11th CLASS STUDY MATERIAL

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHOPAL

 STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL
CLASS XI

POLITICAL SCIENCE

SESSION 2024-25

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHOPAL REGION

1
KVS RO BHOPAL CLASS XI POLITICAL SCIENCE
 CHIEF PATRON
Shri R SENTHIL KUMAR
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, KVS RO BHOPAL

PATRON
Smt. NIRMALA BUDANIA
ASSISTANT COMMOSSIONER, KVS RO BHOPAL

CO-ORDINATOR
Shri UMESH CHANDRA
PRINCIPAL, PM SHRI KV No. 4, GWALIOR (M.P.)

2
 CONTENT DEVELOPER

[Link] SARAHIYA

PGT- POLITICAL SCIENCE

PM SHRI KV NO.4 GWALIOR (M.P.)

KVS RO BHOPAL CLASS XI POLITICAL SCINCE

 आर. से दल क◌ु मार के दरीय व ालय संगठन, े ीय
उपाय◌ु कायाालय, भोपाल
R. Senthil Kumar KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
Deputy Commissioner SANGATHAN
REGIONAL OFFICE, Opp. Maida
Mills
Bhopal 462042
Phone:2550728 (DC)

Website:
[Link]
Email-
dckvsrobhopal@[Link]

फ 140350/02/2024/के वस/ भेTपTल/ वनT◌क

ां 12/07/2024

MESSAGE FROM DEPUTY COMMISSIONER

It gives me immense pleasure to publish the study material for Class.

XII. I am sure that the support material will definitely be great help to the
ClassX/XII Students of all Kendriya Vidyalayas of our region.

This students’ Support Maternal has been prepared to improve

their academic performance. This is a product of the combined efforts
of a team ofdedicated and experienced teachers with expertise in their
subjects. This material is designed to supplement the NCERT text
book.

The support material contains all the important aspects required

by the students. Care has been taken to include the latest syllabus,
summary of all the chapters, important formula, sample question papers,
problem solving andcase-based questions. It covers all essential
components that are required for quick and effective revision of the
subject.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the in-charge

Principal and all the teachers who have persistently striven for the
preparation of this study maternal. Their selfless contribution in making
this project successful iscommendable.

"An ounce of practice is worth tons of Knowledge. Students will

make useof the material meticulously to reap the best out of this effort.

With Best Wishes.

(R SENTHIL KUMAR)
DEPUTY
COMMISSIONER
 ConstitutionofIndia
PartIVA(Article51A)

FundamentalDuties
ItshallbethedutyofeverycitizenofIndia—
(a) toabidebytheConstitutionandrespectitsidealsandinstitutio
ns, the National Flag and the NationalAnthem;
(b) tocherishandfollowthenobleidealswhichinspiredournation
al struggle for freedom;
(c) toupholdandprotectthesovereignty,unityandintegrityofIndia;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when
called upon to do so;
(e) topromoteharmonyandthespiritofcommonbrotherhoodamon
gst
allthepeopleofIndiatranscendingreligious,linguisticandregion
al or sectional diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignityof women;
(f) tovalueandpreservetherichheritageofourcompositeculture;
(g) toprotectandimprovethenaturalenvironmentincludingfores
ts,
lakes,rivers,wildlifeandtohavecompassionforlivingcreature
s;
(h) todevelopthescientifictemper,humanismandthespiritofinqui
ry and reform;
(i) tosafeguardpublicpropertyandtoabjureviolence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual
and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises
to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
*(k)whoisaparentorguardian,toprovideopportunitiesforeducation
to his childor, as the casemaybe, ward between theage of
six and fourteen years.

Note:TheArticle51AcontainingFundamentalDutieswasinsertedbytheConstitutio
n (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k)wasinsertedby the Constitution(86th Amendment) Act,2002(with
effect from 1 April 2010)
 CONTENT

PARTA:INDIACONSTITUTIONATWORK

Chapter Topic

1. 1PhilosophyoftheConstitution&Constitution
. as a living document

2. ElectionandRepresentation

3. TheLegislature

4. TheExecutive

5. TheJudiciary

7. Federalism
8. LocalGovernments
9. Constitution:why and How
10. Rights In the Indian constitution

PartB:PoliticalTheory

1. PoliticalTheory:AnIntroduction

2. Freedom/Liberty

3. Equality

4. SocialJustice

xv XI–PoliticalScience
 5. Rights

6. Citizenship

XI–PoliticalScience xvi
7. Nationalism

8. Secularism

PraticeQuestionPaper-3(2020-21)
PraticeQuestionPaper-2(2021-22)
SampleQuestionnPaper(2022-23)

xv XI–PoliticalScience
 POLITICALSCIENCE(028)
ClassXI(2024-25)
TotalMarks=100(80+20)
A. Theory MaxMarks:80
Time:3hrs.
PartA:IndianConstitutionatWork
Units Content Marks
Constitutio s 12
1 n
2 ElectionandRepresentation 10
3 TheLegislature
4 TheExecutive 08
5 TheJudiciary
6 Federalism 10
7 LocalGovernments
Total 40
PartB:PoliticalTheory
Units Content Marks
8 sPoliticalTheory:AnIntroductio 04
9 n Liberty 10
10 Equality
11 Justice 08
12 Rights
13 Citizenshi 10
14 p
15 Nationalis 08
m 40
B. ProjectWork:

20 Marks Grand
Total=100Marks

XI–PoliticalScience xviii
 POLITICALSCIENCE
(CodeNo.028)(2024-25)

Rationale
Attheseniorsecondarylevel,studentswhooptforPoliticalSciencearegivenanopportunit
y
togetexposedtothediverseconceptsofthedisciplinehelpingthemtobeaglobalcitize
n
anddevelopskillstounderstand,[Link],thereisaneedtoenable
studentstohavetheskillstoengagewithpoliticalprocessesthatsurroundthemandprovi
de
themwithanunderstandingofthehistoricalcontextthathasshapedthepresent.
The
differentcoursesexposethestudentstovariousstreamsofthedisciplineofPoliticalScie
nce:
PoliticalTheory,[Link]
eams
-ComparativePoliticsandPublicAdministration-
areaccommodatedatdifferentplaces inthese courses. In
introducingthesestreams,special carehas been taken notto burden
[Link]
e
foundationsforaseriousengagementwiththedisciplineanddevelopcompetenciesrel
ated
toPoliticalSciencetopreparethemforhighereducation,learningandknowledge.
CompetenciesandOutcomes:
1. IndianConstitutionatWork:
1.1 Competency:Understanding,identifyingandanalyzingthekeyfeatures,historic
al processesandworkingoftheConstitutionofIndia.
1.2 Outcomes:Thestudentswill:
1.2.1
Understandthehistoricalprocessesandthecircumstancesinwhic

xvii XI–PoliticalScience
 hthe Constitutionwasdrafted.
1.2.2
Befamiliarwiththediverseperspectivesthatguidedthemakersoft
he IndianConstitution.
1.2.3
IdentifykeyfeaturesoftheConstitutionandcomparethesetooth
er constitutionsintheworld.
1.2.4 AnalysetheworkingoftheConstitutioninreallife.
2. PoliticalTheory:
2.1 Competency:Understanding,criticallyevaluatingandapplyingpoliticaltheory
2.2 Outcomes:Afterthecoursethestudentswill:

XI–PoliticalScience xviii
 2.2.1Understanddifferentthemesandthinkersassociatedwiththereallife.
2.2.2Developtheskillsforlogicalreasoning
2.2.3
Meaningfullyparticipateintheissuesandconcernsofpoliticallif
e surroundingthem.
3. ContemporaryWorldPolitics:
3.1 Competency:Understanding,analyzingtheContemporaryWorldPolitics
3.2 Outcomes:Afterthecoursethestudentswill:
3.2.1Understandthecontemporaryworld.
3.2.2 Understandthekeypoliticaleventsandprocessesinthepost-
coldwar era.
3.2.3
Analyzevariousglobalinstitutions,processesandeventsshapingt
heir lives.
4. PoliticsinIndiaafterIndependence:
4.1 Competency:Criticallyevaluateandunderstand,analyzepoliticsinIndiaaft
er Independence
4.2 Outcomes:Afterthecoursethestudentswill:
4.2.1 Understandandanalyzeconstitutionalinstitutions,figuresandtheirwo
rking inthepost-independenceperiod;political
events,trends,otherfacts and figures and contribution of
eminent personalities from the post-
independencetocontemporaryIndia.
4.2.2 Develop theircapacitytolink politicalpoliciesand
processeswith contemporaryrealities.
4.2.3 Encouragethestudentstounderstandandanalysethechallen
gesfor contemporaryIndia.

xix XI–PoliticalScience
XI–PoliticalScience xx
 PART - A
INDIANCONSTITUTION
ATWORK

3 XI–PoliticalScience
 CONSTITUTION
PhilosopyoftheConstitution,ConstitutionasaLivingDocument

KeyPoints:-
➢ WhatistheConstitution?
➢ NeedoftheConstitution.
➢ FormationoftheConstitution.
➢ CompositionoftheConstitutionAssembly.
➢ SourcesoftheIndianConstitution.
➢ PoliticalPhilosophyoftheConstitution.

FlowChartofConstitution

XI–PoliticalScience 4
FunctionsoftheConstitution
Man is a social animal. Society is made up of different types of
community. Constitutionis necessaryto
[Link] constitution provides the set
of basic rules by which a government is framed and the State is
governed.

Whydoweneedaconstitution?
1. Constitution allows coordination and assurance. The first function
of a constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that allow for
minimal coordination among its members of a society. These rules
are legally enforceable and gives an assurance to everybody that
others will follow theserulesforiftheydonotdosotheywillbepunished.
2. Thesecondfunctionofaconstitutionistospecifywhohasthepower to
make decisions in a society. Constitution decide how the
government will be constituted. It decides who gets to decide what
the laws will [Link] the Indian Constitution for example, it is a
specified that in most instances, Parliament gets to decide laws
and policies and Parliament itselfbeorganisedinaparticularmanner.
3. The third function of a constitution is to set, some limits on what a
government can impose on its citizens. These limits are
fundamental in the sense that governments may never trespass
them. The governmenthas to specify certain fundamental rights
that all of us possess as citizens
andwhichnocitizenscanneverbeallowedtoviolate.
4. Thefourthfunctionofaconstitutionistoenablethegovernmentto fulfil
the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just Society.
Forexample,Indiaaspiresto be a societythat is freeof caste
discrimination.
5. Constitution provides fundamental identity of a people. It means

5 XI–PoliticalScience
 that people as a collective entity come into being only through the
basic constitution.

XI–PoliticalScience 6
HowwastheIndianconstitutionmade?
The Indian Constitution was made by the constituent assembly which
hadbeenelectedforundividedIndia.Ithelditsfirstsittingon9thDecember
1946 and reassembled as constituent assembly for divided India on
14th August 1947. Its members were elected by indirect election by the
membersof the provisional legislative assemblies. These provisional
legislative assemblies had been established in 1935. The constituent
assembly was composed roughly along the lines suggested by the plan
proposed by the
committeeoftheBritishcabinetknownasthecabinetmission.

CompositionoftheConstituentAssembly
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as the temporary Chairman
and on 11th December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the
permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. On 13th December
1946, Pandit
JawaharlalNehrupresentedtheobjectiveresolutionoftheConstitution.
Thisresolutionencapsulatedtheaspirationsandvaluesbehindthe
[Link] AmbedkarwaselectedastheChairmanofthe
draft committee of India. It was submitted on 22nd January 1947 by
the Constituent Assembly that outlined the future sovereign democratic
republicof India. On 26th November 1949, the Constitution of India had
395 articles and 8 [Link] took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to
make the
[Link],thescheduleshaveincreasedfrom8to12.

7 XI–PoliticalScience
NatureoftheConstituentAssembly
Representation of
all groups
/Ideologies
Allegiance to /Communities
democraticvalus

Nature of
theConstituet
Emphasis on
Assembly
Consent and
Deliberations

XI–PoliticalScience 8
FunctioningoftheConstituentAssembly

Intellectual Workingfo
Institutiona r
l Design theWelfare
Functioning of People
of
theConstituen
t Assembly

SourcesofIndianConstitution
• The constitutionof India was a by -Product of the legacy started
bythe Government of India Act 1935. The constitution borrowed
from its federalstructure,provisionofSupremeCourtetc.
• TheBritishConstitution- FirstPastthePostSystem,the
Parliamentary form of the government, the idea of the rule of law,
theroleofSpeakerinthelegislatureanditslawmakingmethod.
• TheUSConstitution-Thelistoffundamentalrights,thePreamble and
the independence of the judiciary.
• The Constitution of Ireland - The Directive Principles of the State
Policy of the State, the provision of nominated members in the
Rajya Sabha,theprincipleofindependence,equalityandfraternity.
• TheConstitutionofCanada-Quasi-federalgovernment.
Hence Indian constitution is also called the bag of borrowing, in
which various provisions had been borrowed. But borrowing these
ideas wasnot a slavishimitation. Eachprovision has been donein
context of Indian
[Link]
on thegroundsthatit was suitedto Indiancontexts,problems,
aspirations. India was extremely lucky to have an Assembly that
9 XI–PoliticalScience
 instead ofbeingparochialinitsoutlookcouldtakethebestavailable.

XI–PoliticalScience 1
 Singlecitizenshi

Fundamentalduties

Fundamentalrights
The Political
Philosophy of the Federal
IndianConstitutio t
n Unityindiversity

Directiveprinciplesofstatepolicy

Blendofflexibilityand rigidity

Parliamentaryformofgovernment

ThepoliticalphilosophyoftheIndianconstitutionmeansthat
constitution is not only set of some rules only but it is connected to
somemoral values as well.

The basic concepts of the constitution such as rights, citizenship,

democracy, equality, and freedom etc. are the ideals enshrined in the
Indian constitution.
Ourconstitutionemphasizesthatitsphilosophyispeacefulanddemocratic.
It implements the values on which the welfare policies are framed and
follow theseethicalfundamentalconcepts.

Processofonachievement
The members of the Assembly placed a great emphasis on discussion
and
[Link]
[Link] of
principal but they worked together. Each committee usually drafted a

1 XI–PoliticalScience
particular provisions of the constitution which were then subjected to
debatebytheentireassemblyanddecisionsweretakenwithconsentofall.

XI–PoliticalScience 1
Thusconstitutiongaveinstitutionalexpressiontoallfundamental
commitmentssuch as equality, Liberty, democracy, sovereigntyand a
[Link] and
procedures but a commitment to establish a government and that
willfulfiltheaspirationsofthepeople.

Criticismoftheconstitution
• Verylonganddetailed.
• 448article22partand12schedules.
• ProvisionsfromWesterncountrieshadbeenborrowed.
• Representativesofallthegroupswerenotpresentintheframing
oftheconstitution.

CONSTITUTIONISALIVINGDOCUMENT
[Link]
[Link]
on was adopted on26thNovember1949 andimplementedon
26thJanuary1950.
TheConstitutionhasvibrancybecause,
• changedaccordingtocircumstances.
• Theconstitutionisaliving document.
• Dynamicovertime.
• Modificationasrequired.

MainPoints:-
➢ AmendmentofConstitution.
➢ MethodsofamendingtheConstitution.
➢ WhymanyamendmentsintheConstitution.
➢ ControversialAmendment.
➢ PrincipleofBasicStructureoftheConstitution.

1 XI–PoliticalScience
 ➢ TheConstitutionisaLivingDocument.

AmendmentofConstitution
1. TheamendmentprocessstartsonlyintheParliament.
2. TheamendmentprocessisinArticle368.
3. The amendments do not mean that the basic structure of the
Constitution is changed.
4. In thecaseofamendments,the IndianConstitutionisflexible andrigid.
5. Morethan100amendmentstotheconstitutionsofar.
6. In case of ConstitutionAmendment Bill, the President is not
empowered tosend for reconsideration.
WaystoamendtheConstitution
• OnthebasisofasimplemajorityinParliament.
• ProposaltoamendtheConstitutiononthebasisofseparate
special majority in both the Houses of Parliament.
• Amendmentbyspecialmajorityandfurtherstatesupport.

Provision:-
• Creationofnewstates.
• Changes innamesonstateborders.
• CreationorabolitionofUpperHouseLegislativeCouncilinstates.
• Attainmentandterminationofcitizenship.
• IncreasingthejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourt.

Provision:-
• ThemannerofelectionofthePresident.
• DistributionofpowersbetweentheCenterandtheStates.
• RepresentationofStatesintheParliament.

XI–PoliticalScience 1
 WaystoamendtheConstitution

Bythesimplemajority Bythespecialmajorit Bythe specialmajorityofthe

of the parliament. y of the parliament. parliament
andratificationof at least
half of the states.
Eg.–Formationof Eg.– Amendment in
newstates. fundamentalright Eg.–ElectionofthePresident
–Abolitionorcreation s. and it method,Supreme
oflegislativecouncil Court and High Court.
sinstates.

WhysomanyamendmentstotheConstitution?
The constitution was formed after the Second World War, it was
working smoothly under the conditions of that time, but when the
situation changed, amendments were made to maintain the
constitution as a living machine. So many amendments were made in
our constitution to run democracy as per the need of the hour.

DivisionoftheamendmentstotheConstitutionintothreecategories.
i) AdministrativeAmendment.
ii) Relatingtotheinterpretationoftheconstitution.
iii) Amendmentsarisingfrompoliticalconsensus.

ControversialAmendment
• Amendments 38th,39th,40th,41nd,are consideredcontroversial.
These amendments made during the Emergencyfall in this
category.

PrincipleofBasicStructureoftheConstitution
ThisprinciplewasgivenbytheSupreme Courtin1973intheKesavananda

XI–PoliticalScience 10
Bharati
[Link]

11 XI–PoliticalScience
constitution:-
1. Thelimitsofpowerstoamendtheconstitutionwerefixed.
2. It allows amendment of various parts of the constitution but
withinthe limits.
3. Thejudiciary’sdecisiononany amendmentthatviolates thebasic
structure of the constitution will be final.

TheConstitutionaLivingDocument
• Theconstitutionisamovabledocument.
• The existence of the Indian constitution is more than 73 years
hence,
ithasgonethroughmanytensionshere,evenaftersomanychanges
in India, this constitution is working in harmony with its
dynamics and changing circumstances.
• TheConstitutionofIndiastandsuptothechallengeofnewchalleng
es successfully by changing the circumstances, this is the
proof of its liveliness.

CONSTITUTION

MCQ
1. WhichprovisionoftheIndianConstitutionwaspassedwithoutanydebate?
(a) Parliamentarysystem (b)PowersofJudiciary
(c)Decentralizedsystem (d)Adultsuffrage
2. HowmanyfundamentalrightsdoapersonhaveintheIndianConstitution?
(a)4 (b)6
(c)7 (d)8

XI–PoliticalScience 10
3. Constituent assembly was constitutedby :
(a) Themembersofcabinetmission
(b) MembersofLegislativeassemblyof1935
(c) Mountbatterplan
(d) Crippsmission
4. The natureoftheconstituentassemblywas:
(a) Representative
(b) Authoritarian
(c) Dictatorship
(d) None
5. Theprincipleofresiduarypowerswastakenfromtheconstitutionofwhi
ch country?
(a) Americanconstitution
(b) Franchconstitution
(c) ConstitutionofSrilanka
(d) ConstitutionofCanad
a Assertion and Reason
Assertion:TheIndiaconstitutioniscalled thebagofborrowing.
Reason: Many provisions in the Indian constitution have been taken from
the provisions of other couintries.
(A) BothAandRtrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA
(B) BothAandRaretruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA
(C) Ais falsebut Ris true
(D) A istruebutR isfalse
Assertion: THe constitution decides who will have the power to give the
final decision.
Reason:Constitutinoisasetofrulesandregulations.
(A) BothAandRtrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA

XI–PoliticalScience 12
 (B) BothAandRaretruebutRisnot thecorrectexplanationofA
(C) Ais falsebut Ris true
(D) A istruebutR isfalse
OneMarkQuestions
1. WhowasthePresidentoftheIndianConstituentAssembly?
(a) [Link]
(b) RajendraPrasad
(c) PanditJiharlalNehru
(d) SardarVallabhbhaiPatel

2. Whatdoyouunderstandbyarigidconstitution?
(a) Whichcanbeamendedeasily.
(b) Basedonthedecisionsofthepublic.
(c) Whichcannotbeeasilyamended.
(d) Noneofthese

3. HowmanymembersofIndianConstituentAssemblysignedthe
constitution?
(a) 284members (b)288members
(c)290members (d)294members

4. HowmanyschedulesareintheIndianConstitution?
(a)8 (b)10
(c)11 (d)12

5. ProvisionofFundamentalRightswastakenfromtheconstitutionof
which country?
(a) Britain (b)UnitedStatesofAmerica
(c)Ireland (d)Japan

13 XI–PoliticalScience
Replacementofspaces.
6. CripsmissioncametoIndiaintheyear.............
7. TheconstitutionofIndiawasadoptedon..........
8. TheConstituentAssemblywaselectedby.............
9. Objectiveresolutionofconstitutionwaspresentedby in
theConstituentAssembly.
10. IndianConstitutionwasadoptedandenactedin.............

Correctthefollowingstatement.
11. ThemainfunctionoftheConstituent Assemblyistosetupaminimal
coordinationamongstthemembersofasociety.

