CLASS:XI COMPUTER SCIENCE
NOTES
What is Encoding?
Encoding is the process of converting data (text, numbers, symbols) into a machine-
readable form (binary numbers) so that a computer can store, process, and display it.
Why is Encoding needed?
Computers understand only 0s and 1s
Encoding helps:
o Store text correctly
o Display characters properly
o Share text between devices
Types of Encoding
ASCII → Encodes English characters
ISCII → Encodes Indian language characters
Unicode (UTF-8) → Encodes all world languages
Example 1: English letter
Character: A
Encoding (ASCII): 65
Binary form: 01000001
So, the computer stores A as numbers, not as a letter.
Difference between ASCII, ISCII, and Unicode
1️⃣ ASCII
Full form: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Used to represent English letters only
Includes:
o A–Z, a–z
o Numbers (0–9)
o Basic symbols (@, #, $, etc.)
Uses 1 byte (8 bits)
📌 Example:
A = 65, a = 97
👉 Limitation:
❌ Cannot represent Indian or other world languages
2️⃣ ISCII
Full form: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
Used to represent Indian languages
Supports:
o Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, etc.
Developed in India
Uses 1 byte with different scripts selected by special codes
📌 Example:
Used in early Indian language typing software
👉 Limitation:
❌ Not suitable for mixing many languages together
❌ Not widely used today
3️⃣ Unicode
A universal coding system
Can represent all languages of the world
Supports:
o English, Tamil, Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, emojis 😊
Uses 2 to 4 bytes (UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32)
📌 Example:
A = U+0041
அ = U+0B85
👉 Advantage:
✔ One standard for all languages
✔ Used on the internet, mobile phones, computers
Significance of Unicode
Unicode is important because it provides a single standard to represent all languages and
symbols in computers.
Supports all languages
English, Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Arabic, Chinese, etc.
One universal standard
Same text appears correctly on all devices and platforms
Enables multilingual text
Different languages can be used together in the same document
Prevents data loss
No question marks or boxes when sharing files
Essential for the Internet
Used in websites, emails, mobile apps, and social media
Supports symbols and emojis
Mathematical symbols, currency signs, emojis 😊
Difference between UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32
All three are Unicode Transformation Formats (UTF).
They differ in how many bytes they use to store characters.
1️⃣ UTF-8
Uses 1 to 4 bytes
English letters use 1 byte
Other languages use more bytes
Most widely used encoding
📌 Example:
A → 1 byte
அ (Tamil) → 3 bytes
✔ Saves space for English
✔ Used on websites and emails
2️⃣ UTF-16
Uses 2 or 4 bytes
Most common characters use 2 bytes
Some special characters use 4 bytes
📌 Example:
A → 2 bytes
அ → 2 bytes
✔ Used internally by many systems
❌ Uses more space than UTF-8 for English
3️⃣ UTF-32
Uses exactly 4 bytes for every character
Simple but wastes memory
📌 Example:
A → 4 bytes
அ → 4 bytes
✔ Easy to process
❌ Not commonly used
Duality Principle in Boolean Algebra (Simple Explanation)
The Duality Principle states that:
Every Boolean expression remains valid if we interchange AND with OR and 0
with 1.
If the operators and variables of an equation or function produce no change in
the output of the equation ,so its called as “Duals”
Main Theorems of Boolean Algebra
De Morgan’s Law
1. Boolean algebra deals with binary operations such as:
2. Apart from the basic Boolean laws, there is an important theorem called De
Morgan’s Law.
3. De Morgan’s Law is also known as De Morgan’s Theorem.
4. This law works based on the concept of Duality.
5. Duality Principle means:
o Interchanging AND (·) with OR (+)
o Interchanging 0 with 1
o Variables remain the same
6. De Morgan’s Law can be seen as an extension of the Duality Principle.
7. De Morgan proposed 2 theorems, which are useful for:
o Simplifying Boolean expressions
o Solving problems in digital electronics