Solution

PHYSICS MOST EXPECTED PRE BOARD

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) 1016
Explanation:
16
10

2. (a) directly proportional to Z

Explanation:
directly proportional to Z
3.
−1

(c) 1.6 × 108 m s

Explanation:
−1
8
1.6 × 10 m s

4.

(d)

Explanation:

5.
(b) 1.0 A
Explanation:
1.0 A

6.
(b) α

Explanation:
α

7.
(b) I
Explanation:
I

8.
(c) Sn

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 Explanation:
Sn

9.
(b) negative z -axis
Explanation:
Negative Z- axis

10.
2

(c) tan−1
4πε0 Er

Explanation:
2
4πε0 Er
−1
tan
Q

11.
(c) R

Explanation:
R

12.
(d) Sodium chloride
Explanation:
Sodium chloride

13.
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.

14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

16.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Explanation:
Both A and R are false.

Section B
17. From the given figure, we have the following information:
The virtual image formed by lens L1 is at P.
As per the parameters given in the question, we have
u = -15 cm, fL1 = 20 cm
So, the image distance will be

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 (By using lens formula )
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = = −
v (−15) 20 f v u

Thus, v = - 60 cm
Now, this image is acting as an object for the lens L2.
Now again by using Lens formula, we have
1 1 1
− =
vL uL f
2 2 L
2

Here, uL = v + (-20) = -60 - 20 = - 80 cm, vL = 80 cm

2 2

Thus, 1 − 1 = 1
80 (−80) f
L
2

fL2 = 40 cm
So, the focal length of the lens L2 = 40 cm.
18. An α -particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Mass of 2 protons
= 2 × 1.007825 = 2.015650 am
Mass of 2 neutrons = 2 × 1.008665 = 2.017330amu
Total mass = 4.032980 amu
Mass of He nucleus = 4.002800 amu
Mass defect, Δm = 0.030180 amu
B.E. of a-particle = 0.030180 × 931
= 28.097 MeV
19. We know that flux is given by
ϕ = N BA cos θ

We also know,
dϕ
dθ
e = − = (−N BA(− sin θ) )
dt dt

= N BA sin θ(2πf)

For maximum induced emf = sinθ = 1

dθ
emax = (−N BA sin θ )
dt

= NBA(2π f)
Hence proved.
20. To calculate the work done in pulling the plates of an air-filled parallel plate capacitor apart while
keeping the charge constant, use the formula:
1
W = Q ( Vf − Vi )
2

Initially, the capacitance is Ci = 20pF and charge Q = 4.0μC . The initial voltage Vi is:
−6
Q 4.0×10
Vi = = = 200 V
Ci − 12
20×10

When the separation increases to 5 mm , the new capacitance Cf = 4.0 pF , and the final voltage Vf is:
−6
Q 4.0×10
Vf = = = 1000 V
− 12
Cf 4.0×10

Thus, the work done is:

1 −6
W = × 4.0 × 10 × (1000 − 200) = 1.6 mJ
2

So, the work done is 1.6 mJ.

OR
C = 100 μF = 100 × 10-6 F, V = 12V
a. Electrostatic energy U = CV2
1

= 1
× 100 × 10-6 × (12)2
2

= 10-4 × 144
1
×
2

= 72 × 10-4 × 144
= 72 × 10-4 J = 7.2 mJ
b. Equivalent capacitance Ceq = C1 + C2
= 200 μF

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 Q = CV
= 100 × 10-6 × 12
= 12 × 10-4 C
2
2 −4
Q (12×10 )

U = = −6
2Ceq 2×200×10

=
144
× 10-4
4

= 36 × 10-4 J = 3.6 mJ
21. i. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating electrostatic field and an oscillating electrostatic field
produces a magnetic field which in turn produces an oscillating emf. An oscillating voltage (emf)
produces an oscillating magnetic field and so on. This, in turn, produces an oscillating electric field
and so on. These oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other as the wave
propagates through space. In this way, the oscillating charges produce an electromagnetic wave
containing electric and magnetic field vectors vibrating with each other and also with the direction of
propagation of the electromagnetic wave.
ii. The propagation of electromagnetic wave is shown in figure below. Here the electric and magnetic
field vectors are vibrating along positive X and Y axes respectively.

OR
In general, a moving charge can produce both electric and magnetic fields. So, an oscillating charge can
produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields with the same frequency of the oscillating charge. Thus
an electromagnetic wave is produced by an oscillating charge directed along the perpendicular to both
the electric and magnetic field (two fields are also perpendicular to each other) and the direction of
propagation is found from the cross product E⃗ × B⃗ .
In the diagram below, electric and magnetic fields vectors are vibrating along positive X and Y axes
respectively with the direction of propagation of the em wave along the positive Z-axis.