12. ProvisionoffundamentalrightshasbeentakenfromGreatBritain.

Statethefollowingstatementascorrect.
13. FirstpastthepostsystemhasbeenadoptedintheIndianconstitution.
14. Ruleoflawmeansthatallpersonsaresubjecttothelaw,andthelaw
willnotbeenforceableinallcases.
15. TheIndianConstituentAssemblywascomposedbythecommitteeof
theBritishcabinet,knownastheMountbattenPlan.
16. TheConstituentAssemblywasnotarepresentativeone.

ShortQuestions
17. Whatdoyouunderstandbythepreambleoftheconstitution?
18. WhatdidtheCripsmissionsayabouttheIndianConstitution?
19. IndianConstitutioniscommittedtowhom?
20. Whydoesthestateneedtobeinterferedintoreligiousmatters?
21. TheconstitutionofwhichcountryiscalledasthePeaceconstitution?

XI–PoliticalScience 14
22. Whatdoyouunderstandbymutualexclusion?
23. Whatisarticle371-A?
24. Whoopposedthebanonthefreedomofpressatthebeginningofthe
19thcentury?
25. WhatwerethesuggestionsgivenbytheNehruReportregardingunivers
al suffrage?
26. WhowasthepermanentchairmanoftheConstituentAssembly?
27. HowmuchtimewastakenbytheIndianconstitutiontobeframed?
28. WhichprovisionswereborrowedfromtheConstitutionofFrance?

29. Matchthefollowing.
(i) UK JudicialReview
(ii) US DPSP
(iii) Canada ResidualPowers
(iv) Ireland RuleofLaw

30. Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.
The constitution is a group of some fundamental principles based
on which government is framed and the state is governed.
Constitution specifiesthebasicallocationofpowerinasociety.

Constitutiondecideswhogetsto decidewhatthe lawswillbe.

Constitution sets some limits on what a government can impose
on its citizens. Constitution is an essential pre condition for a civil
society. Constitution provides fundamental identity to the people.
It means that people as a collective entity come into being only
through the basic constitution.
(i) WhatistheConstitution?
(a) Asetofrules

15 XI–PoliticalScience
 (b) Asetoffindamentalprinciplesbasedonwhichgovernmentis
framed.
(c) Asetoffinstuctions (d) Noneoftheabove
(ii) WhohasthepoweroflawmakingintheIndianconstitution?
(a) Executive (b) Judiciary
(c)Legistative (d) Government
(iii) Whichinstitutionprovidesthefundamentalidentitytopeople?
(a)Government (b) Executive
(c)Constitution (d) Alloftheabove
(iv)WhenwastheconstitutionofIndiaframed?
(a)24November1949 (b) 26November1949
(c)28November1949 (d) 30November1949

31. Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.
The members of the constituent assembly placed a great
emphasis on discussion and reasoned argument. They did not
simply advance their own interests, but gave principled reasons to
other members for their positions. The very act of giving reasons
to other makes you away from
simplyinnarrowconsiderationofyourowninterestbecauseyouhave to
give reasons to others to make them along with your viewpoint.
The
voluminousdebateintheconstituentassembly,whereeachcloseof
the Constitution was subjected to scrutiny and debate, is a tribute
topublic reason at the [Link] debates deserve to be
memorialised
asoneofthemostsignificantchaptersinthehistoryofconstitution
making.
(i) Whatwastheway/styleoftheConstituentAssembly?

XI–PoliticalScience 16
(a)Autharitarian (b) Democratic
(c)Different (d) Noneoftheabove

17 XI–PoliticalScience
 (ii) DoyouthinkthattheConstituentAssemblywasrepresentingall
classesofthesociety?
(a) Representingallsectionsofthesociety.
(b) Representingsomesectionsofthesociety.
(c) Notrepresentinganysectionsofthesociety.
(d) Noneoftheabove
(iii) WhatwasthepopularityoftheConstituentAssembly?
(a) Principledorganisation(b) Narrowapproach
(c)Publiccredibility (d) Alloftheabove
(iv) HowwerethedifferencesresolvedintheConstituentAssembly?
(a) ByConflicts (b) Bydisputes
(c)Bydeliberations (d) Alloftheabove

TwoMarksQuestions
1. Whyisconstitutionimportant?
2. Whatwillhappen,ifthereisnobasicrulesandregulationsinthe society?
3. WritetwofunctionsoftheConstitution.
4. HowmuchtimewastakenbytheIndianconstitutiontobeframed?
5. Brieflyexplaintheconstitutionaldraftcommittee.
6. WritetwoidealsofobjectiveresolutionpresentedbyNehruin1946.

FourMarksQuestions
1. ExplaintheprocessofthecompositionoftheIndianConstituent
Assembly.

XI–PoliticalScience 18
2. The Constitution is usually destroyed by the some members at the
expenseof others. In thecontextof this statement, what efforts
have beenmadetostrengthentheIndianConstitution?
3. What kind of fundamental provisions must be included for a
successful constitution?
4. Why Indianconstitutionframersadoptedparliamentaryformof
government and federal structure?

SixMarksQuestions
1. Whydoweneedaconstitution?Explain
2. ExplainthemainrecommendationsofCabinetMissionPlan.
3. Explain the main features of the Indian Constitution with the help
of examples.
4. The IndianConstitution is a blend of rigidity and flexibility.
Explainwith the help of examples.

ANSWERS
MCQ
1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a
5. d
Assertion/Reaso
n
1. a 2. b
OneMarkAnswers
1. [Link]
2. Whichcannotbeeasilyamended.
3. 284members

19 XI–PoliticalScience
4. 12Schedules
5. UnitedStates
6. inMarch1942
7. 26thJanuary1949
8. IndirectElectoralSystem
9. JawaharlalNehru
10. 26thNovember1949
11. ThefunctionoftheConstitutionistoestablishminimalcoordination
andcooperationamongthemembersofthesociety.
12. TheprovisionoffundamentalrightsweretakenfromtheUnitedStates.
13. Correct
14. Incorrect
15. Incorrect
16. Incorrect
17. The Preamble to the Constitution incorporates the democratic
ideals, values of the IndianConstitution.
18. TheCrippsMission suggested thattheUnion
ofIndiamustbeestablished by theConstitutionwhichwouldbe
createdby theConstituent Assembly.
19. OurConstitutioniscommittedtodemocraticvalues.
20. Stateandreligionwillstayawayfromtheinternalaffairsofoneanother.
21. Japan
22. Religionandstatemustbeseparatedfromeachother'sinternalaffairs.
23. NagalandhasbeengivenspecialstatusinArticle371a.
24. RajaRamMohanRoy

XI–PoliticalScience 11
25. MotilalNehrureportrecommendedhumanrightsin1928.
26. [Link]
27. It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to frame the Indian
Constitutionandatotalof166meetingswereheld.
28. FromtheConstitutionofFrance,weadoptedtheprincipleofequality,
freedomandfraternity.
29. 1. UK ConstitutionRuleofLaw
2. US Judicialreview
3. Canada Canadaprincipleofresidualpowers
4. Ireland DirectivePrinciplesofstatePolicy

30. (a) Theconstitutionisagroupof somefundamentalprinciplesbased

onwhichgovernmentisframedandthestateisgoverned.
(b) 26thNovember1949
(c) Legislature
(d) Constitution

31. (a) representingallsectionsofthesociety

(b) Democratic
(c) Publiccredibility
(d) Bydeliberations

TwoMarksAnswers
1. It plays an important role in creating a minimum coordination and
cooperationamongthemembersofthesociety.
2. In the absence of constitution,every member of the societyfeels
insecure. Because it will be difficult for the people about how to
treat others.

XI–PoliticalScience 20
3. Constitutionprovides minimum coordinationand trust among the
members of the society. Constitution specifies the basic allocation
of [Link].
4. 2years,11months,18days,166meetings
5. It drafted the constitution. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairperson
oftheDraftCommittee.
6. India will be an independent, sovereign and socialist [Link] the
people of India will be guaranteed fundamental rights like equality
before law, socioeconomicandpoliticaljustice.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Constituentassemblyhelditsfirstmeetingon9thDecember,1946.
Vice chairperson was Sachidanand Sinha, Cabinet Mission. Dr.
Rajender Prasadwas the permanentchairpersonof
constituentAssembly. Members389,totalmeetings166.
2. Decentralization of powers, division of powers between union list,
State list, Concurrent list, and distribution of powers in legislature,
executive and judiciary.
3. Ensuringsocialsecurityof minoritiesfromthemajoritygroup,
Providing basic facilities, strengthening the powers of small
socialgroups,protectingthelibertyofallinthesociety.
4. The Constituent Assembly was very thoughtful to establish a
proper balance between the three organs of government and
distribution of powersamongthecentreandstategovernment.

SixMarksAnswers
1. Need of the constitution- To make the supreme law of the country;
to formthe government;specificationsof
decisionmakingpowers,
limitationsonthepowersofthegovernment,tofulfiltheaspirations
andgoalsofasociety,providesfundamentalidentityofapeople.

21 XI–PoliticalScience
2. Accordingtocabinetmissionplan.
Each province and each princely states or a group of states were
allotted seatproportionaltotheirrespectivepopulation.
The seats in each provinces were distributed among the three
main communitiesMuslims,Sikhsand generalin proportionto
their respectivepopulation.
MethodofSingleTransferableVotesystem
The method of selection in the case of representatives of princely
states wastobedeterminedby consultation

3. FeaturesoftheIndianConstitution
Writtenconstitution,Sovereign,democratic,socialist,secular,
Republic, fundamental rights and fundamental, independent
Judiciary,
parliamentarysystemofgovernment,directiveprincipleofStatePolicy

4. Indianconstitutionis a blendof flexibilityand [Link]

constitutionacceptsthe necessityof modificationsaccordingto
[Link]
by human being and may need revisions, changes and re-
examination. It is not so ordinary instrument that it can be
modified just like any other ordinary law. So Indian Constitution
framers were aware of this problem and so to strike abalance.
Students can giveexamples of simple majority and special majority.

XI–PoliticalScience 22
 Chapter-2
ELECTIONANDREPRESENTATION

KeyPoints:-
➢ Typesofdemocracy
➢ ElectionsysteminIndia
➢ Electionsanddemocracy
➢ Proportionalrepresentation
➢ Reservationofconstituencies
➢ Electionreform

23 XI–PoliticalScience
 Through the election process, the person who is

Representative elected by the peopleand sends them to Parliament

orAssembly is called the representative of the
people.

Whydowechoosearepresentative?
Duetothehugepopulationandlargearea,notallcitizenscanparticipatedirectly
while making laws or taking decisions, so people choose representatives.

Directdemocracy:-Citizenstake directpartindayto day

decisions and running the government (with hands
raised) Example: Ancient Greece, Gram Sabha.
Typesof
Democrac
Indirect democracy:-
Peoplesendtheirrepresentatives
andparticipate ingovernment proceedings such

Themethod bywhichpeopleelect
Election their

Election and Democracy:- Both election and democracy are two sides
of a coin. Democracy without elections is incomplete arid democracy
has no importance without elections.

ElectionSysteminIndia:-
The system of conduct of elections has been described in the
constitution of [Link]
this,theconstitutionoftheauthority(ElectionCommission)andthe rules
have also been described.

XI–PoliticalScience 24
 This system is derived from England in India, in which the whole
country is divided into small geographical units called
FPPS
constituencies. There isone winnerfrom each constituency. The
candidate with the

ProportionalRepresentation:-
Eachpartyissuesaprioritylistofitscandidatesfirstintheelectionsandselect
s
[Link]
is
[Link]
em, the voter gets the same percentage as the percentage he gets the
votes, in this system, the voters vote to party not the candidate.

25 XI–PoliticalScience
There are two types of proportional representation systems – In Israel
and the
Netherlands,thewholecountryisconsideredaconstituencyandeachpartyis

XI–PoliticalScience 26
given seats in proportion to the votes received in national elections.
Secondly inArgentinaandPortugalthewholecountryismulti-
Aredividedintomember constituencies.

Whywasthe‘FirstPastthePostSystem’acceptedinIndia?
1. Thesystemissimple
2. Votershaveclearchoiceatthetimeofelection.
3. ThissystemissuitableforacountrywithalargepopulationlikeIndia.
4. Votersknowthecandidatepersonally,thisopportunityisnotavaila
ble in other system.

ReservationofConstituencies:-
Inaneffort togiveequalrepresentationto allclassesinthe
ParliamentorState
LegislativeAssemblybytheConstitutionofIndia,reservationhasbeenmade
in
[Link],votersofallclasseswillvotebutthecandid
ate will belong only to the social class whose reservation was arranged.
Initially this arrangement was only for 10 years but now it has been
extended to 2030.

Out of 543 Lok Sabha seats, 84 are reserved for Scheduled Castes and
47 for Scheduled Tribes.
Reservationof constituenciesis based on the recommendationsof
the Delimitation Commission which is formed by president.

Therighttovoteinthedemocraticelections to
Universal all citizens of the country above 18 years
Adult
Franchis withoutdiscriminationonthebasisofreligion,
caste,sex.

Two-
Special thirdsmajorityofthememberspresent
Majority 27 XI–PoliticalScience
andvotingandasimplemajorityofthe total
ElectionReform:-
No system of election can ever be an ideal system. Every system has
some shortcomings. The democratic society has to constantly make
efforts to make its elections more fair and independent.
Thisiscalledelectionreformsuchas–InIndia Banpeoplewithcriminalroles
fromcontestingelections.

Purchaseofvote

Excessiveexpenditu
re of money Spread

Electionsystemfaults

Vote in the name of

Makepopularpromises violence,caste,religion
Increasedinvolveme
nt of criminals

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ
1. ProportionalrepresentationisappliedinwhichelectioninIndia?
(i) LokSabhaelection
(ii) RajyaSabhaElection
(iii) Statelegislativeassemblies
(iv) Localbodieselection
2. WhoappointschiefelectioncommissionerofIndia?
(i) Primeminister
(ii) LokSabha

XI–PoliticalScience 28
 (iii) RajyaSabha
(iv) President
3. WhoensuresfreeandfairelectioninIndia?
(i) Supremecourt
(ii) HighCourt
(iii) ElectionCommissionofIndia
(iv) Parliament
4. Right to voteisa
(i) LegalRight
(ii) FundamentalRight
(iii) ConstitutionalRight
(iv) StatutoryRight
5. Electiondisputescanbechallengedin?
(i) Parliament
(ii) ElectionCommission
(iii) President
(iv) HighCourts
Assertionandreasonquestions1.
Assertion(A):ElectionCommissionerworkswithoutanypressure
Reason (R): Election Commissioner can only be removed by parliament
from their post
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnot thecorrect explanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.

29 XI–PoliticalScience
2. Assertion (A): People of India directly choose their prime minister
Reason (R): India prime minister is appointed by president of India
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.
OneMarkQuestions
1. Whatdoesdirectdemocracymean?
2. What ismeantbyindirectdemocracy?
3. Whatisanelection?
4. Whatarevoterscalled?
5. Whopreparesthevoterlists?

Filltheemptyspaceinquestionnumber6to10
6. Itistheresponsibilityof toconductfreeandfairelections.
7. Whenelectionsareheldafter5years,itiscalled .
8. Every personabovetheageof18whenthey voteiscalled .
9. TheminimumagetocontestLokSabhaorStateLegislative Assembly
is .
10. hasbeenestablishedinIndiabyArticle324(1).

Identifythecorrectorincorrectsentencesinquestionnumber11to15
11. Proportionalsystemisalsocalledpluralisticsystem.
12. In the electoral college system, people of the same community
vote forthe candidate whose candidate stands in the election.

XI–PoliticalScience 21
13. The boundary delimitation of constituencies in elections
determines thecommission.
14. PrimeMinisterappointsElectionCommissioninIndia.
15. ProportionarrepresentationsystemhasbeenadoptedinRajyaSabha
elections in India.

Questionnumber16to20aremultiplechoice
16. Theexampleotdirectdemocracyin India is
(a) Assembly
(b) Parliament
(c) GramSabha
(d) MunicipalCorporation
17. Inwhichofthefollowingcountriesistheproportionalrepresentation
adopted
(a) India
(b) England
(c) America
(d) Israel
18. HowmanyseatsarereservedinLokSabha?
(a) 131
(b) 84
(c) 47
(d) 125
19. Whenwastheageof votingreducedfrom21to18years?
(a) 1984
(b) 1989
(c) 1991
(d) 1995

XI–PoliticalScience 30
31 XI–PoliticalScience
20. Onwhatbasis aretheeligibilitytocontestelectionsinIndia?
(a) Age
(b) Income
(c) Gender
(d) Education
Answerquestions21to25in20words
21. WhowasthefirstElectionCommissionerofIndia?
22. Whatdoesspecialmajoritymean?
23. Whoallotelectionsymbolstopoliticalparties?
24. WhichelectionsystemisadoptedinRajyaSabhaelections?
25. WhoisthecurrentChiefElectionCommissionerinIndia?

TwoMarksQuestions
1. Writetwodifferencesbetweendirectandindirectdemocracy.
2. Whatdoesthefirstpastthepostsystemmean?
3. Whatisaproportionalrepresentationsystem?
4. Whatisasecretballotsystem?
5. Whatdoyouunderstandby reservedconstituencies?
6. Whatarethetwoelementsofthesuccessofanelectionsystem?
7. ExplainDelimitationCommissioninbrief.
8. WritethedemeritsofIndianElectionSystem?

FourMarksQuestions
1. Writefourdifferencesbetween‘firstpastthepostsystem’and‘proportio
nal representationelectionsystem.
2. Writethefourimportanceofuniversalsufferage/adultsufferage.

XI–PoliticalScience 30
3. DescribethefourmainfunctionsoftheElectionCommissionofIndia.
4. Explaindemocracyinthe ancientGreekcitystate.
5. What qualifications have been set in the constitution to become
members of Lok Sabha andVidhan Sabha?
6. Writeacommentontheimportanceofelectionsindemocracy?
7. Explainthedifferencebetweenaseparateelectorateandareserved
constituency.

FiveMarksQuestions
Watchthefollowingcartooncarefully andanswerthequestionsasked.

XI–PoliticalScience 32
 (i) Whatproblemdoes theelephantappeartoindicateinthecartoon?

(ii) Whichpoint isthepullingoftheelephant’stail?

(iii) Nametheleaderwhopulledthetailofthe elephant.

(iv) Whatdoyouunderstandbyadultfranchise?

SixMarksQuestions
1. Describeany6suggestionstoimprovetheIndianelectionsystem.
2. Explainthesele'ctionprocessoftheChiefElectionCommissionerofIndi
a and describe its major functions.
3. ExplainthevariousstagesofIndia’selectionprocess.
4. HighlightthesalientfeaturesofIndia’selectionsystem.
5. Electionrand democracy are two sides of a coin explaining this
statement also explain the importance of elections in democracy.

ANSWERS
MCQ
1. (ii) RajyaSabha Election
2. (iv)President
3. (iii)ElectionCommissionofIndia
4. (iii)ConstitutionRight
5. (iv)HighCourt
Assertionandreason-basedanswer
1. BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
2. Ais false, butare istrue.

33 XI–PoliticalScience
OneMarkAnswers
1. A governance systemin whichcitizensdirectlyparticipate in
government decisions.
2. Agovernancesysteminwhichcitizenssendtheirrepresentativesandth
ey decide in the name of the public.
3. Themethodbywhichthepublicselectstheirrepresentativesiscalled
electionorelection.
4. Personsabove18yearsofagewhovoteinelections.
5. Electioncommission
6. ElectionCommission
7. GeneralElection
8. UniversalAdultFranchise
9. 25
10. ElectionCommission
11. Incorrect
12. Right
13. Correct
14. Incorrect
15. Right
16. GramSabha
17. Israel
18. 131
19. 1989
20. Age
21. RajeevKumar

XI–PoliticalScience 34
22. Majority of the total number and two-thirds majority of the
members present and voting.
23. ElectionCommission
24. ProportionalRepresentationSystem
25. SunilArora

TwoMarksAnswers
1. In direct democracy, the public participates directly in governance,
while in indirect elections, the representativeschosen bythe public
take part, in directdemocracy, everyperson demandshimselfasthe
ruler,whilein the indirect, the people’s representative considers
himself as the ruler.
2. Thissystemmeansthatthecandidatewhogetsaheadofothercandidat
esin the electoral race is the victor.
3. Inthissystem,apartygetsthesameproportionofseats,howmanyperce
nt
itgetsvotes,therearetwotypesofit,suchassomewheretheentirecount
ry is considered to be a single constituency, on which the whole
country is divided into many member constituencies.
4. In the indirect democracy system, the system of conducting the
electionof the representatives is of secret voting in which no one
except the voter knows who has been voted.
5. Theconstitutionprovidesthatinordertoensurethepresenceofminoriti
es or lower class people’s representatives also reached the
Parliament, Delimitation Commission periodically makes reserved
seats for deprived sections, it is called reserved constituency.
6. Transparentelections,independentelections.
7. DelimitationCommissionworkeswiththeElectionCommissionofIndi
a, which determines the bounda ries of the constituency for
35 XI–PoliticalScience
 election.
8. See theanswerfromthemainpoints.

XI–PoliticalScience 36
FourMarksAnswers
1. FPTP :- Dividesthe countryinto small constituencies. One
representative is elected from each constituency. The voter votes
for the candidate. The candidate knows the candidate personally.
Proportional representation is one constituency of the entire
country. In [Link]
[Link] secret to the party so the candidate
does not know.

