and self-Adapting:
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing
contexts and take actions based on their operating condition. Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt
their modes based on whether it is day or night.
• Self – Configuring:
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality.
• Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
• Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier. IP address, URI). IoT systems
may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communication with
users and the environment contexts.
• Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate
and exchange data with other devices and systems.

Applications
  For homes, IoT has several applications such as smart lighting that adapt the lighting to
suit the ambient conditions, smart appliances that can be remotely monitored and
controlled, intrusion detection systems, smart smoke detectors, etc.
 For cities, loT has applications such as smart parking systems that provide status updates
on available slots, smart lighting that helps in saving energy, smart roads that provide
information on driving conditions and structural health monitoring systems.
 For environment, ioT has applications such as weather monitoring, air and noise
pollution, forest fire detection and river flood detection systems.
 For energy systems, IoT has applications such as including smart grids, grid integration
of renewable energy sources and prognostic health managementsystems.
 For retail domain, IoT has applications such as inventory management, smart payments
and smart vending machines.
 For agriculture domain, IoT has applications such as smart irrigation systems that help in
saving water while enhancing productivity and green house control systems.
 Industrial applications of IoT include machine diagnosis and prognosis systems that help
in predicting faults and determining the cause of faults and indoor air quality systems.
 For health and lifestyle, oT has applications such as health and fitness monitoring
systems and wearable electronics.

2. IOT protocols with diagram

Link Layer:
 Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the networks
physical layer or medium (example copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave). The
Scope of The
Link Layer is the Last Local Network connections to which host is attached.
 Host on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using the link layer
protocol.

802.3 Ethernet:
 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. For example, 802.3
10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is standard for 10
BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection, Standards provide data rates from
10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the higher.

802.11- WI-FI:
 IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless Local area network. (WLAN) communication
standards, including extensive descriptions of the link layer. For example, 802.11a
operate in the 5 GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11ac
operates in the 5G hertz band.
802.16 WiMAX:
 IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband and Standards, including extensive
descriptions for the link layer also called WiMAX wimax standard provides a data rates
from from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s the recent update provides data rates of hundred megabits
per second for mobile station.

802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
 IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area network
(LR- WPAN). These standard forms the basis of specifications for high level
communication Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k b/ [Link]
standards provide low cost and low speed Communications for power constrained
devices.

2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications:
 These are the different generations of mobile communication standards including second
generation (2G including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and
CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G including LTE.

Network / internet layer:

 The network layer is responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to
the destination network. This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.

IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close (IPV4) is there most deployed internet
protocol that is used to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy latest scheme. It
uses 32-bit addresses scheme that allows total of 2 32 address.

IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128-bit
address schemes that are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.

6LoWPAN:
IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks brings IP protocol to the low power device
which have limited processing capability it operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range and provide
the data transfer rate off to 50 kb/s.

Transport layer:
The Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network. The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either using
handshake or without handshake acknowledgements. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used to transport layer protocol that is
used by the web browsers along with HTTP, HTTPS application layer protocols email program
(SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol. TCP is a connection Oriented and
stateful protocol while IPprotocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmissions
of
packets in order.

UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP is a connection
less protocol. UDP is useful for time sensitive application they have very small data units to
exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup. UDP is a transactions oriented and
stateless protocol.

Application layer:
Application layer protocol defines how the application interfaces with the lower layer protocols
to send the data over the network. Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application layer
protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer protocol.

Http: Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the foundations of
world wide web http includes commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE,
OPTIONS etc. The protocol follows a request-response model where are client sends request to
server using the http, commands.

CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application layer protocol for machine-to-machine

application M2M meant for constrained environment with constrained devices and constrained
networks. Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model.

WebSocket: WebSocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connection for sending message between client and server. WebSocket is based on TCP and
Allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth between the client and server while
keeping the TCP connection open.

MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport it is a lightweight message protocol based on

public -subscribe model MQTT uses a client server Architecture by the clients such as an IoT
device connect to the server also called the MQTT broker and publishers message to topic on the
server.

XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol it is a protocol for real-time communication
and streaming XML data between network entities XMPP powers wide range of applications
including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming multiparty chat and voice / voice calls.
DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for device- to-device
machine to machine communication DDS uses a publish subscribe model where publisher
example device that generate data create topics to which subscribers per can subscribe publisher
is an object responsible for data distributions and the subscriber responsible for receiving
published data.

AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an open application layer protocol for
business messaging. AMQP support point to point and publish - subscribe model routing and
queuing.

3. Explain various communication models?

Request response: Request-response is a Communications model in which the client sends

request to the server and the server responds to the requests. when the server receives a request,
it decides how to respond, if it shows the data retrieved resources definitions for the response,
and then send the response to the client. Access to response model is a stateless communication
model and each request response per is independent of others.
Publish - Subscribe: Respect is a communication model that involve Publishers brokers and
consumers. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which is
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumer. Consumers Subscribe to the
topic which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives the data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Push pull: Push pull is communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of
the consumer. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers.
It also acts as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate at
which the produces push data and the rate at which the consumers full the data.

Exclusive pair: Exclusive pair is a bi directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and the server. once the condition is setup it remains
open until the client sends a request to close the connection. client and server can send messages
to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful Communications model and the
server is aware of all the open connections.
4. IOT level-1 to level-6
5. Cloud Computing? Explain its services offered to the user

 Cloud Computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering

applications and services over the internet. Cloud Computing involves provisioning of
computing networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as
metered services to the users, in a “pay as you go” model.
 Cloud Computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the user without requiring
interactions with the Cloud Service Provider.