Section C
22. A photodiode is fabricated with a transparent window to allow light to fall on the diode. and the
generation of e-h pairs takes place in or near the depletion region of the diode.

Working of photodiode -

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 When photodiode is illuminated with light of suitable frequency, the electron hole pairs are generated
near depletion region due to its specific fabrication. The junction potential separates electrons and holes
before their recombination and e- releases to n- side and holes reaches to p- side to the direction of
electric field and hence current flows across the photodiode when connected with load.

If reverse bias is applied across the photodiode, the photo current changes with the change in intensity
of light. Hence, it can be used to detect the optical signals.
23. a. Current sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current
flows through it.
I = k n A B θ, Where N = no. of turns in the coil, B = magnetic field, A = area of the coil of galvanometer
Or The sensitivity (i.e. current sensitivity) of a galvanometer is defined as the angle of deflection per
unit current flowing through it.

b. i.

Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a shunt (small resistance) S with
parallel to the galvanometer.
As galvanometer and shunt are connected in parallel, so,
Potential across G = Potential across S
Ig G = (I - Ig)S
Ig
∴ S= G
I−Ig

ii. Effective resistance of this ammeter will be

1 1 1
= +
Rs G S

RA =
GS

G+S

24. Coulomb's law in vector form: As shown in fig., consider two positive point charges q1 and q2 placed
in vacuum at distance r from each other. They repel each other.

In vector form, Coulomb's law may be expressed as F 21

⃗
= Force on charge q2 due to q1
−→
q q
= where r , is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to q2
1 1 2 r12
⋅ ^12
r ^12 =
4πε0 r
2 r

Similarly, F 12
⃗
= Force on charge q1 due to q2
q q ⃗
= where r , is a unit vector in the direction from q2 to q1.
1 1 2 r 21
⋅ ^21
r ^21 =
4πε0 2 r
r

The coloumbian forces between unlike charges (q1q2 < 0) are attractive, as shown in Fig.

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 Importance of vector form. The vector form of coulomb's law gives the following additional
information :
i. As r ^12 , therefore F 21
^21 = − r ⃗ ⃗
= −F 12

This means that the two charges exert equal and opposite forces on each other. So Coulombian
forces obey Newton's third law of motion.
ii. As the Coulombian forces act along F 12
⃗
or F 21
⃗
, i.e., along the line joining the centres of two charges,
so they are central forces.
25. When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at
the center of the shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted from the edge of the
circular obstacle, which interferes constructively at the center of the shadow. This constructive
interference produces a bright spot.
Difference between Interference and Diffraction:
i. Interference occurs due to the superposition of two distinct waves coming from two coherent
sources of light. The diffraction occurs as a result of the secondary wavelets coming from different
parts of the same wavefront.
ii. In the pattern of interference, all the bright fringes have the same intensity. In a diffraction pattern,
all the bright fringes are not of the same intensity.
26. a. When a dipole is rotated from 1 position to other position 2 in a uniform magnetic field,
Workdone, W = mB(cos θ1 - cos θ2 )
(i) Here θ1 = 60o, θ2 = 90o
∴ Workdone, W = mB(cos 60o - cos 90o)
= mB( 2 - 0) = 2 mB
1 1

= 6 × 0.44 = 1.32 J
1
×
2

(ii) Here θ1 = 60o, θ2 = 180o

∴ Workdone, W = mB(cos 60o - cos 180o)
= mB[ 2 - (-1)] = mB
1 3

= 6 × 0.44 = 3.96 J
3
×
2

b. Torque, τ = |m⃗ × B| = mB sinθ

¯
¯¯¯

For θ = 180o, we have

Torque, τ = 6 × 0.44 sin 180o = 0
27. Here we need first to calculate the equivalent resistance i.e., internal resistance and external resistance.
Total resistance = R + r
Net emf = E
Net Current = I =
E

R+r

Applying Kirchoffs Voltage law,

E = IR + Ir
⇒ E = I(R + r) ⇒ I =
E

R+r

OR

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 The drift velocity is the average velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains in a material due to
an electric field. It can also be referred to as axial drift velocity.
When a conductor is subjected to an electric field E, each electron experiences a force
F = - eE, and free electron acquires an
acceleration, a= F/m = - eE/m ... (i)
where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge and E = electric field.
Free electron starts accelerating and gains velocity and collide with atoms and molecules of the
conductor. The average time difference between two consecutive collisions is known as relaxation time
of electron and
...(ii)
τ1 +τ2 +…+τn
¯
¯¯
τ =
n

where, τ1 , τ2 . . . . τn are the average time difference between 1st, 2nd, ...nth collisions.
∴ v1, v2, ... vn, are velocities gained by electron in 1st, 2nd, ..., nth collisions with initial thermal velocities

u1, u2, ..., un, respectively.