2. Universalfranchiseenforcestheprincipleofpublicsovereignty
• Thisisinlinewithdemocraticprinciple
• Necessaryforpersonaldevelopment
• Itbringspoliticsawareness

3. Preparationofvoterlist
• Todecidethemethodofelection
• Toconductelectioninspection
• Releaseofelectionresults
4. Thepeopleoftheentirecitystatewouldgatherinanopenspaceandchoos
e their representative by raising their hands and used to get the
approval of the public directlybytaking upthe dailygovernment
decision, it is called directdemocracy system.

5. ShouldbeacitizenofIndia
• 25yearsofageshouldnotbeinthepostofbenefit
• shouldnotbeinsolvent
• Notofcriminaloffense

6. Election has great importance in democracy. Election democracy

is two sides of a coin. Today there is democracy in more than 100
countries in the world, where there is democracy, the election
system is adopted to elect the people’s representatives.

37 XI–PoliticalScience
7. Intheelectionofarepresentativeofacommunityin
aseparateelectorate, only people belonging to the same
community can vote, all the voters in the reserved constituency will
vote but the candidate will belong only to the community for which
that seat is reserved.

FiveMarksAnswers
1. (a)Successfulvotinginfirstgeneralelectionbycontrollinginexperience
d voters
(b) Attempttoprepareuncontrolledvoterstovoteinelections
(c) PanditJawaharlalNehru
(d) Togivetherighttovotewithoutdiscriminationtoallcitizenswhoare
18 years of age

SixMarksAnswers
1. ElectionReforms:-
(i) Replace proportional representation system in place of
highest win system
(ii) Electionofwomenonone-thirdofseatsinparliamentaryand
assembly
(iii) Controllingtheinfluenceofmoneyinelections
(iv) Candidatesecretofcriminalcase
(v) Useofcasteahdreligionshould be banned inelection campaigning
(vi) Thereshouldbe transparencyanddemocracyinpoliticalparties

2. Appointment of the, Chief Election Commission. The salary by the

Presidenttill the ageof 6 yearsor 65 yearsis the same asthe Judge
ofthe Supreme Court.
Work:-
(i) Preparationofvoterlist

XI–PoliticalScience 38
(ii) Settingelectionschedule

39 XI–PoliticalScience
 (iii) Toconductfreeandfairelections
(iv) Recognizingbothpartiesasnational onestateparty
(v) Monitoringtheelection
(vi) GettingthePresidentelectedVicePresident

3. Electionprocess:-
• IssueofnotificationbytheElectionCommission
• Dateofwithdrawalofapplicationdateofelection
• Monitoringofelectioncampaignandelectioncampaign
• Makeelectionsfreeandfaironthedate
• Counting
• Declaringelectionresults
• Appointmentofelectionofficials
• Establishmentofpollingstations

4. Featuresofelectionsystem
Indiahas adopted the system ofwinning bymost votes. Its
characteristics are :-
• Thisissimple
• Inthis,therepresentativesareaccountable tothepublic.
• Everycontactofvoterandrepresentativeisthere
• Thesystemisbasadontheprincipleofregionalrepresentation
democracy
• Itcostsmoney
• Nationalunity isstrengthenedbythis system.

5. Importanceofelectionsindemocracy
• Delegatesensurepublicparticipationingovernmentbywinning
elections

XI–PoliticalScience 31
• Electedrepresentativewillworkaccordingtothedistrict
• Thissystemincreasespublicconfidence
• Proper representation is necessary in a democracy which is
possibleonly through elections.
• Protectionoftherightsandfreedomsofcitizensisonlybyfair
representation.
• Nationalunityisstrengthenedbyappropriaterepresentatives.

31 XI–PoliticalScience
 Chapter-3
THELEGISLATURE

Need of Needoftwo
Parliament Houses LokSabha

Forlawmaking Representation
toallsectionin Election
the society
Direct

Centreofall Universal
democratic adultsuffrage
process Five
FIVE

Representatin Everydecision Tenure:FiveYears

of all groups reconsidered

Loksabha:Powers

Openforum Policy/Law
for debate formulatio
n

Introduce
Decision moneyand
Basis of
Discussed non-money
representative
twice bills
demoracy
Amendsthe
constitution

Electsthe
President
andVicepresident

Establishes
committees

XI–PoliticalScience 40
KeyPoints:-
➢ WhatisLegislature
➢ NeedofParliament
➢ NeedofTwo Chambers
➢ FunctionsofLegislature
➢ PowersofLokSabhaandRajyaSabha
➢ ParliamentaryControloverExecutive
Legislature
The Legislature of the Union is called the Parliament. The legislatures
of the states aredescribedastheState LegislativeAssemblies.
Parliament ismade up
[Link],itiscalledas
abi-
[Link]
of States or the Rajya Sabha and the House of the People or the Lok
Sabha. The legislature of the states are called the Legislature or State
Legislative Assembly.

Why We NeedAParliament
1. LawMaking
2. Openforumfordebate
3. FortheformationoftheGovernment
4. Walkouts,protests,demonstrations,co-operation
5. Properrepresentationtoallsectionsofsociety

WhatdoestheParliamentdo
• Legislativefunctions:TheParliamentenactsthelawsforthecount
ry though no major bill can be introduced without the approval
of the Cabinet.

XI–PoliticalScience 42
 • Control over Executive and ensures its accountability: The
Parliament controls the Executive and the Executive always
remains responsible to the people who have elected them.
• Financial Function: The Legislature controls taxation and the
way in which money is used by the government.
• Representation: Parliament represents the divergent views
and opinions from different Sections of the society.
• Debating Function: Parliament is the highest forum of debate
in the country.
• Constituent Function: All Constitutional amendments have to
be approved by a special majority of both houses.
• Electoral Functions: Parliament elects the President and the
Vice President of India.
• Judicial Functions: Parliament can remove the President, Vice
President and Judges of High Courts and Supreme Courts.

FunctionsofLokSabha
(i) MakesLaws
(ii) Introduceandenactmoneyandnon-moneybills
(iii) Approvesbillsfortaxation
(iv) Controlstheexecutivebyaskingquestions
(v) AmendstheConstitution
(vi) ApprovestheProclamationofemergency
(vii) ElectsthePresidentandtheVicePresident
(viii) Removes theJudgesofHighCourts andSupremeCourts
(ix) Establishescommitteesandcommissions

43 XI–PoliticalScience
FunctionsofRajyaSabbha
(i) Considersandapprovenonmoneybills.
(ii) Approvesconstitutionalamendments.
(iii) Controloverexecutivebyaskingquestions.
(iv) ParticipateintheelectionandremovalofthePresidentVice-
President Judges of Supreme Court and High court.
(v) CangivetheUnionParliamentpowertomakelawsonmattersinclud
ed in the State List.

HowParliamentControltheExecutive
There are the many ways in which the Parliament can control the
executive. The legislature in Parliamentary system ensures executive’s
accountability at variousstages:-policy-
making,implementationoflaworpolicyandduringand
[Link]
ety of devices.
• Deliberationand Discussion:Duringthe law making process,
membersofthelegislaturegetanopportunitytodeliberateonthepolic
y direction of the executive and the various instruments may be
adopted during the general discussions in both the House of the
Parliament. Various instrumentsare questionhour, zero or half
an hour or adjournment motion.
• Approval and Ratification: A law can became a law only with the
approval of the Parliament. Parliamentary control is also
exercised [Link]
supportofa disciplined majority may not find it difficult to get the
approval of the parliament. Though approval cannot be taken for
granted.
• Financial Control: Budget cannot be passed unless it is
approved by majority in the parliament. This constitutional

XI–PoliticalScience 44
obligation allows the legislature to exercise control over purse
strings of government. Parliamentcanenquiryinto casesofmisuse
offaultsonthe basisofthe

45 XI–PoliticalScience
 reportofcomptrollerandAuditorGeneralandpublicaccounts
committee.
• NoconfidenceMotion:Thisisthemostpowerfulweaponthatcontrol
s the Parliament to ensure executive accountability.

QUESTIONNAIRE
OneMarkQuestions
1. MinimumAgeforthemembersofRajyaSabhais
(a) 30years
(b) 35years
(c) 40years
(d) 45years

2. Whowilldecidewhethera billisamoneybillornot?
(a) President
(b) SpeakerofLokSabha
(c) PrimeMinister
(d) VicePresident

3. TheCouncilofMinisters inIndiaisresponsibletowhom?
(a) President
(b) LokSabha
(c) RajyaSabha
(d) BothLokSabhaandRajyaSabha

4. Whonominate12membersintheRajyaSabha?
(a) PrimeMinister
(b) President
(c) VicePresident
(d) ChiefMinister

XI–PoliticalScience 46
5. ThePresidentnominates12membersoftheRajyaSabhawhohaveexpe
rtise in
(a) Arts,literature,sportsandscience
(b) Arts,literature,theatreandsocialservice
(c) Arts,literature,politicsandsocialservice
(d) Arts,literature,scienceandsocialservice

6. The RajyaSabhacan holdthe moneybill forreconsideration.

(a) 10days
(b) 14days
(c) 3months
(d) 6months

7. TheRajyaSabharepresents.
(a) TheStatesofIndia
(b) UnionandtheStates
(c) Union
(d) None

8. IftheGovernmentofIndiawantstoimposeanewtax,itwillhave totake
consentof
(a) RajyaSabha
(b) LokSabha
(c) BothLokSabhaandRajyaSabha
(d) President

Fillintheblanks:-
9. TenureofRajyaSabhamembersis .

10. ThefirstSpeakerofLokSabhawas .

47 XI–PoliticalScience
11. The52nd ConstitutionAmendment ofthe Constitution deals with .
12. TheBillpresentedbyMLAsiscalled .
13. Thejoint sessionofLokSabhaandRajya Sabhaispresidedby .
14. ThenumberofmembersofRajyaSabhahasbeenensuredinthe
ScheduleoftheConstitution.

SateTrueorFalse:-
15. RajyaSabhaismorepowerfulthanLokSabhainParliament.
16. TheConstitutionAmendmentBillcanonlybeintroducedintheLokSabha.
17. TheCouncilofMinistersisresponsibletotheLokSabha.
18. Non-
governmentalbillsarethosebillswhichareproposedbythemembers
of the Parliament.
19. IntheUnitedStates,Members ofthe SecondHouse,Senatehave been
granted equal representation in the States.
20. The Public Accounts Committee looks at whether government
industries or businesses are being run efficiently.

Rewritethefollowingstatements.
21. The term of the members of Rajya Sabha is 6 [Link] every 2
years, two-thirds of the total members will get retire.
22. If the Constitutional Amendment Bill is not passed in the second
house, then there is a provision of joint session in the Constitution.
23. The workof the PublicUndertakingsCommitteeis to checkthe
expenditure of various departments of the government has been
done as per rules or not.
24. Parliamentary Committee is constituted for various disciplines and
daily affairs. It discusses various matters. It is mandatory for the

XI–PoliticalScience 48
Parliament to follow theirrecommendations.

49 XI–PoliticalScience
25. IthasbeenmentionedthattherewillbetwohousesinthestateLegislatures.
26. If a member does not appear in the house or does not vote or
voluntarily resigns from the membership of the party, despite the
order of the leadership of his party, it is called control of the Lok
Sabha.
28. WritethenamesofanytwocommitteesofParliament.

VeryShortQuestions
29. WhichHouseof theIndianParliamentismorepowerful?
30. Inwhichnew statebicamerallegislaturehasbeenintroduced?
31. MentionthethreesessionsofParliament?
32. MentiononeofthejudicialfunctionsoftheParliament.
33. Explainanyoneadvantageofbicamerallegislature.
34. HowmanyListsarementioned intheIndianConstitution?
35. Mentionanytwodevicesofparliamentarycontrol?
36. WhatistheprovisioninArticle312oftheIndianConstitution?
37. GiveoneargumentthatshowstherelevanceofRajyaSabha.
38. HowlongcanRajyaSabhaholdthegeneralbillwithitself?

Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestions.
I. The legislature is not just a law-making body; it is the centre of all
[Link],consensus,concernan
d cooperation etc. Indeed, true democracy cannot be imagined
without an efficient and effective legislative representation. The
legislature ensures the public representative’s accountability to the
public.
1. Whichisthemainpillaroftherepresentativedemocracy?

XI–PoliticalScience 41
(a)Executive (b) Legistative
(c)Judiciary (d) Alloftheabove

41 XI–PoliticalScience
2. Thecentreofalldemocreticpoliticalprocessis:
(a)Legistative (b) Executive
(c)Judiciary (d) Government
3. Whichofthefollowingismaindeviceofparliamentarycontrol.
(a)Questionhour (b) Noconfidencemotion
(c)Financialcontrol (d) Allofthe above
4. Theindianparliamentarysystemis
(a)Unicameral (b) Bi-Cameral
(c)MultiCameral (d) Noneoftheabove

Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestions.
II. Discussion on Bills is held mostly in Parliamentary Committees.
The recommendations of the Committee are sent to the House. All
the parliamentary parties get representation in these committees.
These [Link]
these committees are selected from both Houses. The
Committee system has reduced the burden on the Parliament.
1. WhyareParliamentaryCommitteescalledasminilegislatures?
2. In the Parliamentary committees’members have been selected
fromwhich house?
3. Whatistheimportanceoftheparliamentarycommittees?
4. Parliamentary committees have drastically reduced the functions
of the legislature. Do you agree with this statement?

TwoMarksQuestions
1. Givetwoargumentsin favourofbicameral legislature.
2. Write the names of any four states of India in which there area
bicameral legislature.

XI–PoliticalScience 41
3. ExplainthecompositionofRajyaSabhainbrief.
4. Whatarethe qualifications to becomea memberofRajyaSabha?
5. Whatarethe two characteristicsof RajyaSabha?

FourMarksQuestions
1. Whydo weneedaParliament?
2. WhydoweneedtwohousesofParliament?
3. WhatarethemainfunctionsofParliament?
4. WhatarethespecialpowersofRajyaSabha?Explain
5. HowdoesParliamentmakethelaws?

SixMarksQuestions
1. Explaintheinstrumentsofparliamentarycontroloverexecutive.
2. Howdoesdeliberationanddiscussionkeepacontroloverexecutive?
3. Whatis52ndamendment?Givereasonsofitsimportance.
4. Whydowe needtwohousesofthe Parliament?
5. HowcanyousaythatLokSabhaismorepowerfulthanRajyaSabha?
6. WhatarethemainfunctionsofLokSabhaandRajyaSabha?
ANSWERS
OneMarkAnswers
1. 30years
2. SpeakerofLokSabha
3. LokSabha
4. President
5. Arts,literature,scienceandsocialservice
6. 14days

XI–PoliticalScience 50
7. StatesofIndia
8. LokSabha
9. 6years
10. [Link]
11. AntiDefectionLaw
12. Non-GovernmentBill
13. SpeakerofLokSabha
14. TenthSchedule
15. Incorrect
16. Wrong
17. Correct
18. Correct
19. Correct
20. Correct
21. One-thirdmembers
22. Thereis noprovision forjointsessionfor
[Link] applies only to general bill.
23. PublicAccountsCommittee
24. ItisnotmandatoryforParliamenttofollowtheirrecommendations.
25. TwoHousearrangementisnotmandatory
26. Anti-defection
27. Telangana
28. PublicAccountsCommittee,EstimatesCommittee,LokSabha
29. LokSabhais morepowerful

51 XI–PoliticalScience
30. BicameralStates:AndhraPradesh,Bihar,Kamataka,Maharashtra,Telang
ana, Uttar Pradesh.
31. Threesessions:Budgetsession,Monsoonsession,wintersession
32. Impeachment
33. Reconsideration
34 Threelists:unionlist,statelist,concurrentlist.
35. QuestionHour,NoConfidenceMotion.
36. NewAllIndiaServicescanbeconstitutedasperArticle-312providesthat
if changes are to be made on the subject of the statelist, it is
necessary to get the consent of the Rajya Sabha.
37. Reconsidersthebillsandrepresentsthestates.
38. RajyaSabhacankeepitfor6months.

ParaBasedAnswers
I. [Link]
a. Legislature
d. alloftheabove
b. Biocameral

II. [Link] committees are called mini-legislatures because

these committeesconsistofsubject-
relatedexpertswhodiscussspecifically on particular subject
with expertise on that subject.
[Link] committees have members from both the Lok
Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
[Link] parliamentarycommitteesis thatthese
parliamentarycommitteehaveexpertiseindealingthespecificsub
ject matter and builds political consensus on specific matters.
[Link]
of the legislature. It examines the bills thoroughly and in detail.

XI–PoliticalScience 52
TwoMarksAnswers
1. To get proper representation of states, representation
ofallsectionsofthe society.

2. UttarPradesh,Bihar,Karnataka,AndhraPradesh& Maharashtra.

3. Rajya Sabha has a total members of 250 with 238 member states
elected by the state and The 12 members are nominated by the
President.

4. Hemustbe acitizenofIndia,hehasattainedtheageof30years.

5. Representationofallstates,upperhouse.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Law-
makingbody,Essentialforrepresentativedemocracy,Openforumof
debate, most representative of all organ of the government.

2. To give geographical representation to all sections of the society,

everydecision reconsidered, double check on every matter.

3. Legislativefunctions
a. Controlof executive andensuringits accountability
b. FinancialFunction
c. Representation
d. DebatingFunction
e. ConstituentFunction
f. ElectoralFunctions
g. JudicialFunctions

4. Examplesofarticle312and249ofIndianconstitution

5. Kindlyseepageno110ofNCERTbook.

53 XI–PoliticalScience
SixMarksAnswers

XI–PoliticalScience 54
1. Questionhours,adjournmentmotion,approvalorrefusaloflaws,financ
ial control and no confidence motion.

2. InParliamentarySystem,theLegislatureensuresexecutiveaccountabi
lity at various stages: policy-making, implementation oflaws
andpolicymaking and post implementation and stage. The
Legislature does through the use of a variety of devices
deliberation and discussion approval or refusal of laws and no
confidence motion.

3. 52nd amendment is anti-defection amendment. In this amendment

the members are restricted from defecting. It means that ifa
member remains
absentinthehousewhenaskedbythepartyleadership,orvotesagainstt
he instructions of the party or voluntarily leaves the membership of
party he is said to havebeen defected. If it isproved thatthe
member has defected than he loses membership of the house and
is disqualified from holding any political office.

4. CountrieswithlargesizeandDiversitygivesrepresentationtoallsection
s
ofthesocietyandgeographicalregionsofthecountry,everydecisiontak
en by one house is reconsidered by the second house. It means
that every policyandeveryBill will,be discussedbyboth
housesandtwicesothere is a double check on each and every
matter.

5. LokSabhaismorepowerfulthanRajyaSabha:
(i) Directlyelectedbythepeople,
(ii) Approvesproposalsfortaxation,budgets,financialstatements,
(iii) Introducemoneybills

6. FunctionsofLokSabha

55 XI–PoliticalScience
 (i) MakesLaws
(ii) Introduceandenactmoneyandnon-moneybills
(iii) Approvesbillsfortaxation

XI–PoliticalScience 56
(iv) Controlstheexecutivebyaskingquestions
(v) AmendstheConstitution
(vi) ApprovestheProclamationofemergency
(vii) ElectsthePresidentandtheVicePresident
(viii) RemovestheJudges ofHighCourtsandSupremeCourts
(ix) Establishescommitteesandcommissions

FunctionsofRajyaSabbha
(i) Considersandapprovenonmoneybills.
(ii) Approvesconstitutionalamendments.
(iii) Controloverexecutiveby askingquestions.
(iv) ParticipateintheelectionandremovalofthePresidentVice-
President Judges of Supreme Court and High court.
(v) CangivetheUnionParliamentpowertomakelawsonmattersinclud
ed in the State List.

57 XI–PoliticalScience
 Chapter-4
THEEXECUTIVE

Types

Parliamentary Semipresidential Presidential

WhyIndiaadoptedparliamentaryexecutive

Experienceoftheparliamentarysystem (under
the Acts of 1919 and 1935)

Accountablesystem

Nodangerofpersonalitycult

XI–PoliticalScience 58
KeyPoints:-
➢ Whatistheexecutive?
➢ ParliamentarySystem
➢ PowerandPositionofPresident
➢ TheVicePresidentofIndia
➢ PrimeMinisterandCouncilofMinisters
➢ PermanentExecutive:Bureucracy

WhatistheExecutive?
Theorganofgovernmentthatprimarilylooksafterthefunctionofimplementat
ion and administrations called the executive.

PrincipalfunctionsoftheExecutive
• Executiveis thebranchof governmentresponsiblefor the
implementation of laws and policies adopted by the legislature.
• Theexecutive isofteninvolvedin framing ofpolicy.
• Somecountrieshavepresidents,whileothershavechancellors.
• Theexecutivebranchisnotjustaboutpresidents,primeministersa
nd ministers.
• Italsoextends totheadministrativemachinery (civilservants).
• While the heads of government and their ministers, saddled
with the overall responsibility of government policy, are
together known as
thepoliticalexecutive,thoseresponsiblefordaytodayadministrati
on are called the permanent executive.

XI–PoliticalScience 58
What are the different types of Executive?
PresidentialSystem
• ThepresidentistheHeadofstateaswellastheheadofthegovernment.
• In this system the office of president is very powerful, both in
theoryand practice.
• CountrieswithsuchasystemincludetheUnitedStates,Brazilandmos
t nations in Latin America.

Semi-PresidentialExecutive
• UnderthesystemofExecutivePresidency,peopledirectlyelectthe
President.
• It may happen that both the President and the Prime Minister
belong to the same political party or to different political parties.
• CountrieswithsuchasystemincludetheFrance,Russia,SriLanka.

