SUN HIGH SCHOOL

BASUHAR, PATNA - 804453

SCHOOLY

SESSION: 2022-23
CLASS - XI" [SCIENCE]

Roll No.: 2d.622,164

TOPIC : To study the various factors on which the

internal resistance/emf of the cell depends.

Submitted to :
Submitted by:
IRanvijay Kumar SHAILVI SHREE
Physics Teacher
SRTFICATE
OF

This is to certify that Shailvi Shree, student of Cass -

XITth has successfully completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. Ranvijay Kumar
during the year of 2022-23 in partial of Physics Practical
Examination conducted by Sun High Schoo.

Signature of Signature of
External Examiner Internal Examiner
 INDEX

No cONTENT Page No.

'etitivtte of licellence
Acknowledgement
lntdctton

Aim of the 'ojeet

Theory

'vuitDiugan
Apparatus Required
Povcdne followed )

Observation 12

I0 Reult Interences 3

Precauations 14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishnent of this projcct sIccesstully, many
people have best owncd upon me their blessing und the heart pledge
support, this lime lam utilizing to thank all the people who have bcen
concern with this project.

Primarily Iwould like to thank god tor being able to

complete this projcct with success. Then I would like to thank my
Principal Mr. CB. Roy and my Physies teacher Mr. Ranvijay Kunar
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helpcd me to patch
this project and make it foolproof success, his suggestions and
instruction has served as the major contribution towards the
completion of this projcct.

Then Iwould to thank my parents who have helped me

with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been very helptul in
various phases of the completion of the project.
Sccondly, Iwould also like to thunk my friends and
classmates who helped me a lot in inalizing this project within the
limited time Irame.
3
 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronie

appliances and the use is increasing everyday. Thus, the batteries need
to be made more powerful so that their potential can be increased
greatly. Thus, this project report is based on pructical analysin lor the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal
resistance of the cell is decreased, we can inereased the polential
difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
 INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance defined as the resistance offered by

the clectrolyte of the cell to he flow of ions.

Its S.I. unit is Ohm (2).

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to
an external resistance (R), such that (I) is the current flowing
through the circuit,

E=VIr

Internal Resistance,

r=E- V/I
 AIM OF THE
PROJECT

To study the various factors on which the internal

resistance / emf of the depends.
 THEORY

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by

its clectrolyte to the tlow of ions. The internal resistance of acell is
direetly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

is inverscly proportional o facing surface arca of the

clectrodes in clecrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

is inverscly proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

AFEOSTAT 40C AT

H.B.

Shut

Fig, : 1nternal maintenanee of a cell.

FIGURE 1.1

8
APPARATUS REQUIRED

A potentiometer

Ajockey
A batttery

Three way keys

A fractional resistance box

A high resistance box (about 0 - 10000 2)

A rheostat of loW resistance

A voltmeter, a primary cell (say voltaic)

An ammeter, connecting wiresand pieces of sand paper
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1 Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.

2. Tighten he plugs of the resisatnce box.

3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure
of the cell,
that e.m.f. of he battery is more than that
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.

To sudy variation of internal

resistatnce with
distance of separation
4 Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

5 Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

resistance small.

6 Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that

a null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

7
Determine the position of he null point accurately using a set
square and measure the balancing lengh (11) between the null
poin and the end P.

10
8 Next introduce plugs in both kevs keys Kl and K2. At the
SW) from the
same time, take out a small resistance (|
shunt resistance box connccted in parallel with the cell.

obtain the
9 Slide the jockey along a potentionmeter wire and
null point.
Record these
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P.
observations.
remove the plugs
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart. Then
7 to
of keys Kl and K2. Wait for some time and repeat steps
10.

set of
12 Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another
observations.

To sudy variation of internal resistatnce with area of

electrodes

13. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of

electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depth for cach observation.

14. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.

Record your readings.

11
 osudy variation of internal resistatnce with
concentration of electrolyte
15 Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration
of electrolyte by adding distilled water for different
observations.
16. Obtain three such observations by repeating step.

12
 Table 2.1 :
OBSERVATION
Dependencebetween
of internal resistance on separation
the plates
SI. Separation
No between Balancing length Internal
Resistance
plates
(cm) (cm)

(Q)
Open circuit
(when keys K2
Closed circuit
(when keys K; and
r=R*()()
and K3 are open) K3 are closed)
length l, (cm) length / (em)
1 16 2.5 1.87
171.4 97.1

2 12 2.0 171.3 100.4 1.41

3 1.50 171.1 100.1 1.05

Table 2.2: Dependence of internal resistance on common

area of plates immersed in electrolyte
SI Length of R Balancing length Internal
No. the plate Resistance
immersed
in the (cm)
electrolyte
(2)
Open circuit
(when keys K,
Closed circuit
(when keys K, and
rR*()
(cm)
and K, are open) K, are closed)
length , (cm) length / (cm)
1 4 2.5 180.4 113.7 1.52

2. 6 2.0 185.2 121.3 1.02

3 8 1.5 190.1 126.3 0.76

13
 Table 2.3:
Dependence of internal rosistance on the
Concentration of the
S. Concentration
electrolyte
of the Internal
NO Balancing length Resistance
electrolyte
(in moles) (cm)

(2)
Open circuit Closed circuit r-R())
(when keys K, (when keys K,
and K, are and K, are closed)
open)
length , (cm) length / (em)
1 4 1.5 0.91
160,4 100.8

2. 3 2.0 155.6 97.4 1.22

3 2 2.5 152.4 90.6 1.81

14
 RESULT
Internal resistanceof acell increases with increase in distance
between the electrodes.
2. Internal resistance increases with decrease in common alca
electrodes immersed in the electrolyte.
3. Internal resistance increases ith decrease in concentration
the electrolyte.
 PRECAUTIONS
1 Ensure that the cmfof the battery Eis greater than emf of cell
E

2. Positive terminals of E and E, both should be

connected at
terminal Aof the
potentiometer.
The current should not be passed for long time so as to avoid
3
any hitting of the wire resulting in the change of resistance.

4. Ine iength of the wire should also be mcasured from the end A
of the wire, where all the positive terminals are connected.
5 Jockey should not be pressed too hard on the wire, otherwise
the diameter of the wire may not remain uniform. Also, do not
press the jockey on the wire while sliding it.

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