∴ v1 = u1 + aτ1

Similarly,
v2 = u2 + aτ2

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

vn = un + aτ2

The drift speed vd may be defined as

v1 +v2 +…+vn
vd =
n
( u1 +u2 +…+un )+a( τ1 +τ2 +…+τn )
vd =
n
( u1 +u2 +…+un ) a( τ1 +τ2 +…+τn )
vd = +
n n

vd = 0 + aτ [∵ Average thermal velocity in n collisions = 0]

vd = −(eE/m)τ [from Eq. (i)]

This is the required expression of drift speed of free electrons in a conductor in a presence of voltage
source.
28. Average power associated with a capacitor: When an a.c. is applied to a capacitor, the current leads
the voltage in phase by π radian. So we write the expressions for instantaneous voltage and current as
2

follows:
V = V0 sin ωt

and I = I0 sin(ωt +
π
) = I0 cos ωt
2

Work done in the circuit in small time dt will be

dW = Pdt = VIdt = V0I0 sin ωt cos ωt dt
V0 I0
= sin 2ωtdt
2

The average power dissipated per cycle in the capacitor is

Pav =
W 1 T V0 I0 T
= ∫ dW = ∫ sin 2ωtdt
T T 0 2T 0

V0 I0 T
cos 2ωt
= [− ]
2T 2ω 0

V0 I0 T
4π
= − [cos t]
4T ω T 0
V0 I0
= − [cos 4π − cos 0]
4T ω
V0 I0
= − [1 − 1] = 0
4T ω

Thus the average power dissipated per cycle in a capacitor is zero.

Section D

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29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
If we allow radiations of a fixed frequency to fall on plate and the accelerating potential difference
between the two electrodes is kept fixed, then the photoelectric current is found to increase linearly with
the intensity of lncident radiation. Here, radiation pressure is P = ( I. As, atmosphere pressure at
1+e
)
C

sea level is 105Pa.

If the intensity of light of a given wavelength, is increased, there is an increase in the number of photons
incident on a given area in a given time. But the energy of each photon remain the same.
(a) (b) π R2I/E
Explanation:
Power of light received by the cone = I(π R2) Let number of photons hitting the cone per
second is n.

Then, nE = Iπ R2 ⇒ n = π R2I/E
(b) (a)
2E

Explanation:
Initial moment, pi = E

For a perfectly selecting surface,

Final momentum, pf =
−E

p = pf - pi = - =
−E E −2E
Δ
c c c

Hence a momentum is transferred to the reflecting c surface.

2E

(c) (c) E2 = p2c2

Explanation:
According to the theory of relatively, E = mc2 = mc.c = pc
or E2 = p2c2 where p is the momentum of a photon.
(d) (a) 5 × 10-6 Pa
Explanation:
I = 1 kW m-2
As, 50% of light is reflected, thus e = 0.5
(1+e)I
Radiation pressure, P = c

= 5 × 10-6 pa
(1+0.5)×1000
∴ P= 8
3×10

30. i. De Broglie proposed that an electron behaves as a matter wave. Only orbits in which the
circumference equals an integral multiple of its wavelength form standing waves. This restricts
electrons to specific orbits, naturally leading to quantised angular momentum and energy levels.
ii. |ψ| represents the probability density of finding an electron at a particular point in space.
2

iii. Because electrons do not follow definite paths; quantum mechanics describes them by probability
distributions instead of fixed orbits.
Section E

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31. 30.0
Explanation:

μ μ μ −μ

v
2
−
u
1
= 2 1

= = =
1.5 1 1.5−1 1 1.5 1 1
⇒ − ⇒ +
v −15 30 60 v 15 60

= = =− v = -30 cm
1.5 1 1 −1 1.5 1
⇒ − ⇒ ⇒
v 60 15 20 v 20

The distance of image from pole of the surface is 30 cm

OR
6
Explanation:
For u1 = 25 cm, let image distance be v1.
or or v1 = 100 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = = −
v1 −25 20 v1 20 25

So, m25 = = -4
v1 100
= −
u1 25

For u2 = 50 cm, let image distance be v2.

or v2 =
1 1 1 100
− = cm
v2 −50 20 3

100/3 −4 × 3
or =6
v2 2 m25
∴ m50 = = = − =
u2 −50 3 m50 −2

32. i. Graphical variation of (BE/A) for nucleons with mass number A. The variation of binding energy per
nucleon versus mass number is shown in figure.

a. Nuclear forces non-central and short-ranged force.