ParliamentarySystem
• Theprimeministeristheheadofgovernment.
• Most parliamentary systems have a president or a monarch who
is the nominal Head of state.
• Insuchasystem,theroleofpresidentormonarchisprimarilyceremoni
al and prime minister along with the cabinet wields effective
power.
• CountrieswithsuchsystemincludeGermany,Italy,Japan,United
Kingdom as well as Portugal.

ParliamentaryExecutiveinIndia
• Indiaalreadyhadsomeexperienceofrunningthe
parliamentarysystem

59 XI–PoliticalScience
 [Link]

XI–PoliticalScience 51
 parliamentarysystem,theexecutivecanbeeffectivelycontrolledbythe
representatives of the people.

WhyParliamentaryFormofGovernement
• Indian Constitution wanted to ensure that the government would
be sensitiveto publicexpectationsand wouldbe
responsibleand accountable.
• The presidential executive puts much emphasis on the president
as the chief executive and as source of all executive power.
• There is alwaysthedangerof personality cultinpresidentialexecutive.
• Executive will be answerable to and controlled by the legislature
or people’s representatives.

WhatistheParliamentaryFormofSystem?
• President who is the formal Head of the state of India and the
Prime Minister and the Council ofMinisters, whichrun the
government at the national level.
• At the State level, the executive comprises the Governor and the
Chief Minister and Council of Ministers.

PowerandpositionofPresident
• Article 74 (1): There shall be a Council of Ministers with the
Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who
shall in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with
such advice.
• Provided that the President may require the Council of Ministers
to reconsider such advice and the President shall act in
accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.

XI–PoliticalScience 60
DiscretionaryPowersofthePresident
• Constitutionally,thePresidenthasarighttobeinformedofallimporta
nt matters and deliberations of the Council of Ministers.
• ThePrimeMinisterisobligedtofurnishalltheinformationthatthe
President may call for.
• ThePresidentoftenwritestothePrimeMinisterandexpresseshisvie
ws on matters confronting the country.

Three Situations where the President can exercise the Power using
his or her own discretion :-
• President Can send back the advice given by the Council of
Ministers and ask the Council to reconsider the decision. In
doing this, the President acts on his (or her) own discretion.
• President has veto power by which he can withhold or refuse to
give assent to Bills(other than MoneyBill) passed bythe
Parliament. Every bill passed by the Parliament goes to the
President for his assent before itbecomesa
[Link]
[Link],ifthe
Parliamentpassesthesamebill
againandsendsitbacktothePresident, then, the President has to
give assent to that bill. However, there is no mention in the
Constitution about the time limit within which the President
must send the bill back for reconsideration.
This means that the President can just keep the bill pending with
him without any time limit. This gives the President an informal
power to
[Link]
s a ‘pocket veto’.
• Whenafteranelection,noleaderhasaclearmajorityintheLokSabha,
the President has to decide whom to appoint as the Prime

61 XI–PoliticalScience
 Minister. In such a situation, the President has to use his own
discretion in judging who really may have the support of the
majority or who can actually form and run the government.

XI–PoliticalScience 60
 TheVicePresidentofIndia
• Electedforfiveyears.
• Election method is similar to that of the President; the only
differenceisthatmembersofStatelegislaturesarenotpartoftheElec
toralCollege.
• Vice president maybe removed from his office by a resolution of
the Rajya Sabha passed by a majority and agreed to the Lok
Sabha.
• Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and takes
over the office of the President when there is a vacancy by
reasons of death, resignation, removal by impeachment or
otherwise.
• ActsasthePresidentonlyuntilanewPresidentiselected.

PrimeMinisterandCouncilofMinisters
• The Prime Minister becomes the most important functionary of
the government in our country.
• HeadoftheCouncilofMinisters.
• ThePresidentexerciseshispowersonlyontheadviceofthe
Councilof Ministers.
• In the parliamentary form of executive, it is essential that the
Prime Minister has the support ofthe majorityin the Lok
[Link] support by the majority also makes the Prime
Minister very powerful.
• DecideswhowillbetheministersintheCouncilofMinisters.
• Allocatesranksandportfoliostotheministers.
• Depending upon the seniority and political importance, the
ministers are given the ranks of cabinet minister, minister of
State or deputy minister.
• Inthesamemanner,ChiefMinistersoftheStateschooseministersfro

XI–PoliticalScience 62
 m their own party or coalition.
• The Prime Minister and all the ministers have to be members of
the Parliament.

63 XI–PoliticalScience
 • IfsomeonebecomesaministerorPrimeMinisterwithoutbeinganMP,
such a person has to get elected to the Parliament within six
months.

SizeoftheCouncilofMinisters
• AnamendmentwasmadethattheCouncilofMinistersshallnotexcee
d 15 percent of total number of members of the House of
People (or Assembly, in the case of the States).
• Collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This provision means
that a Ministry which loses confidence of the Lok Sabha is
obliged to resign.
• The principle indicates that the ministry is an executive
committee of the Parliament and it collectively governs on
behalf of the Parliament.

CollectiveResponsibility
• Basedontheprincipleofthesolidarityofthecabinet.
• Impliesthatavoteofnoconfidenceevenagainstasingleministerlead
s to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers.
• Alsoindicatesthatifaminister doesnotagreewith apolicyor
decision of the cabinet, he or she must either accept the
decision or resign.
• It is binding on all ministers to pursue or agree to a policy for
which there is collective responsibility.
• ThedeathorresignationofthePrimeMinisterautomaticallybringsabo
ut the dissolution of the Council of Ministers but the demise,
dismissal or resignation of a minister only creates a ministerial
vacancy.
• The Prime Minister acts as a link between the Council of
Ministers on the one hand and the President as well as the

XI–PoliticalScience 64
 Parliament on the other.
• ThePrimeMinisterisinvolvedinallcrucialdecisionsofthegovernmen
t and decides on the policies of government.
• Thus, the power wielded by the Prime Minister flows from
various
sources:controlovertheCouncilofMinisters,leadershipoftheLok

65 XI–PoliticalScience
 Sabha, command over the bureaucratic machine, access to
media,
projectionofpersonalitiesduringelections,projectionasnationallea
der during international summitry as well as foreign visits.

AttheStatelevel
• Similar parliamentaryexecutiveexists,though with somevariations.
• The most important variation is that there is a Governor of the
State appointed by the President on the advice of the central
government.
• Though the Chief Minister, like the Prime Minister is the leader of
the majority party in the Assembly, the Governor has more
discretionary powers.
• However, the main principles of parliamentary system operate at
the State level too.

PermanentExecutive:Bureaucracy
• TheExecutiveorganofthegovernmentincludesthePrimeMinister,th
e ministers and a large organization called the bureaucracy or
the administrative machinery.

Inademocracy
• Theelectedrepresentativesandtheministersareinchargeofgovernm
ent and the administration is under their control and supervision.
• Thelegislaturealsoexercisescontrolovertheadministration.
• Theadministrativeofficerscannotactinviolationofthepoliciesadopt
ed by the legislature.
• It isthe responsibility of the ministers to retain political control
overthe administration.
• Indiahasestablishedprofessional administrativemachinery.

XI–PoliticalScience 66
TheIndianbureaucracy
• It consists of the All-India services, State services, employees of
the local governments, and technical and managerial staff
running public sector undertakings.
• TheUnion PublicServiceCommissionhasbeenentrustedwith
thetask of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil
servants for the government of India.
• SimilarpublicservicecommissionsareprovidedfortheStatesalso.
• Members of the Public Service Commissions are appointed for a
fixed term.
• Theirremovalorsuspensionissubjecttoathoroughenquirymadebya
judge of the Supreme Court.
• Thebureaucracyis an instrument through whichwelfare
policiesof the government must reach the people.
• Bureaucracyisinsensitivetothedemandsandexpectationsoftheordi
nary citizen.

HowExpectationsoftheordinarycitizenscanbesensitized?
• Onlyifthedemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcontrolsthebureaucra
cy, some of these problems can be effectively handled.
• Ontheotherhand,toomuchpoliticalinterferenceturnsthebureaucra
cy into an instrument in the hands of the politician.
• Though the Constitution has created independent machinery for
recruitment, many people think thatthere is no provision for
protecting the civil servants frompolitical interference in the
performance of their duties.
• It is also felt that enough provisions are not there to ensure the
accountability of the bureaucracy to the citizen.

67 XI–PoliticalScience
 • ThereisanexpectationthatmeasuresliketheRighttoInformationma
y make the bureaucracy a little more responsive and
accountable.

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ
1. Inpresidential form [Link] headofthe
(a) Headofthestate
(b) Headofthegovernment
(c) Headofthestateandthegovernmentboth
(d) Noneoftheabove
2. WhatistheminimumagelimitforthepostofPrimeMinister?
(a) Minimum20year
(b) Minimum25year
(c) Minimum30year
(e)Notdecided
3. Theprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityisbasedon
(a) Based ontheprincipleof thesolidarityof theLok Sabha
(b) Basedonthe principleofthe solidarityof the Rajya Sabha.
(c) Basedontheprincipleofthesolidarityofthecabinet
(d) Noneoftheabove
4. Whatistheprocessofremovingthepresidentfromhisoffice?
(a) Prosecution
(b) Indictment
(c) Impeachment
(d) Alloftheabove

XI–PoliticalScience 68
5. WhattypeofgovernmentisthereistheUnitedStatesofAmerica?
(a) Parliamentary (b) Presidential
(c)Mixed (d) Communist
Assertion/Reason
1. Assertion:CouncilofMinisteriscollectivelyresponsibletotheLokSabha.
2. Reason: If council of Ministers loses confidence of the Lok Sabha,
it isobliged to resign.
(a) BothAandRtrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA
(b) BothAand R aretrueRisnotthecorrectexplanation ofA
(c) Ais falsebut Ris true
(d) ASistruebutR isfalse
3. Assertion:MembersoftheUnionPublicServiceCommissionsare
appointed for a fixed term.
4. Reason:UPSChas beenentrustedwiththe taskofconductingthe
process of recruitment of the civil servants.
(a) BothAandRtrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA
(b) BothAand R aretrueRisnotthecorrectexplanation ofA
(c) Ais falsebut Ris true
(d) ASistruebutR isfalse

OneMarkQuestions
1. WhichprovisionisrelatedtothePresidentasmentionedinArticle-74A?
2. Theeraofcoalitiongovernments startedinIndia?
(a) 1986 (b)1987
(c)1988 (d)1989

69 XI–PoliticalScience
3. The Prime Ministeris the pivot of the government. This
statementwasgivenby
(a) [Link]
(b) SardarPatel
(c) JawaharlalNehru
(d) SachchidanandSinha
4. Howcanthepresidentberemovedfromhisoffice?
(a) Ontheviolationoftheconstitution
(b) Onthereturningthebillforreconsideration
(c) Ontheresignation
(d) Noneofthese
5. ThetaskofrecruitingmembersoftheCivilServiceinIndiaisassignedto
(a) ComptrollerandAuditorGeneral
(b) UnionPublicServiceCommision
(c) FinanceCommission
(d) NITIAayog
6. ThecriterionoftheselectionofIndianPublicSeriveisbasedon
(a) Politicalability
(b) Efficiencyandcompetition
(c) Mereelection
(d) Noneofthese
7. Presidentcanbeelectedbythe
(a) MembersofbothhousesofParliament
(b) MembersofParliamentandStateLegislatures
(c) ElectedMembersofboththeHousesofParliament
(d) ElectedMembersofParliamentandState Assemblies.

XI–PoliticalScience 61
8. The ConstitutionAmendmentoftheConstitutionhasincluded
aprovisionrelatingtothesizeoftheCouncilofMinisters.
9. ThePresidentcanberemovedby......................
10. TheVicePresidentistheex-officioChairmanof.............. .
11. ThePresidentiselectedbythe system.
12. IndianForeignServicesare services.

Correctandrewritethefollowingstatements
13. VetopowermeansthePresidentgiveshisapprovalimmediatelyontheb
ils passed by the Parliament.
14. ThestrengthoftheCouncilofMinistershouldnotexceed35%ofthe total
strength of Lok Sabha.
15. IntheParliamentaryExecutive,theheadofstateandtheheadofgovernm
ent are the same.
16. ThePresidentsystemhasbeenadoptedinIndia.

Statethefollowingstatementtrueorfalse
17. ThefunctionoftheUnionPublicServiceCommissioneristoelectthe
President.
18. Theprinciple ofelectedbureaucracyhasbeenadopted inIndia.
19. TheHeadofStateinIndiaisthePrimeMinister.
20. The tenure of the members of the Union Public Service
Commissioner if fixed. Members of the UPSC can be removed on
the basis of the investigation conducted by a judge of the Supreme
Court.
Answershortquestions
21. WhatismeantbytheExecutive?
22. Whichpeopleare mainlyincludedbytheExecutive?
23. What is the major difference between the Parliamentary Executive

61 XI–PoliticalScience
 and Presidential Executive?

XI–PoliticalScience 61
24. WhatisthePresidentialExecutive?GiveanExample.
25. MentionanyonediscretionarypowerofthePresidentofIndia.
26. What doyouunderstandbythePrivilegesofPresident?
27. Explain any difference between permanent executive and political
executive.
28. Whatdoyouunderstandbypocketveto?
29. Whatismeantbytheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibility?
30. WhoappointstheGovernorofthestate?
31. DistrictCollectorisgenerallyofwhichlevelofofficer?
32. With qualification and efficiency in public service, all sections of
society
[Link]
red for this?
33. WhoistheleaderofmajoritypartyintheLokSabha?
34. Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestions.
The executive is that part of the government which is responsible
for implementing the policies and laws accepted by the legislature.
The executive often participates in policy making as well. The head
of government and his ministers are called political executive and
they are responsible for all policies of the government. But those
who are responsible for daily administration are called permanent
executive.
(i) Whatdoyouunderstandbythepoliticalexecutive?
(a) HeadoftheGovernment
(b) Onlyministers
(c) Headof thegovernmentandhisministers
(d) Noneofthe above
XI–PoliticalScience 70
 (ii) ThePermanentexecutiveconsistsof
(a) Ministers (b) Bureaucracy
(c) PrimeMinister (d) Allofthe above
(iii) Whatisthemainfunctionoftheexecutive?
(a) Tolawmaking (b) Lawadjudication
(c) Toimplementthepoliciesandlaws (d) Noneoftheabove
(iv) Theexampleof politicalexecutiveis
(a) PrimeMinister (b) Ministers
(c) PrimeMinisterandhisministers (d) Noneoftheabove
35. Readthefollowingpassage andanswerthequestions.
The President is the formal head of the government. President has
many
executive,legislative,[Link],t
he President actually uses these powers only on the advice of the
Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister and the Council of
Ministers receive a
[Link]
system of government the President has to seek the advice of the
Council of Ministers.
(i) WhoistheheadofstateintheIndianParliamentarySystem?
(a) PrimeMinister (b)President
(c)Governor (d)Noneoftheabove
(ii) WhoexercisestherealpowersofthePresident?
(a) Speaker (b)Ministers
(c)PrimeMinister (d)Executive
(iii) WhoistheleaderofmajoritypartyintheLokSabha?
(a) President (b) PrimeMinister

71 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) FinanceMinister (d) Speaker

XI–PoliticalScience 70
 (iv) ‘DeFacto’executivemeans:
(a) RealExecutive (b) NominalExecutive
(c) RealandNominalboth (d) Noneoftheabove

TwoMarksQuestions
1. Describeanytwoformsofexecutive.
2. Whatdoyouunderstandbycollectiveresponsibility?
3. WhatdoesthePresident’semergencypowers mean?
4. [Link].
5. Ministers in the cabinet swims together and sink [Link]
does this statement mean?
6. ExplainthepowersofthePrimeMinister.
7. [Link].
8. [Link]
view?
9. Whatprovisionshave been made in the constitution to enable all
sections of the society to become part of the bureaucracy? Explain.
10. Bureaucracyisthemeansbywhichthegovernment’swelfarepoliciesm
ust reach the public. Do you agree to this statement?

FourMarksQuestions
1. Definethefourdifferencesbetweenthepoliticalexecutiveandpermane
nt executive.
2. Describethefourcharacteristicsofthepermanentexecutive.
3. In a presidential government, how the president is the head of both
state and the government?

XI–PoliticalScience 72
4. Describetheemergencypowersofthepresident.
5. WhataretheprivilegesthatmakethepowerofthePresidenteffective?
6. The President cannot exercise his own discretion in the
appointment ofthe Prime Minister? Do you agree to this view?
7. WhythePrimeMinisteractsasaPivotbetweenthePresidentandthe
Parliament?
8. ThePrimeMinister’spowershavebeendiminishedduetotheeraof
coalition. Do you agree with this statement?

SixMarksQuestions
1. ExplainthepowersofthePresident.
2. WhydoyouthinkistheadviceoftheCouncilofMinistersbindingonthe
President?
3. Whennoleaderhasa clear majorityin theLok Sabha,to
whomPresident will appoint the Prime Minister? What will be the
effect of this situation?
4. Generally,inparliamentary form of government, the positionof
Prime Minister is become very powerful a influential. How?
5. Howbureaucracyhelpsthepoliticalexecutive?

ANSWERS
MCQ
1. (c) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(c) 5.(b)
Assertion/Reason
1. A 2.B
OneMarkAnswers
1. CouncilofMinistersincludingthePrimeMinistertoadvisethePresident.
2. 1989

73 XI–PoliticalScience
3. JawaharlalNehru
4. (a)Violationofconstitution
5. (b)UnionPublicServiceCommission
6. (b)Efficiencyandcompetition
7. (d)ElectedMembersofParliamentandstate Assemblies
8. 91th
9. Impeachment
10. RajyaSabha
11. Singletransferablevotesystem
12. Centralservices
13. Pendingapprovalonbillspassedbyparliament
14. Notmorethat15%ofthetotalnumbersofmembers
15. InthePresidentialexecutive
16. TheParliamentsystemhasbeenadoptedinIndia
17. False
18. False
19. False
20. True
21. Theexecutiveisresponsiblefortheexecutionofpolicies.
22. TheexecutiveCouncilconsistsmainlyoftheCouncilofMinistersandth
e President, including the Prime Minister.
23. InPresidentialsystemtherewillbenodifferencebetweenrealandnomi
nal
executivewhileinparliamentaryexecutiverealandnominalexecutivew
ill be same.
24. InPresidentsystemheadofthestateisnotresponsibletothelegislature.

XI–PoliticalScience 74
25. Toelect aPrimeMinister whenno politicalpartygetsmajorityin
theLok Sabha.
26. Resendthebill
27. The permanent executive consists of accountable staff for day-to-
day
administrationwhilethepoliticalexecutiveincludestheheadofgovernm
ent and his ministers.
28. When the President does not allow any bill and does not return for
reconsideration in such a situation he uses the pocket veto.
29. A government which loses confidence in the Lok Sabha has to
resign, it
meansthatifamotionofnoconfidenceispassedagainstanyoneminist
er, then the entire Council of Ministers has to resign.
30. TheGovernor is appointedbythePresident
31. IndianAdministrativeService
32. Provisionofreservation
33. PrimeMinister
34. (c)The Political Executive consists of the head of the government
andhisministers.
(b) The Permanent Executive consists of responsible staff for day
to day administration i.e. bureaucracy.
(c) The main function of the executive is to implement the
policies and laws making by the legislature.
(c)AnexampleofapoliticalexecutiveisthePrimeMinisterandhis miniters.
35. (b)TheheadofstateintheIndianParliamentarysystem isPresident.
(c)CouncilofMinistersincludingPrimeMinister.
(b)PrimeMinister
(iv) Head of stateandheadofgovernmentbotharedifferent.
75 XI–PoliticalScience
TwoMarksAnswers
1. Presidential/Parliamentary
2. If vote of no confidence passes against a single minister, it leads
to the resignation of the entire council of ministers.
3. The President (under article 352, 356 and 360 of the constitution)
can
declareemergencypowersontheadviceofPrimeMinisterwiththecounc
il of Ministers.
4. BecauserealexecutivepowervestinthehandsofPrimeMinisterwithth
e council of ministers.
5. Explaincollectiveresponsibility.
6. FormationoftheCouncilofMinister,RemovaloftheCouncilofMinister,
Linchpin of the Government.
7. Becausecentralgovernmentappoints governor.
8. Yes,givefouropinion.
9. ReservationforSC/ST/OBCinemployment.
10. Yes,giveyouropinionwiththehelpofexamples.

FourMarksAnswers
1. PoliticalExecutive:Temporary,Tenureisnotfixed,politicallyallegiance
to the political party, less experiented (sometimes).
PermanentExecutive:Tenureisfixed,particallyneutral,efficient,traine
d and skilled officers.
2. Efficient,trained/skilled,expertise,politicallyneutral.
3. [Link].
4. Article352,356,360

XI–PoliticalScience 76
5. The President has a regent to be informed of all important matters
and
deleberationsoftheCouncilofMinisters,vetopowersendbacktheadvi
ce given by Concil of Ministers.
6. No,whennoleaderhasaclearmajorityintheLokSabha,Presidenthasto
decide whom to appoint as the Prime Minister.
7. Because Prime Minister communicates all decisions of the Council
of Ministers tothe President.
8. Yes,IntheeraofcoaletionPrimeMinisterialauthorityhasbeenendedan
d it has also brought restrictions on various pwers of the Prime
Minister with the councils of the Ministers.

