PH 1.
02:
Using
to identify the forces of
interaction that exist
between pairs of objects
[Link] between physical systems in equilibrium and non-
equilibrium.
[Link] a force diagram for objects in physical equilibrium
A. Forces
B. Static equilibrium
C. Dynamic equilibrium
D. System of forces
E. Free body diagram
10 min
What is Force?
What is Force?
• The newton (N) is defined as the amount of force
that, when acting on a 1 kg mass, produces an
acceleration of 1 m/s2.
Therefore,
• A force F on the standard
kilogram gives that body an
acceleration a.
10 min
Illustrating
different types
of Forces
Applied Force (Fapp)
Gravitational Force (Weight)
(Fgrav = mg)
• The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an
object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the
weight W of the object
Fg = W = m . g
where, g = 9.8 N/kg (m/s2)
m = mass (in kg)
• Direction: vertically downward
Normal Force (Fnorm = N)
• Is the support force exerted horizontally
between two objects in contact with
each other.
w Fg mg
• Force from a solid surface which keeps
object from falling through
N Fg ma y
N mg ma y
• Direction: always perpendicular to the
surface. N mg
Tension Force (Ftens = T)
• Direction: T1
T2
T1 = T = T2
Friction Force (Ffrict = Ff)
▪ Is the force exerted by a surface as
an object moves across it or makes
an effort to move across it.
▪ Magnitude: equals to the applied
force.
▪ Direction: often opposes the
motion of an object.
Air Resistance Force (Fair)
• Is a special type of frictional force that acts upon
objects as they travel through the air.
• Direction: often observed to oppose the
motion of an object.
• This force will be neglected due to its negligible
magnitude.
• It is most noticeable for objects that travel at
high speeds
Spring Force (Fspring = Fa)
• Is the force exerted by a compressed or
stretched spring upon any object that is
attached to it, that restores the object
to its rest or equilibrium position.
• Magnitude: is directly proportional
to the amount of stretch or
compression of the spring.
A force system
10 min
Illustrate the main
forces acting on the
following objects &
demonstrate their
direction??
Air Resistance Force
Normal Force Spring Force Gravitational Force
Normal
Force
Friction Force Tension Force Friction Force
static
equilibrium.
Can objects still be in
equilibrium when
forces are acting on
them?
“Dynamic Equilibrium”.
Balanced
Vs
Unbalanced
Forces
• If you are the only one pulling on
your side, and on the other side
there are eight people pulling, the
forces are unbalanced.
• However, if eight people were on
each side, the forces would be
more balanced, making the rope
move less quickly.
Balanced Forces
• Balanced forces are
forces equal in size and
opposite in direction.
• Object doesn’t move as
forces are equal in both
directions.
Forces are Balanced
a = 0 m/s2
Object at Rest Objects in Motion
V = zero m/s V ≠ zero m/s
Uniform Speed
Stay at Rest Stay in Motion
(same speed and direction)
Unbalanced Force
• Unbalanced forces occur
when one force is greater
than its opposite force.
• They cause the object’s
motion to speed up, slow
down, change direction or
stop. As the object moves in
the direction applied by the
greater force.
10 min
Differentiate between these physical
systems which are in equilibrium and which
are in non-equilibrium.
Drawing
a force
diagram
How can you design a tall structure
that does not blow over in heavy
winds?
How can you control the direction a
large tree will fall when chopping it
down?
• The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram
reflects the magnitude of the force.
• The direction of the arrow shows the direction
that the force is acting.
.
Practice
N
T
mg
Example 1 : A book on a table
There are two forces acting on a book at
rest on a table:
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the
book
2) The normal force N exerted by the table
on the book.
Example 2 : A suspended block
There are two forces acting on the
suspended block at rest:
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the
block
2) The tension force T exerted by the string
(or rope) on the block.
Example 3 : A block on a floor with an
acting force Fa to pull the block
The block is being pulled and therefore a force of
friction acts on the block.
So there are four forces acting on the block.
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the block
2) The normal force N exerted by floor on the block.
3) The acting force Fa to pull the block.
4) The force of friction Ff exerted by floor on the
block in the direction opposite the motion due to Fa
Example 4 : A falling object
There is only one force action on the
falling object.
.
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on
the falling object
Example 5 : An box on an incline plane
(with no frictions)
We assume that the inclined plane is
frictionless; two forces act on the box:
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the
box.
2) The normal force N exerted by the inclined
plane on the box. N is normal to the inclined
plane
Example 6 : An box on an incline plane
with an acting force and friction
considered.
A force Fa pulls the box upward and frictions are not
negligible.
Four forces act on the box:
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the box.
2) The normal force N exerted by the inclined plane
on the box. N is normal to the inclined plane.
3) The acting force Fa.
4) The force of friction Fs exerted by the inclined
plane on the box in the direction opposite the
motion due to Fa.
Example 7 : A block suspended to the
ceiling using three strings.
A) free body diagram for the block; two forces
(lower part of figure below)
1) The weight W exerted by the earth on the box.
2) The tension force T '3 exerted by the string on
the block.
B) free body diagram of point P; three forces
(upper part of figure below)
1) Tension T1
2) Tension T2
3) Tension T3
Example 8 : An box on an incline plane
with an acting force and friction considered.
A) free body diagram for block m1 (left of figure below)
1) The weight W1 exerted by the earth on the box.
2) The normal force N
3) The force of friction Ff
4) The tension force T exerted by the string on the block m1.
B) free body diagram of block m2
(right of figure below)
1) The weight of the block W2
2) Tension T '.
Force pairs between objects are equal and opposite,
even if objects are of different mass.
Example 9 : A rightward force is applied to a
book in order to move it across a desk at constant
velocity( a rightward acceleration).
The free-body diagram depicts four
forces acting upon the object.
1) The weight W exerted by
the earth on the box.
2) The normal force N
3) The force of friction Ff
4) The applied force
15 min
• In this activity, you are recommended to construct free-
body diagrams for these different situations.
• Once you have correctly constructed the free-body
diagram, try to answer these questions and then
compare it with your partner.
➢ How many forces acting on the object?
➢ Do the forces cancel out?
➢ Is the object at equilibrium?
➢ Is there a net force? If so in what direction?
Situation 1
A block on a ramp when it
a)Resting on the ramp (not sliding)
b)Sliding down the ramp (constant velocity)
c)Sliding down the ramp (constant acceleration, speeding up)
𝜃
Situation 2
A ball falling through the air
a) Falling straight down after being dropped
b) Flaying up after being thrown upward
c) Moving in parabola after being thrown up and to the right
10 min
Homework
Draw free body diagrams for each situation
1) A gymnast holding onto a bar, is suspended motionless in mid-air. The bar is
supported by two ropes that attach to the ceiling. Diagram the forces acting on the
combination of gymnast and bar.
2) An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the
forces acting on the egg as it is falling.
3) A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at constant
velocity. Consider air resistance. Diagram the forces acting on the squirrel.
4) A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk with a
rightward acceleration. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Diagram
the forces acting on the book.
Practice
1) A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk at constant
velocity. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting on
the book.
2) A college student rests a backpack upon his shoulder. The pack is suspended
motionless by one strap from one shoulder. Diagram the vertical forces acting on the
backpack.
3) A skydiver is descending with a constant velocity. Consider air resistance. Diagram the
forces acting upon the skydiver.
4) A force is applied to the right to drag a sled across loosely packed snow with a rightward
acceleration. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting upon the sled.
5) A football is moving upwards towards its peak after having been booted by the punter.
Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting upon the football as it rises upward
towards its peak.