1, How can we make ethical decision and Actions?

 BY Practice ethical behavior actively. Initiate a personal ethical awareness program, including
the definition of personal worldview and review of core ethical values. Remember, the ethical
design professional is consistently ethical!
 Beware of "new" ethics programs. Very little of true value is "new"; all of the necessary tools are
already at your fingertips.
 Define the ethical problem when it arises. Ignoring the problem doesn't make the problem go
away.
 Formulate alternatives. Avoid "first impulse" solutions without having extensive ethical
awareness training and experience.
 Evaluate the alternatives. Always ask yourself: Are they ethical? Am I the sole beneficiary? How
would I feel if the roles or circumstances were reversed?
 Seek additional assistance, as appropriate. Turn to previous cases, peers, reliance on personal
experience, even prayer if necessary.
 Choose the best ethical alternative. Make sure the alternative you choose is the one that does
the most good for all the right reasons.
 Implement the best alternative. With no initiative comes any result.
 Monitor and assess the outcome. Always look at how to improve the next time.

2, what thing is good or bad?

Good values are those that are reality-based, socially constructive, and controllable. Bad values are
those that are non reality-based, like being superstitious, socially destructive, and or uncontrollable.
Good values are usually achieved internally, but bad values are reliant on external [Link]
commonly, the concepts of good and bad are based on what is and what is not acceptable based on
cultural and social standards.

Good, in general context, is desirable, approved of, beneficial, and morally right. Bad, on the other side,
many cultures define as the opposite or the absence of good. Often, bad refers to immorality and other
undesirable behaviors that involve selfishness, neglect, ignorance, or abuse.

3, Explain ethical principle and value of moral judgments?

Ethical principles are part of a normative theory that justifies or defends moral rules and/or moral
judgments; they are not dependent on one's subjective viewpoints. Ethical principles in public health
practice refer to those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular
ethical prescriptions and evaluations of public health activities.

The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute
truths in and of themselves.

 Autonomy is the principle that addresses the concept of independence. The essence of this
principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action. It addresses the
 responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients, when appropriate, to make their own
decisions and to act on their own values. There are two important considerations in
encouraging clients to be autonomous. First, helping the client to understand how their
decisions and their values may or may not be received within the context of the society in
which they live, and how they may impinge on the rights of others. The second consideration is
related to the client's ability to make sound and rational decisions. Persons not capable of
making competent choices, such as children, and some individuals with mental handicaps,
should not be allowed to act on decisions that could harm themselves or others.
 Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Often explained as "above all do
no harm", this principle is considered by some to be the most critical of all the principles, even
though theoretically they are all of equal weight (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler,
1986). This principle reflects both the idea of not inflicting intentional harm, and not engaging
in actions that risk harming others (Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992).
 Beneficence reflects the counselor's responsibility to contribute to the welfare of the client.
Simply stated it means to do good, to be proactive and also to prevent harm when possible
(Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992).
 Justice does not mean treating all individuals the same. Kitchener (1984) points out that the
formal meaning of justice is "treating equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion
to their relevant differences" (p.49). If an individual is to be treated differently, the counselor
needs to be able to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating
this individual differently.
 Fidelity involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments. Clients must
be able to trust the counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to
occur. Therefore, the counselor must take care not to threaten the therapeutic relationship nor
to leave obligations unfulfilled.

4, Describe Moral intuitions and Critical Reasoning

the term, a moral intuition is a spontaneous moral judgement, typically about a particular
problem, a particular act, or a particular agent, though there are intuitive apprehensions of moral rules
and principles as well.

For instance, we might have an intuition that all people are to be treated fairly, that it is wrong
to intentionally harm an innocent person for no reason or that all people are to be treated with dignity.
These are beliefs that moral intuitionists claim to be self-evident.

Critical Reasoning is all about identifying, analysing and solving problems systematically. Some of the
important chapters of critical reasoning are Statement and Argument, Statement and Assumption,
Statement and Conclusion, Statement and Course of Action, Cause and Effects and so on

Advantages of Critical Reasoning

Our future depends on technology, information, and innovation. Critical thinking is needed for our fast-
growing economies, to solve problems as quickly and as effectively as possible.

2. Improves Language & Presentation Skills

In order to best express ourselves, we need to know how to think clearly and systematically — meaning
practice critical thinking! Critical thinking also means knowing how to break down texts, and in turn,
improve our ability to comprehend.

3. Promotes Creativity

By practicing critical thinking, we are allowing ourselves not only to solve problems but also to come up
with new and creative ideas to do so. Critical thinking allows us to analyze these ideas and adjust them
accordingly.

4. Important For Self-Reflection

Without critical thinking, how can we really live a meaningful life? We need this skill to self-reflect and
justify our ways of life and opinions. Critical thinking provides us with the tools to evaluate ourselves in
the way that we need to.

5, Describe The Relationship between Ethics and religious faith

Relation of Ethics to Religion:

There can be no two opinions about it that religion to be real and high must be related to ethics. In
Sanskrit, Dharma means the moral order of the universe.

There can be three points of view about the inter-relation of ethics and religion-religion precedes ethics,
ethics precedes religion or ethics and religion are interdependent.

Religion Precedes Morality:

Descartes, Locke, Paley and others believe that religion precedes morality, the latter arising from the
former. It is God’s will or veto which decides good or bad.

God’s laws are the ethical criterion. God creates ethics of his own desire and is not bound by any ethical
law. We know his mandates through saints and spiritual books.

This opinion makes God unrelated to ethics. It is true that God cannot be bound by any law of ‘ought’
but even then if ethics is not subjective or a mere faith, God should tend towards good. A fundamental
postulate of ethics is the moral order of the universe.

Morality is objective. God himself is a treasure house of ethical qualities. He orders well and rejects evil.
Ethics is based not on His absolute desire but on His ethical nature. Activities are not good or bad
because religious texts say so but the goodness or badness of activities lies in the recognition or knowing
God’s order and mandate.

Neither religion nor ethics can stay if God is believed to be either unethical or indifferent to morality.
Religion satisfies the emotional aspect of man. Ethics satisfies the volitional aspect of man.

If the complete and all round development of man are desirable ethics and religion should be
complementary.

Religion succeeds morality:

According to Kant, religion is based upon ethics and the existence of God is due to the existence of
ethics. Kant believes that bliss invariably accompanies virtue.

In complete good, the highest happiness is included. Virtue is of course the ultimate good, but without
bliss it is not complete good.

But in the world, virtues are not always accompanied by happiness. It is seen quite often that while good
people suffer hi a number of ways, the bad enjoy themselves. But if the ethical order is true, it should
not be so. Thus, Kant imagines a God who arranges for pleasure with virtue and pain with vice hi this
world.

It is God who conjoins pleasure with virtue, because while virtues depend upon our volitions, pleasure
depends upon the concord of external conditions.

6. To whom or what does Morality apply?

Morality applies to people simply by virtue of their being rational persons who know what morality
prohibits, requires, etc., and being able to guide their behavior accordingly. Public systems can be formal
or informal

7. who is Morally /Ethically Responsible ?

Moral responsibility is about human action and its intentions and consequences (Fisher 1999, Eshleman
2016, Talbert 2022). Generally speaking a person or a group of people is morally responsible when their
voluntary actions have morally significant outcomes that would make it appropriate to blame or praise
them.