SixMarksAnswers
1. PresidentcansendbacktheadvicegivenbythecouncilofMinisters,Vet
o Power, appointment powers, sometimes uses discretionary
powers, emergency powers.
2. Article74(1)explainwiththehelpofexamples.
3. ExplaindiscretionarypowersofthePresident(ithasbeendiscussedearlier).
4. ExplainpowersofPrimeMinister(givenearlier).
5. (a)Policyimplimentation.
(b) Efficientelyworksforthewelfareofthepeople.
(c) Participationindraftingthepolicy.
(d) Helpsthepoliticalexecutive.
6. Inparliamentaryform ofgovernment,thereisanominalleadofthestate.

77 XI–PoliticalScience
KeyPoints:-
➢ WhatisJudiciary
➢ HierarchyofJudiciary
➢ JurisdictionofSupremeCourt
➢ JudicialReview
➢ JudicialActivisms

WhatisJudiciary?
• The judiciary is the third important part of the government
which is
seenbyvariousindividualsorinstitutionsasthearbitratorofresolvi
ng
mutualdisputestoprotecttheruleoflawandensuresupremacyoft
he law. For this,it isnecessarythatthe judiciarymust be
accountable to the democratic traditions and the people of the
country.

• Judiciary safeguards rights of the individuals. It settles

disputes in
accordancewiththelawandensuresdemocraticvaluesmustbesec
ured.

• Thelegislatureandtheexecutiveshouldnotrefrainthefunctioning
of the Judiciary.

• Judgescandotheirfunctionswithoutanyfearorfavour.
• Tobeappointedasajudge,apersonmusthaveexperienceasalawy
er and must be well versed in law, the Judges have a fixed
[Link] remain in office till they get retirement.

• Onlyinexceptional casesjudgescan beremoved .

• The actions and decisions of the judges are immune from
personalcriticism.

79 XI–PoliticalScience
 • Parliamentcannotdiscusstheconductofjudgesexceptwhenthe
proceeding to remove a charge is being carried out.

• Judiciaryisnotfinanciallydependentonlegislatureorexecutive.

XI–PoliticalScience 80
AppointmentofJudge
• The Union Cabinet, Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Justice
of India all influence the process of judicial appointment.

• In the context of the appointment of the Chief Justice, it is

also a convention that the most senior judge of the Supreme
Court will be electedas the ChiefJustice of India but this
convention washowever broken twice.

• The President appointsthe Judges of High Court and Supreme

Court on the advice of the Chief Justice of India.

PyramidStructureofJudiciary

SupremeCourt

High Court

DistrictCourt

Subordinate Court

JurisdictionofSupremeCourt–OriginalJurisdiction
o FundamentalRights:SettlementofdisputesbetweenCentreandStates
o Writ: Protection of Fundamental Rights, disputes related to
election of President, Vice-President

Appellate
o Hearing appeals on cases of the subordinate courts related to
civil, criminalmattersor seriousmatter of interpretationof
law or constitution

71 XI–PoliticalScience
Advisory
o To advise the president of India on the matters of public
importance interpretationof constitution.
Privilege
o Hearing appealunder specialleavepetitiononthe decisionsgiven
by High court.

JudicialActivism
o The main meansof judicial activism in India hasbeen public
interest litigation or social behaviour petition.
o After1979-
80,throughpublicinterestlitigationandjudicialactivism,
thejudgeshowedinterestincaseswherepeoplefromcertainsectio
ns
[Link]
s and lawyers were allowed to petition on the behalf of the
needy and poor people of the society
o Judicial activism democratized the judicial system and the
executive was forced to become more accountable.
o Triedtomaketheelectionsystem evenmoretransparent.

NegativeaspectsofActiveJudiciary
o Increasedworkloadinjudiciary.
o Judicialactivismmadeitdifficulttodistinguishbetweenthefunctio
ns of the legislature, executive and judiciary such as -
removing air and noise pollution, checking corruption and
electoral reforms etc. The administration should do under the
supervision of the legislator.

RighttoJudicialReview

81 XI–PoliticalScience
 o Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can examine
the constitutionalityofanylaw,ifitiscontrarytotheprovisionsofthe

XI–PoliticalScience 82
 Constitution, then itcan be declared non-constitutional or null
andvoid.
o Supreme Court can also exercise the power ofjudicialreview
incase of federal related issues. (Centre State Relations).
o The judiciary can interprets the constitution and the laws
passed by the legislature, it effectively protects the
constitution.
o Protectstherightsofcitizens
o The power of the judiciary has increased in protecting the
rights ofcitizens by public interest petitions

JudiciaryandParliament
o In the Indian Constitution, every part of the government has a
clear demarcation of functioning. Despite this separation of
powers, the confrontation between the judiciary and executive
in Parliament has become a controversial issue of Indian
politics.
o Righttoproperty
o RegardingthepowerofParliamenttoamendtheConstitution
o Fundamentalrights.
o PreventiveDetentionLaw
o Laws relatedreservationinjobs

SupremeCourtdecisionin1973
o TheConstitution hasa basic structure and no one,including
Parliament,
[Link]
he Constitutional amendment.
o Regardingtherighttoproperty,thecourtsaidthatitisnotapartofthe

83 XI–PoliticalScience
 basic structure, it can be suitably abridged.

XI–PoliticalScience 84
 o Thecourtreservedtoitselftherighttodecidewhethervariousmatte
rs are part of the basic structure of the constitution.
o The constitution provides that the conduct of judges cannot be
discussed in Parliament but on many occasions the conduct
of the judiciaryhasbeenpointedout. Similarly,
theJudiciaryalsocriticised the executive on several occasions.
Butindemocracyitisessentialforeachorganofthegovernmenttorespe
ct the authority of others

QUESTIONNAIRE
OneMarkQuestions
1. Article143oftheIndianConstitutionempoweredtheSupremeCourtwith
(a) OriginalJurisdiction
(b) AppellateJurisdiction
(c) SupervisoryJurisdiction
(d) AdvisoryJurisdiction

2. Publicinterestlitigationhasbeenincludedbywhichcountryinits
constitution?
(a) America (b)SouthAfrica
(c)India (d)Japan

3. HowlongcantheChiefJusticeofIndiacontinuehisoffice?
a) 60years (b) 62years
(c)65years (d) 70years

4. Appellatejurisdictionofthecourtismentionedinwhicharticle?
(a) Article134oftheConstitution
(b) Article224oftheConstitution

85 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) Article226oftheConstitution
(d) Article27oftheConstitution

5. Whichofthefollowing isnot anessentialqualificationsfor

ajudgeofthe Supreme Court?
(a) HemustbeacitizenofIndia.
(b) HemustbeanhonourableJudge.
(c) Atleast10yearsofexperienceasalawyerintheHighCourt.
(d) Hehasbeeninthe HighCourtforatleast5years.

6. Apex courtofappeal is
(a) SupremeCourt
(b) HighCourt
(c) Sub-ordinateCourt
(d) DistrictCourt

Fillintheblanks:-

7. Salaries and allowances of judges are provided from

the………...fund of Indiangovernment.

8. TheJudgesofHighCourtandSupremeCourthavebeenprovided………..
With personal criticism.

9. appointsthejudgesofthe SupremeCourt.

10. The provision for the establishment of the Supreme Court is

enshrined in the article ……….. of the Constitution.

11. SupremeCourtofIndiaislocated at........

Statethefollowingstatementistrueorfalse.

12. TheChiefJusticeofIndiaisappointedonthebasisofseniority.

XI–PoliticalScience 86
13. Judicial reviewis mentioned intheconstitutionofUS.

14. The advisorypowersoftheSupreme Courtarebinding onthePresident.

15. JudicialreviewisfirstmentionedintheBritishConstitution.

16. AlldecisionsoftheSupremeCourtarebindingonallthecourtsof India.

17. TheConstitution of Indiaestablishes anintegratedjudiciary.

Correctthefollowingstatements.

18. ThejudgmentsoftheHighCourtisbindingonallothercourtsoftheIndian
Territory.

19. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court means that cases
can bedirectly considered by the Supreme Court.

20. IntegratedjudicialsystemhasnotbeenadoptedinIndia.

Answerthefollowingquestionsinbrief.

21. WhatdoyouunderstandbyAppellateAuthorityoftheSupremeCourt?

22. Whatdoyouunderstandbytheruleoflaw?

23. OnwhatgroundscantheSupremeandHighCourtJudgesberemovedfro
m their posts?

24. WhatdoyouunderstandbytheadvisorypowersoftheSupremeCourt?

25. Whatdo youunderstandbytheCourtofRecords?

26. Definejudicialreview.

27. How isjudicialactivismmakingthe courtmoreactive?

28. Whatdoyou understandbythePublic InterestLitigation?

29. HowmanyhighcourtsarethereinIndia?
30. Atpresent,howmanyjudgesarethereintheSupremeCourt?

87 XI–PoliticalScience
31. Whatisthesalaryof ChiefJusticeofIndia?

32. HowcantheChiefJusticeofIndiaberemovedfromhisoffice?

Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestions.
Judicial activism had a great impact on our political system. This led
not only individuals but also various groups to move to the courts.
Judicial activism democratizedthe judicialsystem and forced the
executiveto become answerable. The election system also became
more free and fair. The court directed the contesting candidates to give
affidavits regarding their property incomeand educational
qualificationsso thatpeoplecan electtheir representatives on the
basis of correct information.
1. Judicialactivivsmhas
(a)democratizedthejudicalsystem (b) manydrawbacks
(c)mandatoryinstructions (d) noneoftheabove
2. Judicialactivismforcedtheexecutivetobecome
(a)irresponsible (b) answerable
(c) unaccountable (d) Noneoftheabove
3. WhichareofthefollowingisthenameofWrit?
(a)HabeasManda (b) QuaMandamus
(c) Habeascorpus (d) Habeasintellecta
4. Whichjurisdictionhasprotectedthefundamentalrightsoftheindi
vidual?
(a) RightJurisdiction (b) WritJurisdiction
(c)CorpusJurisdiction (d) None oftheabove

XI–PoliticalScience 88
TwoMarksQuestions
1. PILwasinitiatedbywhomandwhen?
2. WhichtwopowersmaketheSupreme Courtpowerful.
3. WhatchangeshavebeenmadeinthePIL?
4. Whohasbeen benefittedfromthePIL?
5. Whatisthemeaningofjudicialreview?
6. WhytheSupremeCourtisallowedto revertitsownjudgments?
7. Howthejudiciarycanuse itspowerofArticle32?
8. WhohastheauthoritytoissueArticle226andHow?
9. Whatis thedifferencebetweenthewritsandJudicialReview?

FourMarksQuestions
1. DescribethewritsissuedbytheSupremeCourt.
2. ExplainadvisoryjurisdictionofSupremeCourt.
3. Describe the process of removal from the post of judges of the
Supreme Court.
4. Whatistheprincipleofcollegiate?
5. DescribeappellatejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourt.

SixMarksQuestions
1. ThestructureoftheIndianjudiciaryispyramidal.
2. DescribethejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourt.
3. Whatisthenegativeaspectofthejudicial activism?
4. [Link]?

89 XI–PoliticalScience
 ANSWERS
OneMarkAnswers
1. Advisory
2. America/USA
3. 65years
4. inArticle134oftheConstitution
5. HemustbeanHonourableJudgeoftheHighCourtorSupremeCourt.
6. SupremeCourt
7. ConsolidatedFundofIndia
8. Supreme Court and High Court judges have been given immunity
frompersonalcriticism.
9. President
10. Article124
11. NewDelhi
12. Correct
13. Correct
14. Incorrect
15. Incorrect
16. Incorrect
17. Correct
18. SupremeCourt
19. SettlementofdisputesbetweenCentreandStates
20. Integratedjudicial systemhasbeen adopted.
21. Hearingappealsonthecasesofsubordinatecourtsrelatedtocivil,crimin
al, statutory questions.

XI–PoliticalScience 81
22. Allpeopleareequalbeforelawandlawwillbeappliedequallytoall.
23. Incaseofprovingmisconductordisqualification.
24. ToadvisethePresidentonmattersofpublicinterestandmattersoflaw.
25. ThedecisionsoftheSupremeCourtwillalsobeeffectiveforotherjudicia
l decisions in future.
26. TheSupremeCourtcanexamineconstitutionalityofanylaw.
27. Judicial activism has made the judiciary more active through its
judicial decisions.
28. In public interest litigation, not only a person but a person or group
canalso file a PIL on the behalf of others.
29. 30+1
30. 24+1
31. 2.8lakh
32. ApprovalofaspecialmajorityofParliamentisrequired.

ParaBasedQuestions
1. [Link]
e, it is the right of the whole society to have pure air, water and a
good life.
SuchrightshavebeenimposedbytheSupremeCourtwhichhasmadeth
e judicial system more democratic.
2. b. The executive has been forced to become more accountable and
tried to make the election system more free and fair.
3. c. The court directed the contesting candidates to declare their
property and give an affidavit regarding educational qualifications
so that people can elect their representatives on the basis of
correct information.

4. b.

81 XI–PoliticalScience
TwoMarksQuestions
1. [Link].K.KrishnaAyerin1970.
2. Article32,JudicialReviewetc.
3. Protection of the existing rights of poor, betterment of life
conditions of the poor.
4. Poor,deplorableanddeprivedclassofsociety,judiciarycanissuethehab
eas corpus, Mandamus.
5. HighCourts,SupremeCourtcandeclareanylawnullandVoidandprevent
it from coming into force.
6. Toreviewitsverdicts
7. By issuingthewrits
8. The High Court can issue writ and declare the any constitutional
law as a null and void.
9. Judicial review: Judiciary can declare the law null and void, if it is
[Link]
es
anordercalledtheWritstoprotectthefundamentalrightsdvoidpassedb
y the legislature to of the people

FourMarksQuestions
1. HabeasCorpus,Mandamus,Certiorari,QuaWarrnato,Prohibition
2. ThePresidentofIndiacanreferanymatterofpublicimportancethatinvolve
s interpretation of constitution to Supreme Court for advice.
3. A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be removed only
on the ground of proven is behaviour or incapacity by special
majority in both houses of the Parliament.

4. The SupremeCourt hasestablishedtheprincipalof collegialityin

making recommendationsfor [Link] the momentin

XI–PoliticalScience 90
mattersof
appointmentthedecisionofthegroupofseniorjudgesoftheSupreme

91 XI–PoliticalScience
 Court carries greater weight. In matters of appointment to the
Judiciary the Supreme Court and the Council of Ministers play an
important role.

5. Appellate jurisdiction means a person can appeal to the Supreme

Court against the decisions of the high court. High court must
clarify that the case is fit for appeal and it involves a serious
matter of interpretation of law or constitution. Appellate
jurisdiction means that the Supreme Court
[Link]
too, have appellate jurisdiction over the decisions given by courts
below them.

SixMarksQuestions

SupremeCourt

High Court

1. DistrictCourt

Subordinate Court

2. OriginalJurisdiction,appellate, advisoryWrit,Explainall thewrits.

3. On the basis ofnewspaper reportsand postal complaints,an
individual or group can file the case on the behalf of others.
4. Increasingworkload on judiciary, Lackoftime,lack ofjudges.

XI–PoliticalScience 90
 Chapter-7
FEDERALISM
TwoLevelsofGovernment in
Federalism

Governmentforthe Government for

entire country i.e. ProvincesorStatesi.e.
Union Government StateGovernment

Twoorthreetiers
of government

Existenceandauthority
of each tier of govt is
constitutionallyguaranteed
FeaturesofFederalism

Eachtierhastheir own judiciary

Changes brought down

by the consent of bother
thelevelsofgovernment

FinancialAutonomy

Dualobjectives

IndependentJudiciary

IndiaasaFederalCountry

Threetiersystemof Threetiersystem Threetiersystem Threetiersystem

government ofgovernment of government ofgovernment

[Link] [Link] CentreMakesLaw

[Link] [Link] StateMakesLaw

BothMakesLaw

XI–PoliticalScience 92
Defance,Energy Police, Land

Education

93 XI–PoliticalScience
KeyPoints:-
➢ FederalisminIndia
➢ CharacteristicofIndianFederalism
➢ Federaltraits inIndianConstitution
➢ CharacteristicsofSolidarityinIndianConstitution
➢ WhystrongCentralGovernmentinIndianUnion
➢ TensionintheIndianFederalSystem

Federalism refers to the idea of staying

Meaning organized (unionism is the association
of of twoor more states together;
Federlis federalism first started with America.

Federalism is an institutional system that consists of two types of

political system. It consists of a central level and a provincial level
political system. Each ievel of political system is itself autonomous.

The central or federal government’s jurisdiction is the whole country

and its responsibilities are subjects of national importance. The Union
Government can make decisions on the subjects of the Union list.
Legislation creates independent judiciary to prevent conflict between
centre and state.

FederalisminIndia
Article1oftheConstitutionofIndiacalledIndiathatisBharat,shallbeaUnion
of States.
Duringthenationalmovement,manyleaderswantedthatinordertorulealarg
e country like India, it would be necessary to divide the powers or
subjects into
[Link]
ty, so people of every region get the opportunity of self-government.

XI–PoliticalScience 94
AccordingtoIndianfederalism,afederal(central)governmentinIndia,28stat
es
and8unionterritoriesgovernmentsworkontheirownsubjects,thereisaclea
r distribution of powers in the Indian Constitution.

Supremacy
WrittenConstitution
of

Characteristic of
IndianFederalism
IndependentJudiciary

Division of Powers There are three levels

(UnionList-98 of Government in India
subjects, State List-61 (Central level,
subjects, Concurrent Statelevel,Locallevel).
Li t 52)

IntheConstitutionofIndia,twotypesofgovernmentsaredescribed,thefirsti
s
thecentralgovernmentwhosejurisdictionisthewholecountry,andtheseco
nd government is the state level government, whose jurisdiction
islimited only to
thestate,bothareconstitutionalgovernmentsandacleardescriptionofitssco
pe.

ConfederateCharacteristicsinIndianConstitution
• The constitution is Supreme, no power is above the
constitution, all will remain within the scope of the constitution.
• Indiahasanindependentjudiciarythatdoesnotallowthegovernme
nt to be dictators.

95 XI–PoliticalScience
 • There are three levels of governments inIndia: (central level,
statelevel, local level).

XI–PoliticalScience 96
CharacteristicsofSolidarityinIndianConstitution
(i) SingleCitizenship.
(ii) More powerinclinationlikecentralgovernmentinpowerdivision.
(iii) Governor’sappointmentinstatesbythePresident.
(iv) Sameconstitutionforunionandstate.
(v) AllIndiaServices
(vi) UnifiedJudiciary.
(vii) Centremorepowerfulduringemergency.
(viii) FederalGovernmenthasmoreimportanceinconstitutional
amendment.

WhyStrongCentralGovernmentinIndianUnion?
Indiais a large and diverse country. The makers of the Constitution
hoped that such a large country could be controlled only by a strong
central government. At the time of independence there were more than
500 native princely states, which were merged only by a strong central
government.

TensionintheIndianFederalSystem:-
TheConstitutionofIndiahasgivena lotofpowerstothe CentralGovernment,
whilethegovernanceofthestatesistheresponsibilityoftheStateGovernme
nts, due to this, from time to time the states keep demanding more
autonomy and powers, due to this, tensions and conflicts arise in the
center and the states. Happen to be Center-state relationship

1. States keep demanding more rights and autonomy from time to

time, which are in the following forms

(A) Financialautonomy:-
Theincomeresourcesofthestatesarelimited and the
controloverresourcesis alsolimited,so thestate

97 XI–PoliticalScience
 governmentskeep demandingmore autonomyin mattersof
income.

XI–PoliticalScience 98
 (B) Administrativeautonomy:-
Stategovernmentswantmoreautonomy in matters of daily
administration. States want more powers and powers from
central government.

(C) Cultural and linguistic issues:- Many states oppose the Hindi
language and encourage only the language prevalent in their
state.

2. RoleofGovernorandPresident’srule:
(A) The President appoints governors in the states without
consulting
thestategovernments,whosometimesinterfereunnecessarilyin
the daily affairs of the states.
(B) TheCentralGovernmentputspressureontheGovernorandimpos
es unfair Presidential rule in the States th rough Article 356.

3. Demand for new states: In the Indian federal system, demand for
new states keeps on increasing from time to time, due to political
reasons, tensions rise in the Union and the states.

4. Inter-stateDisputes
(A) Inthefederalsystem,therearedisputesintwoormorestates such
as border dispute in Karnataka and Maharashtra regarding
Belgaum.
(B) Intwomorestates,thereisadisputeaboutthesharingofrivers,suc
h as: Cauvery river water disputes are going on in Karnataka
and TamilNadu.

5. SpecificProvisions: Nagaland,Assam, Manipur,AndhraPradesh,

Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa have been given
special status in Articles 371(a) to 371(i) of the Constitution.

99 XI–PoliticalScience
 QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ

1. WhichtypeofcitizenshipisprovidedinIndia?

(i) DualCitizenship (ii) MultiCitizenship

(iii)SingleCitizenship (iv) Noneofthe above

2. Whichcommissionwasappointedtoreviewcentre-staterelationship?

(i) ShahCommission

(ii) Sarkariyacommission

(iii) GoswamiCommission

(iv) Noneoftheabove

3. Whohasthepowertodissolvestatelegislativeassembly?

(i) ChiefMinister

(ii) PrimeMinister

(iii) HighCourt

(iv) Governor

4. Whohasthepowertosolveinterstatedisputes?

(i) Governor

(ii) Parliament

(iii) Supremecourt

(iv) President

XI–PoliticalScience 91
Assertionandreasonquestions
1. Assertion(A):statesofIndiacanbemergedatanytimeReason(R):
Parliament has the power to merge state of India.
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnot thecorrect explanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.
2. Assertion (A): India has three layers of government. Reason (R):
federal system in India is adopted from USA
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnot thecorrect explanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.