Infrastructure as a service (IAAS):

 IaaS provides the user the ability provision computing and storage resources. These
resources are provided to the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users
can start, stop configure and manage the virtual machines instance on the virtual storage
using can deploy operating systems and applications on their choice on the actual
resources provisions in the cloud.
 Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying infrastructure.

Platform as a service (PaaS):

 Platform as a service provides the user the ability to develop and deploy application in
the cloud using the deployment tool application programming interfaces API, software
libraries and services provided by the Cloud Service Provider.
 The Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including
servers, network, operating systems and storage.
Software as a service (SaaS):

 Provide the user a complete software application of the user interface to the application
itself. The Cloud Service Provider manage the underlying cloud infrastructure including
server, network storage and application software, and the user is unaware of the
underlying architecture of the cloud.
 Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface example Browser
application. SaaS applications are accessed from various client smartphones running
different operating system.

6. Big Data Analysis? Characteristics and Applications

Big data is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity in terms of its temporal
variations) or variety, is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data
using traditional database and data processing tools. Big Data Analytics involving several steps
starting from Data cleaning data munging data processing and visualization.

Characteristics of big data include

1. Volume: Through there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be considered as big data,
however the term big data is used for massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage and
process using traditional data bases and data processing architecture. The volume of data
generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare systems for example is a growing
exponentially driven by the lowering cost of data storage and processing architectures and the
need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve business processes, efficiency and
services to consumer.

2. Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristic of big data and the primary reasons for
exponential growth of data velocity of the data of a store how fast the data is generated and how
frequently it varies. Modern IT Industrial and other systems are generating data at increasing the
highest speeds.

3. Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for different forms such as
structured or unstructured data including text data, audio, video and sensor data.

7. IoT levels and deployment templates

1. Device: An IoT device allow identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring
capabilities.

2. Resources: Resources are software components on the device for accessing and storing
information for controlling actuator connected to the device also include software components
that enable network access for the device .

3. Controller service: Controller Service is a native service that runs on the device and interact
with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web service receive
command from the application from controlling the device.

4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the
IoT device.

5. Web service: Serve as a link between the device, application database and analysis
components. Web Services can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles or using
website protocol.

8. Explain physical design of iot and describe the components of a generic iot device with a
neat diagram

 The physical design of IoT refers to the things of IoT and the physical devices that form
an IoT system. It focuses on the actual hardware components, sensing devices, actuators,
and communication interfaces that interact with the physical world.
 The “things” in IoT usually refer to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating, and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange
data with other connected devices and applications either directly or indirectly.
 They can also collect data from other devices and process the data locally or send it to
centralized servers or cloud-based application back ends for processing.
 Some tasks are performed locally on the device while other tasks are performed within
the IoT infrastructure based on temporal and spatial constraints such as memory,
processing capability, communication latency, speed, and deadlines.
 Examples of IoT devices include wearable sensors, smart watches, smart meters,
industrial machines, automobiles, and home automation devices.
Components of a Generic IoT Device

1. Sensors

Sensors are used to collect data from the environment. Examples include temperature, humidity,
light intensity, pressure, motion, and gas sensors. They convert physical parameters into
electrical signals.

2. Actuators

Actuators are used to perform physical actions based on control signals received from the
processor. Examples include motors, relays, solenoid valves, and LEDs.

3. Processor / Controller

The processor or controller is responsible for executing the device firmware, processing sensor
data, controlling actuators, and managing communication with other devices and applications.

4. Memory and Storage

Memory and storage are used to store:

 Program code and firmware

 Temporary data (RAM)
 Persistent sensor data and configuration information

This includes RAM, ROM, and flash memory.

5. Network / Internet Interfaces

Network interfaces enable the IoT device to connect to the internet or other devices. These
interfaces may be wired or wireless and support technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, and cellular networks.

6. Audio / Video Interfaces

Some IoT devices include audio and video interfaces such as microphones, speakers, cameras,
and displays. These are used in applications like surveillance, monitoring, and user interaction.

9. Logical design of iot and describe the iot functional blocks with a neat diagram.

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and process
without going into low level specification of the implementations.

1. IOT functional block

2. IOT communication model

IoT functional block

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and Management

The function blocks are described as follows.

 Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing, actuation
monitoring and control function Communication: communication block handles the
communication systems
  Services: An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services for device
monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and services for device
Discovery.
 Management: Functional blocks provide various functions to govern the IoT system
 Security: Security functional block security IoT system and by providing functions such
as application authorization message and content integrity and data security.
 Application: IoT application provides and interface that the user can used to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allows users to view the
system status and view or analyze the processed to data.

10. IoT enabling Technologies

 It is enabled by several Technologies including wireless sensor networks, cloud

computing big Data Analytics, embedded system, security protocols and architectures,
communication protocols, web service, mobile internet and semantic search engine.
 wireless sensor network Wireless sensor network (wsn) comprises of distributed devices
with the sensor which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A
WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator. End nodes have
several sensors attached to them. End node can also act as a router.
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analysis
 Communications protocol: Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT
system and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications. Communications
protocols allow device to exchange data over the network. These protocols define the
data exchange formats and data encoding schemes for devices and routing of packets
from source to destination.
 Embedded systems An Embedded system is computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded perform specific task. In contrast to general purpose
computers or personal computers which can perform various types of tasks, embedded
systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks.

11. Compare TCP and UDP