Integration
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Antiderivatives and
Indefinite Integration
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Introduction to Integration
Integration is a way of adding slices to find the whole.
3
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central
points and many useful things. But it is easiest to start
with finding the area between a function and the x-
axis like this:
4
Antiderivatives
5
Slices
We could calculate the function at a few points and add up slices of
width Δx like this (but the answer won't be very accurate):
6
We can make Δx a lot smaller
and add up many small
slices (answer is getting better):
7
And as the slices approach zero in width, the
answer approaches the true answer.
We now write dx to mean the Δx slices are
approaching zero in width.
8
That is a lot of adding up!
9
But we don't have to add them up, as
there is a "shortcut", because ...
... finding an Integral is the reverse of
finding a Derivative.
10
Example: 2x
An integral of 2x is x2 ...
... because the derivative of x2 is 2x
(More about "+C" later.)
11
Antiderivatives
To find a function F whose derivative is f(x) = 3x2, you
might use your knowledge of derivatives to conclude that
The function F is an antiderivative of f .
12
Notation for Antiderivatives
13
Antiderivatives
Using Theorem 4.1, you can represent the entire family of
antiderivatives of a function by adding a constant to a known
antiderivative.
For example, knowing that Dx [x2] = 2x, you can represent the
family of all antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x by
G(x) = x2 + C Family of all antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x
where C is a constant. The constant C is called the constant
of integration.
14
Notation for Antiderivatives
When solving a differential equation of the form
it is convenient to write it in the equivalent differential form
The operation of finding all solutions of this equation is
called antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration) and is
denoted by an integral sign ∫.
15
Notation for Antiderivatives
The general solution is denoted by
The expression ∫f(x)dx is read as the antiderivative of f with
respect to x. So, the differential dx serves to identify x as
the variable of integration. The term indefinite integral is a
synonym for antiderivative.
16
Basic Integration Rules
17
Basic Integration Rules
The inverse nature of integration and differentiation can be
verified by substituting F'(x) for f(x) in the indefinite
integration definition to obtain
Moreover, if ∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C, then
18
Basic Integration Rules
These two equations allow you to obtain integration
formulas directly from differentiation formulas, as shown in
the following summary.
19
Basic Integration Rules cont’d
20
Example 2 – Applying the Basic Integration Rules
Describe the antiderivatives of 3x.
Solution:
So, the antiderivatives of 3x are of the form where
C is any constant. 21
Basic Integration Rules
In Example 2, note that the general pattern of integration is
similar to that of differentiation.
22
Initial Conditions and Particular
Solutions
23
Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions
You have already seen that the equation y = ∫f(x)dx has
many solutions (each differing from the others by a
constant).
This means that the graphs of any two antiderivatives of f
are vertical translations of each other.
24
Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions
For example, Figure 4.2 shows the
graphs of several antiderivatives
of the form
for various integer values of C.
Each of these antiderivatives is a solution
of the differential equation
Figure 4.2
25
Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions
In many applications of integration, you are given enough
information to determine a particular solution. To do this,
you need only know the value of y = F(x) for one value of x.
This information is called an initial condition.
For example, in Figure 4.2, only one curve passes through
the point (2, 4).
To find this curve, you can use the general solution
F(x) = x3 – x + C General solution
and the initial condition
F(2) = 4 Initial condition
26
Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions
By using the initial condition in the general solution, you
can determine that
F(2) = 8 – 2 + C = 4
which implies that C = –2.
So, you obtain
F(x) = x3 – x – 2. Particular solution
27
Example 8 – Finding a Particular Solution
Find the general solution of
and find the particular solution that satisfies the initial
condition F(1) = 0.
Solution:
To find the general solution, integrate to obtain
28
Example 8 – Solution cont’d
Using the initial condition F(1) = 0, you
can solve for C as follows.
So, the particular solution, as shown
in Figure 4.3, is
Figure 4.3 29