OneMarkQuestions
Fillintheblankinquestions1to5
1. Theword isusedforfederalismintheIndianConstitution.
2. Federalismmeans .
3. DisputesbetweentheCenterandthestatesareresolvedby .
4. Therighttoenactlawsontheconcurrentlistis .
5. TheuseofPresident’sruleinthestatesisunder Article .
Answerquestions6to10in20words.
6. WhywasthefederalismsystemadoptedinIndia?
7. WhenwasSarkaria Commission created?
8. WritethenameofanyonestaterelatedtoArticle371?
9. Whenwas theStateReorganizationCommissionformed?
10. Whatdoesautonomymean?

91 XI–PoliticalScience
Identifytrueorfalsesentencesinquestionnumber11to15
11. JammuKashmirenjoysspecialstatus
12. America was thefirstto adoptfederalisminthe world.
13. IntheConstitutionofIndia,morepowershavebeengiventothestatesth
an the central government.
14. Parliament can createnewstatesinIndia
15. Indiahasprovisionfordualcitizenship.
TwoMarksQuestions
1. InwhichstatewasMysoreandMadrasmerged?
2. HowfederalismhelpedunityinIndia’sdiversity.
3. WhatdoesArticle-1indicate?
4. Whatismeantbydivisionofpower?
5. What aretheresidualpowers?
6. Onwhatbasisdostatesdemandautonomy?

7. What arethe mainprovisions in SarkariaCommission?

8. Givetwoexamplesofinter-statedisputes?

9. WhenandbywhomwastheSarkariaCommissionsetup?

FourMarksQuestions
1. Whatdemandswereraisedinstatesinthedesireformoreautonomy?

2. NamethefourfederalfeaturesoftheIndianConstitution?

3. StatethefourunitaryfeaturesoftheIndianConstitution?

4. Whyaremany statesnot happyabout the roleofstate governor?

5. MentiontheprovisionofPresident'sruleinthestate?

XI–PoliticalScience 91
FiveMarksQuestions
Readthegivenpassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.
1. Whileanother stateisin astateof dispute with theCenteron
thequestion of more autonomy and its 'share of sources of income,
on the other hand,
therearemanyexamplesofmutualdisputesinstatesbeyondthebounda
ries in the federal system. It is true that legal disputes the judiciary
plays the role of a panch, but the nature of these disputes is not
just legal, these disputesalsohave political aspects,so the
bestsolution can onlybebased on discussion and mutual trust.
(a) WhyisthereadisputebetweentheCenterandthestates?
(b) Giveonereasonformutualdisputeamongthestates.
(c) Who can resolve legal disputes, how the political aspect of
disputes can be resolved?
Federalism
1. Whatkindof disputeisseenbetweencentreandstate?
(a)Ontheissueofemergency (b) Finances
(c)Language (d) Forreligion
2. Causesofdisputesamongstates?
(a)Boundary (b) Caste
(c)Religion (d) Finance
3. Whosolveslealdisputes?
(a)Parliament (b) President
(c)PrimeMinister (d) Judiciary
4. Whosolveswaterdisputes?
(a)State (b) Parliament
(c)President (d) Judiciary

101 XI–PoliticalScience
XI–PoliticalScience 100
2. Studythecartoonandanswerthegivenquestions

(a) Howisthegovernor appointed?

(b) Accordingto the cartoon, whatdoes the appointmentof the
governor mean?
(c) IstheGovernor’sappointmentalwaysthesame?

3. Lookatthemapcarefullyandanswerthequestionsasked
(a) Write the names of the four princely states on the 1947 map
of India and state in which states they merged at the present
time.
(b) Writethenamesoffourstatesthatwerebornasnewstates.
(c) Writethenameofanon-Hindilanguagestate.
101 XI–PoliticalScience
SixMarksQuestions
1. The constitution of the Indian Constitution is federal but in fact
unitaryfeatures are effective.
2. DescribeUnionListStateListConcurrentList
3. Whatdoesautonomyandisolationism mean

ANSWER
MCQ
1. (iii)SingleCitzenship
2. (ii)SarkariyaCommission
3. (iv)Governor
4. (iii)SupremeCourt

XI–PoliticalScience 102
AssertionandreasonAnswers:
1. BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
2. Aistrue,butRisfalse.
OneMarkAnswers
1. Union
2. TheCentralGovernmentandtheStateGovernmentfunctionindependently
3. SupremeCourt/Judiciary
4. Boththecenterandthestate
5. 356
6. Due to immensediversityand large population
7. 1983
8. Manipur
9. 1954
10. OwnGovernance
11. Incorrect
12. Right
13. Incorrect
14. Right
15. Incorrect

TwoMarksAnswers
1. KarnatakaTamilNadu
2. CentralandStateGovernmentsownterritorialrights
3. Indiaisaunionofstatesandcentrally administeredstates

103 XI–PoliticalScience
4. Division of executivepowers, thelegislature has its own
jurisdictionover
thejudiciary,theUnionStateisitssubjectintheConcurrentList,whichis
made by the Central and State Governments.
5. Subjectnotmentioned inanylist.
6. Stateautonomydemandslanguage,incomefinancialpoweradministr
ative power.
7. Onthebalanceofpowerrelatedtocenterstaterelations.
8. BorderdisputeriverwatersharingdisputelikePunjab,Haryana.
9. In June 1983 by Justice Rajendra Singh Sarkaria, retired Supreme
Court Judge.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Riverwatersharing
Borderdisputedemandsnewstates
EconomicFinancialFreedomRighttoResources

2. Division of powers
Independentjudiciar
y
BicamerallegislatureConstitution

3. Single Citizenship
Highest near
center Unified
judiciary
Stateis weakeven financially

4. AppointmentbythePresident,WorkfortheCentralGovernment,Rightto
imposePresident’sRule,Disputeonmakingthelawlegal,Actasanagent
of the Center.

XI–PoliticalScience 104
5. Article356Incaseofinternalpeacein thestate,thereisnocrisiswiththe
government if there is an economic crisis;

105 XI–PoliticalScience
FiveMarksAnswer

1. (i)Powerofemergencyconcerningfinanciallawmaking

(ii) River waterdistributiondepartment

(iii) Judiciary,deliberation,traditionalbelief

2. (i)BythePresident

(ii) Wheneveryou wantto makea governor,youcanremoveitor

sendit to another place.

(iii) Yes,GovernorisappointedbythewillofthePresidentandbythewill
of the Central Government.

3. (a)Princely State State

Rajputana
Rajasthan
Junagadh Gujarat
Mysore Karnataka
Madras TamilNadu

(b) Uttarakhand,Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh,Telangana

(c) AndhraPradesh,TamilNadu,Karnataka(Either)

SixMarksAnswers

1. [Link]
nt. Use of Article 356 on the state, etc.

2. UnionList:-Subjectofnationalimportanceinwhichthereareabout
98subjectsassoonasDefence,ForeignAffairs,Rail,Port,Bank,Mineral

XI–PoliticalScience 106
s etc.

107 XI–PoliticalScience
 State list:- Normally about 61 topics of regional importance like
police,justice, local self-government agriculture, irrigation, health etc.

Concurrent List: - There are about 52 topics like foreclosure law

process socialsecurity etc.

3. Getting more autonomy, separatism, discriminatory behaviour by

central government.

Non-interferenceofcentralgovernmentwhileworkingbystate.

Inseparatism,thecentralgovernmentdoesnotprovidefinancialassist
ance by the state government, does not make development related
plans.

XI–PoliticalScience 108
KeyPoints:-
➢ WhyWeNeedLocalGovernment?
➢ DevelopmentofLocalGovernmentinIndia.
➢ Constitutionalamendmentsin73rdand74th.
➢ Implementationandchallengesofconstitutionalamendment
s in 73 and 74.

LocalGovernment
Localgovernmentiscalledvillageanddistrictlevelgovernance,itistheneare
st rule to the common man, in which the solution to the daily problems
of the people gets done very fast and at a low cost. They have
constitutional status.

Democracy Means, meaningful participation and accountability. Lively

and strong local governance. Active participationand purpose ensures
full accountability. The work that can be done at the local level should
be in the hands of the local people and their representatives.

The general public is more familiar with local governance than the state
government or the central government.
I. CentralGovernment
II. StateGovernment
III. LocalGovernmentCentral
(i) Panchayat
(ii) NagarPalika
(iii) ZillaParishad
(iv) GramPanchayat
(v) GramSabha
(vi) Municipal

XI–PoliticalScience 108
 (vii) Corporation
(viii) Municipality
(ix) MunicipalCouncil

ThirdTier ofGovernanceonIndia'sFederalSystem

Union

State

PanchayatiRaj Municipality

ZilaParishad MunicipalCorporation

BlockPanchayat MunicipalCouncil

VillagePanchayat NagarPanchayat

→74thAmendment
→73rdAmendment
→12thSchedule
→11thSchedule
→18Subjects
→29Subjects

DevelopmentofLocalGovernance:-InIndiaexistedintheformofcommunity
councils which run their own rule in ancient India. In modern times,
elected bodies came into existence after 1882, at that time they were
called Mukami Boards.

Afterthe formation ofthe Government of IndiaActof1919,

GramPanchayats
wereformedinmanyprovinces,whentheconstitutionwasmade,thesubject
of
109 XI–PoliticalScience
local governance was handed over to the states. It is also discussed in
the Directive Principles of State Policy of the Constitution.

WHYDOWENEEDLOCALGOVERNANCE?
• Toestablishastrongdemocraticsystem.
• Toensurethelocallevelofpoliticalandeconomicparticipation.
• Foraccesstorepresentativesofordinarycitizens.
• Tomaketheworksuccessfullyandfaster (publicwelfarework).
• Formutualcoordinationandsuccessfuladministration.

Mahatma Gandhi Ji also talked about strengthening the gram

panchayats and decentralization of power and termed it as an effective
tool.

TheConstitutionofBrazilprovides

Theprovince,federaldistrictandmunicipalcouncilsystem.

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of the Constitution :- In

1992, the Parliament passed the 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendments.

73rd constitutional amendment is related to local governance of the

village, it is relatedto panchayati rajsystem, 74th constitutional
amendment isrelated to urban local governance.

73rdAMENDMENT-Someprovisionsof73rdConstitutionAmendment:-

TheTHREE-TIERSTRUCTUREnowathree-tierstructureofthePanchayati
Raj system in all the states.
Third place – District Panchayat
Second place – Block Committee
First place – Gram Panchayat.

XI–PoliticalScience 110
Elections :- The elections at all three levels of Panchayati Raj
Institutions are conducted directly by the public. The duration of each
body is 5 years.

Reservation:-
• Onethirdseatsarereservedforwomen.
• Thereisaprovisionforreservation forScheduled Castesand
Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population.
• If the government of the state wants, then other backward
classes (O.B.C.) can also give reservation in the seats.
• The benefit of this reservation was that today women are
working as sarpanch.
• ThetribalpopulatedareasofmanystatesofIndiawerekeptawayfro
m the provisions of the 73rd Constitution, but in 1996 a
separate law was enacted and these areas were also included
in the provisions of Panchayati Raj.

State Election Commissioner:- It is necessary for the states to appoint

a state election commissioner. The responsibility of this Election
Commissioner will be to conduct elections to Panchayati Raj
institutions.

The State Finance Commission:- It is necessary for the government of

the states to forma regional financecommission on 5 years. This
commission will
keepaneyeontheeconomicstatusoflocalgovernmentinstitutionsinthestat
e.

74thAMENDMENT:-The74thAmendmentrelatestourbanlocalgovernance
that is to the municipality.

111 XI–PoliticalScience
UrbanArea:-
• Thearea hasapopulationofat least5000.
• Atleast75%of workingmenwork separately from farming.

XI–PoliticalScience 110
 • The density of population should be at least 400 persons per
square kilometer. In many forms, the 74th constitution
amendment is a repetition ofthe 73rd constitutionamendment,
but thisamendment is related to urban areas.
• Alltheprovisionsof73rdamendmentlikedirectelection,reservatio
n, transfer of subjects, regional election commissioner and
territorial finance commission are included in 74th
constitutional amendment and apply to the municipality.

Implementationof73rdand74thConstitutionAmendment
Localbodyelectionshavebeenheldmanytimesinthestatesduringthisperio
d. Duetotheelectionoflocalbodies,therehasbeena tremendousincrease
in the number of elected representatives. The power and confidence of
women has increased significantly.

TransferofSubjects:-
Theamendmentoftheconstitutionhashandedover29 subjects to the
local government. All these topics are related to the needs of local
development and welfare

LocalGovernmentSubjects:-
Sometopicsoftheeleventhschedule
i. Healthandfamily,
ii. Marketandfair,
iii. Agriculture,
iv. Irrigation,
v. SmallScaleIndustry,
vi. RuralDevelopment,
vii. Roads,

XI–PoliticalScience 112
viii. DrinkingWater,

113 XI–PoliticalScience
 ix. Education,
x. RuralElectrification,
xi. Library,
xii. PublicDistributionSystem,
xiii. WelfareofWeakerSections,
xiv. SocialWelfare,
xv. PovertyAlleviation,
xvi. WomenChildDevelopment,
xvii. Technical Training,
xviii. Library

ProblemsofLocalGovernance:-
• Lack offunds.
• Publicnottobeaware.
• Spendmorethanincome
• Relying ongovernmentsforfinancial help.

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ
1. The first state in the country to adopt the Panchayati Raj system
on 2ndoctober, 1959 was?
A. AndhraPradesh [Link]
C. Bihar [Link]
2. The'NationalPanchayatiRajDay'iscelebratedeveryyearon?
A. 10thApril B.14thApril
C. 24thApril D.20thApril

XI–PoliticalScience 114
3. WhichofthefollowingArticleisrelatedtoPanchayatiRaj?
A. Article243
B. Article324
C. Article124
D. Article73
4. WhatisthemainpurposeofPanchayatiRaj?
A. toincreaseagricultralproduction
B. Tomakepeopleparticipatein developmentaladministration
C. Toeconomicgrowth
D. Tomakepeoplepoliticallyconscious
5. In India, the first Municipal Corporation was set up in which one
among the following ?
A. Culcutta
B. Madras
C. Bombay
D. Delhi
6. Whichamendmentisrelatedwithurbanlocalgovernment?
A. 73rdamendment
B. 74thamendent
C. 92ndamendment
D. Noneoftheabove
7. Whichofthefollowing Stateshasno PanchayatRaj institution?
A. Nagaland
B. Rajasthan
C. Bihar
D. Tamilnadu

115 XI–PoliticalScience
8. WhichofthefollowingstandsbetweenZilaParishadandVillagePanchayat?
A. MandalPanchat
B. BlockSamiti
C. GramSaba
D. Alloftheabove
9. Whichofthefollowingsystemisestablishedonthebasisofdirectelectio
n?
A. GramPanchayat
B. BlockCommittee
C. Both(A)and(B)
D. Noneoftheabove
10. Whichofthefollowingstatementisnotcorrect?
A. TheGramPanchayatisheadedbytheSarpanch
B. ThePanchayatSamitiisheadedbytheChairman
C. TheZilaParishadisheadedbytheChairman
D. TheSarpanch andtheChairmanareelecteddirectlybythepeople
11. Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthesourcesofrevenueofvillage
panchayats?
A. Governmentrant
B. HouseTax
C. Incometax
D. LocalTaxesonland
12. One third of total number of seats of Panchaayat are reserved for
whichgroup ?
A. BackwardClasses
B. ScheduledTribes
C. Schedulecast
D. Women
XI–PoliticalScience 116
13. ApersontobequalifiedforstandinginPanchayatelectionmusthaveattain
ed the age of -
A. 21years
B. 18years
C. 25years
D. 30years
14. Direct elections to all tiers of the Panchayat were held first after
the 73th Amendment came into force in?
A. AndhraPradesh
B. Rajasthan
C. MadhyaPradesh
D. Karnataka
15. ThePanchayatiRajinstitutionsinIndiagettheirfundsmainlyfrom-
A. Voluntarycontributions
B. Propertytax
C. Localtaxes
D. Governentgrants
16. WhichschedulewasaddedintotheConstitutionbythe73rdConstitution
al Amendment?
A. 6th B. 7th
C. 9th D. 11th
17. Which of the following played important role in thedevelopment of
local government?
A. WilliamBentick
B. LordRippon
C. LordDafrin
D. Lordmayo

117 XI–PoliticalScience
18. In1989,[Link]
recognitionof-
A. Localgovernent
B. Electoincommission
C. Lokpal
D. Financialcommission
19. LocalGovernmentsnotworkatwhichlevel?
A. Atstatelevel
B. Atdistrictlevel
C. Atblock level
D. Atvillagelevel
20. WhatistheobjectiveoflocalGovernment?
A. Participationofwomeninpolitics
B. Givefinancetopeople
C. DecentralisationofPowers
D. BothAandC
OneMarkQuestions
1. Which committee recommended the grant of constitutional status
to local government bodies and When to choose the right option.
A) PanchayatSamitiIn1979
B) VillageCommitteein1669
C) ThunganCommittee1989
D) Noneoftheabove.

2. FromwhichcountryweadoptedtheideaoftheLOCALGOVERNANCE.

3. Whenwerethe73rdand74thconstitutionalamendmentspassedin
Parliament and when were they implemented?

XI–PoliticalScience 118
4. LocalGovernmentisthesubjectofthe listoftheConstitution.

5. WhatisaThree-TierStructure?

6. Whoisthe memberofGramSabha?

7. Electionstogrampanchayatsandmunicipalitiesareheldfor
years.

8. reservation has been arranged for women in

Panchayati Raj institutions

9. Bywhicharticleoftheconstitutioncantheprovincialgovernmentgiveth
e subject of the eleventh schedule to the panchayat?
Choosingtherightoption
A) Article243
B) Article143
C) Article75
D) Article150

10. Which officer has been given the responsibility of election of

Panchayati Raj Institutions? Choose the right choice
A) ChiefElectionCommissioner,
B) PrimeMinister
C) Sarpanch,
D) ElectionCommissionerofthestate

11. Theageofthecandidateshouldbe formunicipalelections.

12. Writethefollowingcorrect:-
I. The73rdconstitutionalamendmentrelatestothelocalgovernance
of thecenter.

119 XI–PoliticalScience
 II. There is a provision for reservation for SCs and STs in
proportion to their demand.
III. The 74th constitutionalamendment is related to the local
governance of the village.

13. ChoosetheCorrectandincorrect:-
A) Theagricultureandirrigationarethesubjectsofthe11thschedule.
B) Education, rural electrification, does not come in the subject of
theeleventh schedule.
C) PanchayatiRajsysteminallthestateshasathree-tierstructure.
D) Lackoffundsisaproblem forthelocalgovernment.

TwoMarksQuestions
1. GivetworeasonsfornothavingstronglocalgovernanceinIndia.

2. Whatdoestheword URBANAREAmeans

3. WhatarethefunctionsofGramPanchayatsandmention anytwo.

4. Explainwhathaschangedinthesocialstatusofwomenbythereservatio
n given to women in Panchayati Institutions

5. Whatarethebenefitsoflocalgovernancetoordinarycitizens?

6. The local government could not perform its task with the
efficiency forwhich it was founded ? Why ?

7. ForhowmanyyearsistheFinanceCommissionofthestatemadeandwh
at is its main function ?

8. RecentlyelectionshavebeenheldinsomevacantplacesofMunicipal
Corporation, what do you think was the reason for holding this
election ?

XI–PoliticalScience 111
9. ThesystemofPanchayatiBodieswasinourcountryeveninancienttime
s, what improvements have been made in their functioning in the
present times?

10. Whatistheheadofamunicipalcorporationcalled?Howlongisitstenure?

FourMarksQuestions
1. Whatistheimportanceoflocalgovernance?

2. WritefourfunctionsofMunicipalCorporationandMunicipalities,

3. WhoistheMayor?

4. Howmanymunicipalcorporationsaretherein Delhiatthistime?Whatis
the reason for the formation of so many corporations ?

5. To what extent are the municipal corporations successful in

solving theproblems of the general public?

6. WhataretheproblemsbeforethePanchayatiRajInstitutions?

7. “Local institutions are not self-sufficient”, therefore, do not work

efficiently, do you think this statement is true? how?

8. Democracy is successful only when there is active participation of

the citizens. Explain this statement.

9. Local government has actually benefited from the reservation of

women for the male ruling society. Do you agree with this ? Explain.

10. Wheneverthereisanattempttomakedemocracymoremeaningfulandt
o
givestrengthtothedeprivedpeople,thereisboundtobetensionandtensi
on in the society. Do you agree with this opinion ? Explain

“Gandhiji believed that strengthening of gram panchayats is an

effective
XI–PoliticalScience 120
[Link]
ld

121 XI–PoliticalScience
 involve the participation of local peoplein Kadamiso that it
cansucceed.
TheindependenceofIndiaasawholemustbeginfromtheverybottom.I
n this way every state will be a republic”. (1+1+1+1=4)

A) Whatdoesdecentralizationofpowermean?

B) Whatdoesrepublicmean?

(a) ElectionoftheheadofthestatebythePeople.

(b) HereditaryselectionofheadofState.

(c) ParticipationofPeopleinGovernment.

(d) Allofthe above.

C) HowcanPanchayat'sbestrengthened?Givetwosuggestions.

