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NEET Biomolecules Study Notes

Biomolecules are organic compounds in living organisms, primarily including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, while proteins consist of amino acids and have complex structures. Enzymes act as biological catalysts, vitamins are essential for growth, nucleic acids store genetic information, and hormones function as chemical messengers.

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8 views2 pages

NEET Biomolecules Study Notes

Biomolecules are organic compounds in living organisms, primarily including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, while proteins consist of amino acids and have complex structures. Enzymes act as biological catalysts, vitamins are essential for growth, nucleic acids store genetic information, and hormones function as chemical messengers.

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laxmanaraopotnuru85
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BIOMOLECULES – DETAILED NOTES FOR NEET

(CHEMISTRY)

1. Introduction to Biomolecules
• Biomolecules are organic compounds present in living organisms.
• Main elements: C, H, O, N, sometimes P and S.
• Major classes: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Vitamins, Hormones.

2. Carbohydrates
• Defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances that yield them on hydrolysis.
• Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolysed further (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Glucose structure: aldohexose, exists mainly in cyclic form.
• Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bond.
• Polysaccharides are polymers serving as storage or structural materials.
• Starch: amylose + amylopectin; Glycogen: highly branched; Cellulose: β-glucose units.

3. Proteins
• Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids.
• Peptide bond formed by condensation between –NH2 and –COOH groups.
• Primary structure determines protein function.
• Secondary structures stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
• Tertiary structure stabilized by disulfide bonds, ionic and hydrophobic interactions.
• Quaternary structure seen in proteins like hemoglobin.

4. Amino Acids
• General formula: H2N–CH(R)–COOH.
• Exist as zwitter ions in aqueous solution.
• pH at which amino acid has no net charge is isoelectric point (pI).
• Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet.
• Glycine is optically inactive.

5. Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts speeding up biochemical reactions.
• Highly specific due to active site.
• Lock and key model explains specificity.
• Optimum temperature and pH required for maximum activity.
• Inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.

6. Vitamins
• Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth.
• Fat soluble vitamins are stored in body tissues.
• Water soluble vitamins are excreted and need regular intake.
• Deficiency diseases: Night blindness (A), Scurvy (C), Rickets (D).
7. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
• Nucleotide = nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group.
• DNA stores genetic information; RNA helps in protein synthesis.
• DNA follows Watson-Crick model.

8. Hormones
• Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
• Transported through blood to target organs.
• Examples: Insulin regulates blood sugar; Thyroxine regulates metabolism.

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