b. Nuclear forces between proton-neutron and neutron-neutron are strong and attractive in nature.
ii. Explanation of Nuclear Fission: When a heavy nucleus (A ≥ 235 say) breaks into two lighter nuclei
(nuclear fission), the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e, nucleons get more tightly bound. This
implies that energy would be released in nuclear fission.
Explanation of Nuclear Fusion: When two very light nuclei (A ≤ 10 ) join to form a heavy nucleus, the
binding is energy per nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding energy per nucleon of
lighter nuclei, so again energy would be released in nuclear fusion.
iii. During decay of a neutron, we have
1
0
n →
1
1
p+ −1
0
b+v bar
The detection of neutrinos is very difficult because it shows weak interactions with other particles.
OR

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 a. A chemical reaction simply changes the original combination of atoms. A chemical equation is
balanced in the sense that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the
equation. A chemical reaction merely alters the original combinations of atoms. In a nuclear reaction,
elements may be transmuted. Thus, the number of atoms of each element is not necessarily
conserved in a nuclear reaction. However, the number of protons and the number of neutrons are
both separately conserved in a nuclear reaction. In nuclear reactions, the number of protons and the
number of neutrons are the same on the two sides of the equation.
b. We know that the binding energy of a nucleus gives a negative contribution to the mass of the
nucleus . Now, since the proton number and neutron number are conserved in a nuclear reaction,
the total rest mass of neutrons and protons is the same on either side of a reaction. But the total
binding energy of nuclei on the left side need not be the same as that on the right-hand side. The
difference in these binding energies appears as the energy released or absorbed in a nuclear
reaction. Since binding energy contributes to mass, we say that the difference in the total mass of
nuclei on the two sides gets converted into energy or vice-versa. It is in this sense that a nuclear
reaction is an example of mass-energy interconversion.
c. From the point of view of mass-energy interconversion, a chemical reaction is similar to a nuclear
reaction in principle. The energy released or absorbed in a chemical reaction can be traced to the
difference in chemical binding energies of atoms and molecules on the two sides of a reaction. Since,
strictly speaking, chemical binding energy also gives a negative contribution (mass defect) to the total
mass of an atom or molecule, we can equally well say that the difference in the total mass of atoms
or molecules, on the two sides of the chemical reaction gets converted into energy or vice-versa.
However, the mass defects involved in a chemical reaction are almost a million times smaller than
those in a nuclear reaction. That is why we have the impression, that mass-energy interconversion
does not take place in a chemical reaction , though the impression is incorrect.
33. The working of an ac generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a closed
coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic
flux linked with the coil changes and an induced emf and hence current is set up in it.
Working and Theory: As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field, the angle θ between the field
and normal to the coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. An
emf is induced in the coil. According to Fleming's right-hand rule, current induced in AB is from A to B
and itis from C to D in CD. In the external circuit, current flows from B2 to B1.

Let N = number of turns in the coil, A = face area of each turn, B = magnitude of the magnetic field, θ =
angle which normal to the coil makes with filed B, ω = the angular frequency with which coil rotates
Then the magnetic flux linked with the coil at any instant t will be,
ϕ = NBA cos θ = NBA cos ωt

By Faraday’s flux rule, the induced emf is given by

dϕ
= − dt (N BA cos ωt)
d
ϵ = − = N BAω sin ωt
dt

ϵ = ϵ0 sin ωt

where ϵo = NBAω
OR

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i. Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with a
neighbouring coil or circuit will also change. Hence, an emf will be induced in the neighbouring coil or
circuit. This phenomenon is called 'mutual induction'.
Now, mutual inductance is the induced magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current flows in
the other neighbouring coil.
According to the question, let the current in big coil of radius r2 be I1, so, magnetic field at point at
the centre due to this coil will be μ0 I1 /2r2 .
Change in magnetic flux in the coil of radius r1 is,
{tex}\phi = BA = \frac{{{\mu _0}{I_1}}}{{2{r_2}}} \times π r_1^2{/tex}
2 2
μ I1 π r μ πr
Now, mutual inductance, M
ϕ 0 1 0 1
= = =
I1 2r2 ×I1 2r2

This is the required expression.

ii. According to question, if the coil having N turns rotates with an angular velocity of ω through an
angle θ in time t, thus θ = ωt
⃗ ⃗
∴ ϕ = B. A = BA cos θ = BA cos ωt

As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux linked with it changes. An induced emf is set up in the coil,
which is given by
−dϕ −d
e = = (BA cos ωt) = BAω sin ωt
dt dt

(From Faraday's 2nd law of electromagnetic induction with Lenz's correction)

For N number of turns, e = NBAω sinωt
For maximum value of emf, rotation of the coil must be equal to 90°.
So, maximum emf induced is = NBAω sin 900 = NBAω
T hus, e = N BA × 2πf = 2πN BAf [∵ ω = 2πf]

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