D) Whatisthemeaningofthisstatement"Freedomshouldstartfromth
e bottom".

FiveMarksQuestion
Look atthepicturecarefully andanswer thequestions.

1. Whatdoyouunderstandfromwhatiswritteninthispicture?

2. Canthisobjectivebeachievedwiththehelpoflocalgovernance?How?

3. Whatproblemshavetobefacedin achievingthisobjective?

SixMarksQuestions

1. Whatisthemeaningoflocalgovernmentandwhatisitseffectonthe
everyday life of citizens?

2. What is the meaning of the Panchayati Raj system, if you were a

district collector, what problems would you solve in the village ?

XI–PoliticalScience 120
3. If the local bodies were not there, then the day-to-day problems of
the citizens would be solved or not? Why?

4. Where does the Municipal Corporation get its income? Is this

money sufficient to solve the problems of the citizens? Why ?

5. IfyouhadbeentheSarpanchofyourvillage,Whatkindofhindrancewould
societyhavecausedinyourwork,thenhowcouldyouhavegotridofthose
obstacles?

ANSWERS
MCQ

1. B. Rajasthan

2. C,24thApril

3. A,Article243

4. B,Toinsurepeopleparticipationingovernance

5. B,madras

6. 74thconstitutionalamendment

7. A,Nagaland

8. B,Blackcommittee

9. A,GramPanchayat

10. A,theGramPanchayatheadedbytheSarpanch

11. D,Localtaxesonland,C-IncomeTax

12. D,Women

13. A,21years

14. A,AandhraPradesh

XI–PoliticalScience 122
15. D,Governmentgrents

16. D,11thSchedule

17. D,Lordmayo

18. Alocalgovernment

19. A,statelevel

20. D,BothAandC

OneMarkAnswers

1. ThunganCommittee1989

2. Brazil

3. 1992,1993

4. StateList

5. The grampanchayat at thelower level, theblock committeeat

themiddle level and the zilla parishad at the upper level.

6. All those who have attained the age of 18 years are eligible to cast
theirvotes in the Gram Panchayat elections.

7. 5years

8. Onethird

9. Article243

10. StateElectionCommissioner

11. 21years

12. I. The 73rdconstitutionalamendmentis relatedto the

localgovernance of the village.

123 XI–PoliticalScience
 II. ThereisaprovisionforreservationforScheduledCastesandSchedu
led Tribes in proportion to their population
III. The74thconstitutionalamendmentisrelatedtourbanlocalgovernance

13. A) Correct
B) Incorrect
C) Correct
D) Correct

TwoMarksAnswers
1. Casteism,factionalism,communalism

2. (i) Population at least 5000. (ii) More than 75% of working men
work separately from farming. (iii) The density of population
should be 400 people per square kilometer.

3. Cleaning, electricity, water system, construction of roads,

registration of births and deaths etc.

4. Today, many women hold positions like Sarpanch and Mayor. They
have
[Link]
gof women has increased.

5. Solutions to the problems of citizens become very fast and at a

low cost. Political participationof citizens increases

6. [Link],
so the state governments and central government have to depend
on the grant.

7. Toestimatetheeconomicstatusoflocalgovernmentinstitutionsfor5
years.

XI–PoliticalScience 124
8. Theseplacesmusthavebeenvacantduetomanyreasons:-
- Due tothedeathofacorporator
- Reasonsforchangingtheparty ofacorporator
- Duetobecomingan MLAof acorporator

9. Even in ancient times there were local institutions, but they were
not accountable to the public, today these institutions are more
accountable and also accountable to the public.

10. Mayor,1year.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Local governance is very important in our lives, if local subjects
remain
withthelocalrepresentatives,thenthedailyproblemsofthelivesofcitize
ns are resolved at a fast pace and at a low cost.

2. Management of cleanliness, provision of electricity, arrangement

of
drinkingwater,registrationofbirthanddeathrates,constructionandrep
air of roads, arrangement of cremation ghats etc.

3. TheheadoftheMunicipalCorporation.

4. At present, there are one municipal corporations in Delhi. The

population of Delhi is increasing day by day and their problems too.
One municipal corporationwasableto
solvealltheproblemsasefficientlyasonemunicipal corporations are
able to do.

5. Municipal corporationsare not able to solve the problemsofthe

public to
theextentthattheycan,[Link]
ps
125 XI–PoliticalScience
 [Link],electricityhasbeensolv
ed, but still commoncitizens have to deal with these two during the
summer.

6. Moneyproblem,publicawareness,politicalinterference,disproportion
ate expenditure.

XI–PoliticalScience 126
7. Yes, if these institutions become autonomous, then the problems
of the
citizenswillbesolvedquicklyandtheseinstitutionswillalsobeanswerabl
e to the public.
8. Politicalparticipationofcitizensisessentialforthesuccessofdemocra
cy.
Onlyaconsciouscitizencanmakemeaningfulparticipationindemocra
cy. Only then will the government be accountable
9. In many cases, it has been seen that the woman has failed to
make her presence felt or the woman or the head of the family
takes decisions on the pretext of holding the woman in office.
10. Yes, the Constitution made the reservation of Scheduled Castes
and
[Link],mostofthestatesmadeaprovis
ion
[Link]
nge in the social structure of local bodies, sometimes it creates
tension and intensifies the struggle for power.
FourMarksAnswers:(1+1+1+1=4)
A) Themeaningofdecentralizationofpower:-
Thepowerreachedthemasses like Gandhiji wanted. The ideology of
Gramodaya is an example of decentralization of power. Problems
at the local level should be solved at the local level
B) Republic means where the head of the state is the representative
elected by the public, if local governance is passed on to the local
people, then every village will become a republic
C) Theyshouldnotbeshortofmoney.
The public should be aware.

127 XI–PoliticalScience
D) -This means that the solution of the problems can be done by the
representatives of the local public.
-Thegeneralpublichas access toit.

XI–PoliticalScience 128
FiveMarksAnswers

1. Itmeansthatweareavillageandweshouldrule

2. Yes, because local representatives can solve local problems well

because they are aware of the problems.

3. Sometimes the problems of money have to be faced by many

problems due to the intervention of the government in excess of
income

SixMarksAnswers

1. Local government takes care of local affairs, can solve the day-to-
day [Link]
citizensocially and politically partner

2. LocalgovernanceofvillagesiscalledPanchayati
[Link]. (Students will answer it at their discretion)

3. Students will answer this with their discretion and with the help of
their teacher.

4. Municipal corporation levies many taxes like house tax, water tax,
tax on
[Link]
ive money by receiving grants from states. No, because excess of
income is spent and it is too late to receive grants from state
governments.

5. Studentswillanswerthisattheir owndiscretion.

129 XI–PoliticalScience
 Chapter 9
Constitution: Why And How

Question 1.
Which of these is not a function of the constitution?
It gives a guarantee of the rights of the citizen.

It marks out different spheres of power for different branches of government.

It ensures that good people come to power.

It gives expression to some shared values.

Answer:

c. It ensures that good people come to power. The Constitution is responsible for the
framework ofdistribution of power and not for the personal integrity of the people who
occupy the positions of power.

Question 2:

Which of the following is a good reason to conclude that the authority of the constitution
is higher thanthat of the parliament?

The constitution was framed before the parliament came into being.

The constitution makers were more eminent leaders than the members of the parliament.

The constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its powers.

The constitution cannot be amended by the parliament.

Answer:

c. The constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its powers.
Thus, it is thesource of authority for the parliament.

Question 3:

State whether the following statements about a constitution are True or False.
XI–PoliticalScience 121
Constitutions are written documents about formation and power of the government.

Constitutions exist and are required only in democratic countries.

Constitution is a legal document that does not deal with ideals and values.

A constitution gives its citizens a new identity.

Answer:

True

False

False

True

Question 4:

State whether the following inferences about the making of the Indian Constitution
are Correct orIncorrect. Give reasons to support your answer.

The Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people since it was not elected by
allcitizens.

Constitution making did not involve any major decision since there was a general
consensusamong the leaders at that time about its basic framework.

There was little originality in the Constitution, for much of it was borrowed from other countries.

Answer:

The statement is incorrect because the Constituent Assembly was elected by the members of the
Provisional Legislative Assemblies. Members from every province and religious group were given
representation in the assembly.
Incorrect. There were arguments and queries on most of the provisions. Each clause of the
Constitution was subjected to scrutiny and debate. Leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, Pt.
Nehru, RajendraPrasad, Maulana Azad and Sardar Patel did not agree to many things.

Correct. It is a combination of French, Irish, British, Canadian and United States Constitution in
anew form.
121 XI–PoliticalScience
Question 5:

Give two examples each to support the following conclusions about the Indian Constitution:
The Constitution was made by credible leaders who commanded peoples’ respect.

The Constitution has distributed power in such a way as to make it difficult to subvert it.

The Constitution is the locus of people’s hopes and aspirations.

Answer:

a.

The members of the Constituent Assembly represented all religions as well as sections
of the society. There were 26 members from the Scheduled classes as well as
members from Hindu, Sikh
and Muslim communities. Representatives were elected by the members of each community in
theProvincial Legislative Assembly through proportional representation.

The Provinces and Princely States were allotted seats in proportion to their population,
approximately in the ratio of 1:10,00,000. Members of the Constituent Assembly like
Nehru, Patel,Rajendra Prasad and Ambedkar were also a part of the national movement
and enjoyed credibilityamong masses.

b. The Constitution has horizontally distributed power among different institutions of

judiciary,
legislature and executive and statutory bodies like the election commission. If one
institution tries toexploit it, other institutions check it.

The Constitution strikes a balance between the possibility of change and the limits
placed upon thenature of changes that can be made. Thus, it is neither too rigid nor too
flexible and survives as a
living document that has the respect of the people.

c. Indian Constitution is formed on the basis of common goals of Indian people that were
expressed during the nationalist movement. It was reflected in the Objectives Resolution
that defined the aimsof the assembly.
XI–PoliticalScience 121
 The Constitution provides institutional expression to ideas of equality, liberty,
sovereignty,democracy and cosmopolitan identity.

Question 6:

Why is it necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and

responsibilities in theconstitution? What would happen in the absence of such a
demarcation?

Answer:

It is necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in

the constitution because demarcation allows the institutions to work efficiently without
any interference oroverlapping of power and responsibilities. Absence of such
demarcation would lead to a clash between the various institutions that derive their
power from the constitution and ultimately subvert it.

Question 7:

Why is it necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers? Can there be a
constitutionthat gives no power at all to the citizens?

Answer:

It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers because absence of

limitations would lead to authoritarian form of government that threatens human
rights. There cannot be anyconstitution that gives no power at all to the citizens as
they make up the fabric of the state. The
institutions of the state that are meant to serve the citizens would end up denying them
their rights insuch a scenario.

121 XI–PoliticalScience
Question 8:

The Japanese Constitution was made when the US occupation army was still in control
of Japan afterits defeat in the Second World War. The Japanese constitution could not
have had any provision that the US government did not like. Do you see any problem in
this way of making the constitution? In
which way was the Indian experience different from this?

Answer:

The problem with making a constitution that is influenced by external factors or

occupants is that itdoes not represent the will, goals and aspirations of the citizens of
the country. Citizens have little participation in the type of government and institutions
that are imposed upon them.

It also compromises on the sovereignty of the country. Thus, in many ways, it is

an enforcedconstitution.

The Indian experience of constitution-making was different as it was based upon

ideologies thatwere influenced by nationalist movement. The Constituent Assembly
of India itself had many
leaders who participated in the national movement and thus, were representative of the
voice of thenation.

Sovereignty and freedom were the main goals of the Indian nationalist movement
that also gaveway to ideals of equality, fraternity, and secularism. This is the reason
behind the democratic, secular and sovereign character of the Indian Constitution.

Question 9:

Rajat asked his teacher this question: “The constitution is a fifty year old and therefore
outdated [Link] one took my consent for implementing it. It is written in such tough
language that I cannot understand it. Tell me why should I obey this document?” If you
were the teacher, how would you answer Rajat?

XI–PoliticalScience 121

Answer:
 The Constitution is not an outdated book as it represents universal values, ideals and
rights that arerelevant to the society in every age. The ideals of secularism, equality and
fraternity are necessary for the creation of a just society. The democratic form of
government provides representation to the collective will of the people.

The Constitution is also a source of the rights and privileges that are enjoyed by all
citizens of thestate. It provides immunity against arbitrary action by the state and
makes it accountable for its decisions. It provides a stake for the citizens in the
election and running of the government and development of the country.

The Constitution has the provision of amendments to ensure that it keeps up with
requirements ofthe changing times, without compromising on its basic structure.

Thus, the constitution is a necessary requirement for the smooth and orderly working of
institutionsand maintenance of stability and continuity along with changes in the society. It
creates conditions in which the ordinary citizens can live their life according to their individual
choice. It upholds the
rules of law, places limits on power and prevents anarchy.

Question 10:

In a discussion on the experience of the working of our Constitution, three

speakers took threedifferent positions:

a. Harbans: The Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of

democraticgovernment.

[Link]: The Constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and
fraternity. Since thishas not happened, the Constitution has failed.

c. Nazima: The Constitution has not failed us. We have failed the Constitution.

Do you agree with any of these positions? If yes, why? If not, what is your own position?
Answer:

Any answer supported with argument or explanation would solve the purpose. It is strongly
recommended that you prepare the solution on your own. However, one sample solution has been
provided for your reference:

121 XI–PoliticalScience
a.

The position of Harbans is correct. The constitution has succeeded in creating a

framework of democratic government within which people exercise their choice while
electing the government. Elections are conducted regularly at all levels of government
and institutional arrangements havebeen largely successful in preventing the
subversion of Constitution.

b.

The position of Neha is not correct. While it is true that the country is yet to entirely
achieve the statedgoals of liberty, equality and fraternity, it must be also remembered that
these goals are not a static but dynamic process since society is always evolving. The
inability to achieve these goals cannot be attributed to the constitution but rather to the
individual shortcomings and weaknesses of the people who are in position of power and
the nature of politics in recent years.

c.

The position of Nazima is correct. The Constitution has adequate principles for proper
governance of the country. The people who are responsible for executing and
implementing the principles of the constitution have failed to do so because of their self-
interest and dishonesty. The tendency to subvertdemocratic processes in pursuit of power
has led to the state of affairs where elections are rigged,
money and muscle power becomes important and political parties are run as family
institutions withoutinner-party democracy. All this is responsible for the rampant rise in
corruption as people who gain positions of power through money want to recover their
expenditure.

XI–PoliticalScience 121
 CHAPTER -10
Rights In The Indian Constitution

Question 1:
Write true or false against each of these statements:
A Bill of Rights lays down the rights enjoyed by the people of a country.

A Bill of Rights protects the liberties of an individual.

Every country of the world has a Bill of Rights.

The Constitution guarantees remedy against violation of Rights.

Answer:

True

True

False

True

Question 2:

Which of the following is the best description of Fundamental Rights?

All the rights an individual should have.

All the rights given to citizens by law.

The rights given and protected by the Constitution.

The rights given by the Constitution that cannot ever be restricted.

Answer:

c) The rights given and protected by the Constitution.

121 XI–PoliticalScience
Question 3:

Read the following situations. Which Fundamental Right is being used or violated in
each case andhow?
Overweight male cabin crew are allowed to get promotion in the national airlines but their women
colleagues who gain weight are penalised.

A director makes a documentary film that criticises the policies of the government.

People displaced by a big dam take out a rally demanding rehabilitation.

Andhra society runs Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh.

Answer:

The Right being violated is the Right to equality of opportunity in employment.

The Right being used is the Freedom of speech and expression.

The Right being used is the Freedom of expression and Freedom to assemble peacefully.

The Right being used is the Cultural right to represent and protect one’s own language and culture.

Question 4:

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the Cultural and Educational Rights?
Only children belonging to the minority group that has opened educational institution can
studythere.

Government schools must ensure that children of the minority group will be introduced to
theirbelief and culture.

Linguistic and religious minorities can open schools for their children and keep it reserved for them.

Linguistic and religious minorities can demand that their children must not study in any
educationalinstitution except those managed by their own community.

Answer:

b) Government schools must ensure that children of the minority group will be
introduced to theirbelief and culture.

XI–PoliticalScience 121
Question 5:

Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights and why?

Not paying minimum wages

Banning of a book

Banning of loudspeakers after 9 pm.

Making a speech

Answer:

Not paying minimum wages is a violation of fundamental right as it is a form of exploitation.

Banning of a book is against freedom of expression of the citizens.

Question 6:
An activist working among the poor says that the poor don’t need Fundamental Rights. What
they need are Directive Principles to be made legally binding. Do you agree with this? Give
your reasons.

Answer:

Any answer supported with argument or explanation would solve the purpose. It is strongly
recommended that you prepare the solution on your own. However, one sample solution has been
provided for your reference:

No, I do not agree with this statement. Fundamental Rights cannot be denied to any
section of thesociety and this is applicable to the poorer sections as well. While
implementation of directive principles is required for improving the condition of the
poor, fundamental rights are universal as they ensure dignity to every citizen and form
the basis for equality among people.

Certain rights like right to constitutional remedy are important to secure protection for
the poorestand weakest sections of the society from the arbitrary action of the state.

Enforcement of directive principles is important for ensuring social, economic and

political justice. However, freedom of expression is still required to raise voice against
any form of discrimination orinjustice.

121 XI–PoliticalScience
Question 7:

Several reports show that caste groups previously associated with scavenging are
forced to continuein this job. Those in positions of authority refuse to give them any
other job. Their children are discouraged from pursuing education. Which of their
Fundamental Rights are being violated in this
instance?

Answer:

Fundamental right against exploitation, such as prohibition of forced labour, is

violated in this situation by forcing certain castes to continue in the same job that is
associated with their caste.

Right to practice any profession is violated as they are refused any other jobs by the
authorities.

Prohibition of employment of children in hazardous jobs is also violated in this instance.

Question 8:

A petition by a human rights group drew attention of the court to the condition of
starvation and hunger in the country. Over five crore tonnes of food grains was stored
in the godowns of the FoodCorporation of India. Research shows that a large number
of ration cardholders do not know about
the quantity of food grains they can purchase from fair price shops. It requested the
court to order thegovernment to improve its public distribution system.

Which different rights does this case involve? How are these rights interlinked?

Should these rights form part of the right to life?

Answer:

XI–PoliticalScience 121
 a.

The case involves the use of Right to speech and expression and constitutional
remedy. Theserights were used by the human rights group to inform the court about
the prevailing condition ofhunger and starvation, thus requesting the court to order
the government to improve public distribution system.

The right to life of people is also invoked to address hunger and starvation.

These rights are interlinked as freedom of speech provides the basis for constitutional
remedies.

b. Yes, these rights should form part of the right to life as they are necessary for the
sustenance ofpeople.

Question 9:

Read the statement by Somnath Lahiri in the Constitutent Assembly quoted in this
chapter. Do youagree with him? If yes, give instances to prove it. If not, give arguments
against his position.

Answer:

Any answer supported with argument or explanation would solve the purpose. It is strongly
recommended that you prepare the solution on your own. However, one sample solution has been
provided for your reference:

Yes. Somnath Lahiri said that minimum rights have been conceded and are almost
invariably followed by a proviso and have been framed from the point of view of police
constable. This is visible in certain provisions that are invoked to place restrictions on
fundamental rights.

The provision of preventive detention contradicts the right to life and personal liberty
and has oftenbeen misused by the government.

There are several rights under right to freedom that are restricted by the government in
various
ways. For example, the provision of restriction over assembly of five or more people in
certain areascan be misused by the administration.

122 XI–PoliticalScience
Question 10:

Which of the Fundamental Rights is in your opinion the most important right?
Summarise itsprovisions and give arguments to show why it is most important.

Answer:

The right to constitutional remedies is the most important right. The provisions of this
right include theright to move the courts for issuance of writs. The Supreme Court and
High Courts can issue directives to the government for the implementation of rights. The
special orders issued by courts for enforcement of rights are as follows:

Habeas Corpus−The court can order the arrested person to be presented before it under
the writ ofHabeas Corpus. It can also order the release of a person arrested on unlawful
grounds.

XI–PoliticalScience 122
Mandamus−This writ is issued by courts when a particular official does
not perform the assignedlegal duty and violates upon the rights of the
individual.

Prohibition−This writ is issued by a higher court when a case is

beyond the jurisdiction of lowercourt.

Quo Warranto−This writ is issued by the court when it finds an

individual holding the office, which isnot entitled to him.

Certiorari−The court orders the transfer of a pending matter from a

lower court or another authorityto the higher court.

The Right to Constitutional Remedies provides a legal solution within

the framework of the constitution, to the violation of fundamental rights
and provides a check on state power. This is the most important right
as it safeguards the other fundamental rights. It ensures the realisation
of other rights as well as providing a defence for them. According to Dr.
Ambedkar, this right is the ‘Heart andSoul of the Constitution’.

122 XI–PoliticalScience
XI–PoliticalScience 122
 Chapter-1
POLITICALTHEORY:ANINTRODUCTION

MainPoints:-
➢ Whatispolitics?
➢ Whatwereadinpoliticaltheory?

122 XI–PoliticalScience
 ➢ Puttingpoliticalprinciplesintopractice.
➢ Whyshouldwereadpoliticaltheory.
➢ PoliticsV/[Link].
➢ Importanceofpoliticaltheory.

WhatisPolitics
Scholarshavedifferentviewstodefinepoliticsingeneral:-
(i) Politicsistheartofgoverning.
(ii) Politicsteacheshowtorunthegovernment'sactivitiesproperly.
(iii) Politicspresentsasolutiontoadministrativegovernancedisputes.
(iv) Politicsteachesparticipation,but the commonman
encounters conflicting images of politics. Today, the
relationship of politics is linkedtopersonalselfishness
(v) Itisrelatedtopublicwelfare.
(vi) Politicsisanimportantandintegralpartofanysociety.

WhatDoWeStudyinPoliticalTheory
• In political theory we study various aspects of life like social
life, government and constitution, freedom, equality, justice,
democracy, secularetc.
• Readstheprinciplesoffixedvaluesbywhichpoliciesaredirected.

PuttingPoliticalPrinciplesintoPractice
Thenature ofpolitics has changed withthe passage of time, the taskof
putting politicalprinciplessuch as freedom and equality into practice
is very difficult. We should abandon our prejudices and adopt them. By
studying political theory, we can test our thoughts and feelings about
political systems,
XI–PoliticalScience 130
we can understand that only conscious citizens can develop the
country. Politicaltheoryisnotanobject,itisrelatedtohumans.
For example,equalitymeans equalopportunitiesfor all, yet separate
arrangements have been made for women, elders or differently abled,
so we cansaythat completeequalityis not
[Link] discriminationisimportant.

WhyWeShouldStudyPoliticalTheory
1. Tobeacitizentotakeaproperdecisionatthetimeoffutureproblems.
2. Forbasicandgeneralknowledge.
3. Tobecomeanempoweredandawarecitizen.
4. Toawakenpoliticalconsciousness.
5. Tocastthevote.
6. Toeradicateprejudicesfromsocietyandestablishunity.
7. Togiveinspirationandrightdirectiontothemovement.
8. To learn the art of making the right decision after assessing
the debate, argument, profit and loss. It is necessary to study
political theory.
9. [Link].
10. Togainknowledgeoftheutilityofdemocracy.
11. Tounderstandtherightsandduties.
12. Tomakefutureplans.
13. Topromoteinternationalpeaceandcooperation.
14. Forstudyingvariousgovernancesystems.
15. Beingastudent.

PoliticsV/[Link]

[Link]
twowords,Raj+policy,[Link]

131 XI–PoliticalScience
principle or practice at the individual level of the job comes under
[Link] decision making process, the process of forming a
government, theprocess of obtainingpower,etc.

Whilethemainsubjectsofpoliticaltheory arethestateandthegovernment.
It explains the meaning of concepts like freedom, equality, justice and
democracy. The aim of political theory is to train citizens to think
rationally aboutpoliticalquestionsandassesssocio-
[Link] in mathematics, where there is a definite
definition of triangle or square, in political theory we come across
several definitions of equality, freedom or justice.

Thisis becausewordslikeequality,justiceareconcernedwithour
relationship with other human beings rather than anything. Political
theory encourages us to test emotions through our thoughts and
behavior about politicalthings.

Secondly, political science and politics are also two different

perceptions. Political science is born before politics. It is based on
morality, whereas politicsis based on opportunityand
convenience,even then it can be consideredastwosidesofthecoin.

ImportanceofPoliticalTheory
• Developmentofsystematicthinkingaboutjusticeandequality.
• Communicaterationallyandeffectively.
• Assistinefficientandeffectivepoliticaldecisionmaking.
• Togetinformationofinternationalworld.

QUESTIONNAIRE

XI–PoliticalScience 132
MCQ
1. Assertion(A):PoliticalscienceandPoliticsaretwodifferent
Ideologies.
Reason(R):PoliticalScienceoriginatedbeforepoliticsit’sbasedon
moralitywhereaspoliticsbasedonopportunityandconvenience.
A. AandRbotharefalse
B. [Link]
C. AistrueandRisfalse
D. AandRbotharetruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA.
2. Assertion(A):Politicaltheoryisimportantforeveryone’slife.
Reason (R) : Stydyof political theorydevelopssystematic thinking about
Justice, equality.
A. AistrueandRisfalse
B. AisfalseandRistrue
C. AandRbotharecorrectbutRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA
D. AandRbotharetrueRisthecorrectexplantionofA
3. Whatispolitics?
A. ArtofGoverning.
B. Teacheshowtoruntheactivitiesofgovernmentproperly.
C. Givessolutiontothemattersofadministrativeoperation.
D. ALLOFTHEABOVE.
4. Whatisthemaintopics(Subjects)ofpoliticaltheory?
A. GovernmentandCitizen
B. CitizenandVoter.

133 XI–PoliticalScience
 C. StateandGovernment
D. Noneoftheabove.
5. Behaviouralpoliticaltheoryistheproductofwhichcentury?
A. 18thcentury
B. 20thcentury
C. 16thcentury
D. 21stcentury.
6. Whowrotetnebook'Republic'?
A. Aristotle
B. MahatmaGandhi
C. Ambedkar
D. Plato
7. The word Theory' originated from the word 'Theoria' which
language is this word from?
A. Sanskrit
B. Latin
C. Greek
D. French.

8. Humanbeingsareuniquebecausethey:

A. Participateinpolitics

B. Theyfightwitheach-others

C. Theyhavemind&Languagetocommunicatewitheachothers

D. Noneofabove

XI–PoliticalScience 134
OneMarkQuestions
9. Explainwhatispoliticaltheory?
10. WhichsubjectishighlightedinGandhiji'sbook,HindSwaraj?
11. Whatistheideologyofordinarypeopleregardingpolitics?
12. Writeadifferencebetweenpoliticalscienceandpolitics.
13. Whyshouldwestudypoliticaltheory?
14. Whatisthemainthemeofpoliticaltheory?
15. Whatispolitics?Markthecorrectfromthefollowing.
(a) Politicsistheartofgoverning.
(b) Politicspresentsasolutiontoadministrativegovernancedisputes.
(c) Politicsisrelatedtopublicwelfare.
(d) Alloftheabove.
16. Inpoliticaltheory westudy , , and .
(Write any 4 aspects)
17. Writethesentencecorrectly.‘Itisnotnecessaryforcitizenstobe
awareforsuccessfuloperationofdemocracy’.
18. Politicsandpoliticaltheoryaretwodifferentassumptions.(Right/
Wrong)
19. Politicaltheoryishelpfulinmakingfuturepoliticaldecisions.(Right
Wrong)
TwoMarksQuestions
1. Explainthemeaningofpolitics.
2. Explainanytwoareasofpoliticaltheory.
3. Writethenamesofanyfourpoliticalscholars.
4. Whataspectsoflifedowestudyinpoliticaltheory?
5. Whyshouldwestudypoliticaltheory?Writeanytworeasons.

135 XI–PoliticalScience
FourMarksQuestions
1. ‘Politicsisscienceaswell,noteven’.Explainthisfact.
2. Politicalprinciplesareessentialforthesuccessfulrunningofadem
ocratic government in a country. How?
3. Politicsaffectsman’sdailylifestepbystep!Explain.
FourMarksQuestions(1+1+1+1)
Political theory systematically considers values like freedom,
equality, justice, which inspire political life. Explains the current
definition oftheseconceptsby
keepingsomeofthemajorpoliticalthinkersinthe past and present at
the center. How appropriate are the current definitions and how to
scrape them to make compliance with current policies more
democratic. The aim of political theory is to train citizens to think
rationallyaboutpoliticalquestionsand properlyorganizesocial
politicalevents.
1. Whatarethevaluesthatinspirepoliticallife?
(a) Education,Morality
(b) Liberty,EqualityandJustice
(c) Ideals,Truthfulness,Honesty
(d) Equality,Secularism,Friendship
2. Whatdoespoliticaltheorytraintojudge?
(a) EconomicandPoliticalevents
(b) EducationalandForeignevents
(c) SocialandPoliticalevents
(d) ForeignpolicyandSocialpolicies
3. WhoseobjectiveistotraincitizenstothinkrationallytojudgeSocial,
Politicalevents?
(a) Politicaltheory (b) Economictheory

XI–PoliticalScience 136
(c)Rawls’stheoryofJustice (d) Socialjustice’stheory

137 XI–PoliticalScience
4. Whichpoliticalthinkersarekeptatthecentertoclarifythecurrentdefiniti
on?
(a) Allthinkersofthepresent
(b) MajorthinkersoftheEconomicfield
(c) Thinkersofthepast
(d) Majorthinkersofthepastandpresent.

FiveMarksQuestion
Whichform of politicsdoesthe
cartoonist want to represent in
the given caroon? Write any one
pointin detail.

SixMarksQuestions
1. Whatdowestudyinpoliticaltheory?
2. Writedownthefeaturesofpoliticaltheory.
3. Whyshouldwereadpoliticaltheory?Explain.
4. Politicaltheory is very relevant insolvingquestions related
toequality and freedom”. How? Prove it with logic.

ANSWERS
MCQ
1. (B)[Link].
2. (D)AandRbotharetruebutRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
3. (D)Alloftheabove
4. (C)StateandGovernment

XI–PoliticalScience 138
5. (B)20thcentury
6. (D)Plato
7. (C)Greek
8. (C)TheyhavemindAndLanguagetocommunicatewitheach-others.

OneMarkAnswers
9. Politicaltheoryreflectsthesystematicformofideasandpoliciesthat
haveshapedoursociallife,governmentandconstitution.
10. OnexplainingthemeaningofSwarajya.
11. Commonpeopledonotconsiderpoliticstobegood.
12. Politicalscienceisbasedoncertainidealswhilepoliticsisbasedon
opportunity and opportunism.
13. This leads to knowledge of political rules / principles, equality,
freedom anddemocracy,whichisessentialfordemocracy.
14. Stategovernment.
15. (d) Alloftheabove.
16. Freedom,equality,justiceordemocracy(othersmentionedinthetext)
17. Citizensawareforsuccessfuloperationofdemocracy.
18. Right
19. Right.
TwoMarksAnswers
1. The wordpolitics derives from theGreekword‘polis’.Whichliterally
means ‘city state’.

2. (i)Studyofstateandgovernment.
(ii)Studyofpowerandideologies.

3. Aristotle,Plato,Russo,Kautilya,[Link].

4. InPoliticalTheorymainlystudiessociallife,governmentand
constitution,freedom,justice,democracy,secularismetc.

139 XI–PoliticalScience
 5. (1)Forinformationaboutgovernance.
(2)Tounderstandtherightsandduties.

FourMarksAnswers
1. PoliticalScienceisScience-Scholarswhoconsiderpoliticalscience as
science argue that science is a systematic knowledge and political
science is also studied in a systematic way. It is possible to use in
it, ithas the ability to predict and can be used as a laboratory of
history andthe whole world .
PoliticalScience is notScience:-Thosewho donotconsiderita
science, say that the principles of political science are not clear,
but despitethesamereasonsinpolitics,itisnotpossibletouseitin
political science. It also has no real laboratory. The scientific
method cannot be adopted in its study.

2. Political theory discusses those ideas On the basis of which

political institutionsare [Link]
differences between different religions. It explains the meaning of
concepts like equality and freedom.

3. Inthedailylife,thepersonisseenstrugglingforfreedomandequality at
every step, for example, water has to be filled on the public
drainsevenifitisequallyaboutenteringthetemple.

FourMarksAnswers(1+1+1+1)
[Link],equalityandjustice.
4.c. Socialandpoliticalevents.
[Link] training to citizens to think rationally about political
questionsandtoassesssocial,politicaleventsproperly.
4.d. Majorpoliticalthinkersofpastandpresent.

XI–PoliticalScience 131
FiveMarksAnswers
Watchthecartooncarefullyandassessyourself,writetheanswerin
yourowndiscretionorwiththehelpoftheTeacher.

SixMarksAnswers
1. In political theory, we study the changes, movements, development
and varioustypesofgovernanceinthesocietyandotherreasons.

2. Freedom, equality, renunciation of prejudices, development of

country,guidanceofall-rounddevelopmentoftheindividual,etc.

3. Tocreateawareness.
Topreparesuccessfulsolversoffutureproblems.
To establish unity in the society.
Preparationforrationaldecisionmakingetc.

4. Political theory offers simple and easy answers to questions

related to freedom and [Link] provides the example of the
development and civilizationof the entirehuman society, and
suggeststhe path to becoming a civilized human being and shows
the consequences of going the wrong path .
It shows the way to end slavery and failure from all over the world
through the story of prosperity and success of a nation adopting
freedom and equality.

XI–PoliticalScience 140
 Chapter-2
FREEDOM/LIBERTY

141 XI–PoliticalScience
MainPoints:-
➢ The ideaofLiberty.
➢ WhatisLiberty?
➢ IdeaofLiberty,sourceofrestrictions.
➢ Whyneedrestrictions?
➢ Lossprinciple.
➢ LibertyversusFreedom(Freedom)
➢ NegativeandPositiveFreedom(Two Dimensions)

TherighttoLibertyisdescribedinArticles19to22oftheIndianConstitution.

THEIDEAOFLIBERTY
Nelson Mandela’s book ‘Long Walk to Freedom’ and Aung San Sui’s
book
‘FreedomfromFear’[Link]
life it is important to be fear free.

WhatisLiberty?

• Liberty is generally regarded as the absence of restrictions and

[Link]
gs to show whatever they want. (Lack of external restrictions)

• Hobbes called the situation ‘do whatever you want’. The state
of freedom is said. Which isAvailable in the natural condition.

• In other words, Liberty means the right of man to do the work

which he is capable of doing. To expand the ability of self-
expression of a person and to have such situations in which
people candevelop their talent.

XI–PoliticalScience 142
 • According to Warker, Liberty of individuals is associated with
the liberties of other individuals.
• Libertyfeaturespersonalitydevelopment+logicalbinding.
• Inthe20thcentury,MahatmaGandhi,NelsonMandelaandAungSa
n SuuKyi [Link] lifeby opposing
discrimination, constructive and oppressive policies in
governance.

TYPESOFLIBERTY
NaturalLiberty:-
(i) Aperson’scompletefreedomtodo everythinghewishes.
(ii) Thereshouldnotbeanykindof restrictionsonhumanactions.

PersonalLiberty:-
(i) Freedomofchoiceinpersonalmatters;
(ii) Safetyoflife;
(iii) Freedomofexpressionandfaith.

PoliticalLiberty:-
(i) Therighttoparticipateinthefunctionsofthestate.
(ii) Righttovote.
(iii) Righttocontestfreeandfairelections.
(iv) Righttosupportoropposethepoliciesandactionsofthegover
nment

EconomicFreedom:-
(i) Right to get a beneficial position or to do business, right
to freedom from absence, the right to produce and
distribute goods.

143 XI–PoliticalScience
LiberalV/[Link]
• Historically,liberalismhasfavoredfreemarketandstateminimizati
on. However, they now accept the role of the welfare state and
believe that measures to reduce social and economic
inequality are needed.

• Positive liberalssupport that the law protectsthe freedom of

individuals. Supporting appropriate sanctions to provide the
best development opportunities to individuals in the public
interest.

• Liberalsgive prioritytopersonalfreedomovervalues likeequality.

Theyalso usuallylook at politicalpowerwithsuspicion.

• Marxists value the economic freedom available in the

framework of sociallife.

• TheMarxistnotionoffreedomwishesitsequalintereststoallpeopl
e. Its implications in bourgeois society, burdened by classes,
differ for different classes. Therefore, real freedom is not
possible until the socialist system is replaced by the capitalist
system.

SourcesofIdealRestrictions
(i) Sourceofrestrictions.
(ii) Dominateandcontrolheavily.
(iii) Forcefullyandthroughlaw.
(iv) Becauseofsocialinequality.
(v) Duetoeconomicinequality.
(vi) Welfarestate

RequirementofRestrictions

XI–PoliticalScience 144
• Requirementofrestrictions.
• Tofulfilltherightsofanotherperson.

145 XI–PoliticalScience
 • Forthegoalofsocialwelfare.
• Toprevent acollisionsituation.
• Forpropersharingoflimitedresources.
• Tomaintaintheirideasanddeveloptheirwaysoflivinginafreesociety.

TheoryofLoss
• “Self-
defenseisthesolegoalofinterferingindividuallyorcollectively in
the freedom to do an act. The sole purpose of the justification
of power against the will of a member of civil society may be
to avoid harm to another.”
• [Link]‘self-relational’
and‘relational’asself-
reliancewhichonlyhasanimpactontheperson doing the work, but
in which the act of doing has an effect on other outsiders as
well. If those actions are causing great harm to others, then in
such a situation the state can impose restrictions on them

Person’sWork
(i) Selfrelatedwork
(ii) Workrelatedtoothers
The purpose of the state to impose sanctions against the actions
and wishes of a person is to protect someone from harm.

Freedom(Liberty)V/[Link](Freedom)
Liberty vs. Freedom - We often see the concept of freedom as
synonyms of freedomandliberty, buttherearesome fundamental
differencesbetweenthese two concepts It is necessary to understand
these Liberty comes from the Latin
wordmeaning‘statusoffreeman’.WhereasLibertyisderivedfromtheEnglis

XI–PoliticalScience 146
h word Freedom which means ‘Free State’ .

147 XI–PoliticalScience
Libertyisthepowertoactaccordingtoone’sdesireforfreedomandtoexpres
s oneself, whereas freedom is the power to determine one’s work.
Freedom is a more concrete concept than Liberty . Freedom is the
concept of relationship betweenthepersonwiththestateandwith
[Link] guarantee of freedom through Liberty.

FREEDOM(Freedom)
• Statusofafreeperson.
• Powertowork.
• Freetodosomething.

FREEDOM(Liberty)
• Freewillstatus
• Decisionmakingpower.
• Independentofanyone.

Acommonfeature betweenthesetwoconceptsisthatboth
ofthemarerelated,
thatis,[Link],bothfollo
w moral conformity in terms of their realization.

DimensionsofFreedom
Freedomhastwodimensions:-
(1)NegativeFreedomand(2)PositiveFreedom

(1) Negative Freedom - The implication of this in the negative

sense is the lack of restrictions as far as possible. Because
restrictions cut
[Link],thereisanexemptiontoworkaccordi
ng to desire and there is no restriction on the actions of the
person.

XI–PoliticalScience 148
[Link].

149 XI–PoliticalScience
 (2) PositiveFreedom
• Suchasystemunderrulesandlawssothatmancandevelophimself.
• Thebanismandatoryifthestatewantstoachievethegoalofpubli
c welfare.
• Humansliveinsociety,theiractionsaffectpeople’sfreedom.
Therefore,itslifeshouldberegularizedbybonding.
• Presenceofhostageswithlogic.
• SupportersTHGreenandProfessorIsiah.

FreedomofExpression:-
• Theissueoffreedomofexpressionisrelatedto thesmallestareaofnon-
interference
• John Steuart Mill, in his book ‘On Liberty’, argued strongly that
freedom of expression should be given to those whose views
seem wrong and misleading in today’s situations.
• Fourpowerfularguments
1. [Link].
2. Truthdoesnotoriginatefromitself,butarisesfromconflictofoppos
ing views
3. Whenanopposingviewcomeswithanidea,thenonlythatidea’s
credibility is proved.
4. Whatistruetodaycannotalwaysbetrueormanytimestheideawhic
h is not acceptable today can be valuable for the time to come

• Many times restrictions on freedom of expression become a

solution to theproblemintheshorttermandmeetthe
demandofthepresent day,but it is very dangerous in terms of the
far-reaching possibilities of freedomin society.

XI–PoliticalScience 141
MeasurestoProtectFreedom
• Democraticgovernance.
• ProvisionofFundamentalRights.
• Theruleoflaw.
• [Link].
• Stronglycontending party.
• Economicequality.
• Lackofprivilege.
• Consciouspublicopinion.

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ

1. Assertion(A):RightsarenecessaryfortheprotectionofLibertyand
Dignity of an Individual.

Reason(R):Indianconstitutionprovidesrightstocitizens.

A- AisfalseandRistrue

B- AandRbotharetrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA

C- AistrueandRisfalse

D-Allabovetrue.

2. TheoriginofthewordLibertyisbelievedtobefromwhichlanguage?

A. Spanish

B. Greek

C. Latin

D. French.

141 XI–PoliticalScience
3. WhatismeantbyNegativefreedom?

A. Freedomwithrestrictions
B. Absenceofrestrictions
C. Excessofrestrictions
D. Alloftheabove.
4. Whatdoyouunderstandby
A. Freedomwithrestrictions
B. Restrictionsaccordingtocircumstance
C. RestrictionsonPoliticalfreedom
D. RestrictionsoneconomicandculturalFreedom.
5. Whatisthemeaningof‘Liber’?
A. Globalfreedom B. EconomicFreedom
C. Politicalfreedom D. Completefreedom
6. Whatarethetwodimensionsoffreedom?
A. SolidarityandNegativity
B. PositivityandPluralism
C. NegativeandPositive
D. Alloftheabove.
7. Freedom(Liberty)means?
A. Thestateofindependent will.
B. Decisionmakingpower
C. Independentfromanyone

D. Alloftheabove.

XI–PoliticalScience 141
8. Matchthefollowing:(1+1+1+1+1)

A-NelsonMandela (i)HindSwaraj

B-AungSanSuukyi (ii)RamayanaRetold

C-GandhiJi (iii)Longwalktofreedom

D-Johanstuartmill (iv)Freedomforfear

E-AubreyMenen (v)On liberty

OneMarkQuestions

9. Whydoesindependencerequirerestrictions?

10. Whatisthesourceoftherestrictions?

11. Whatdoyouunderstandbynegativefreedom?

12. Whyisfreedomnecessaryforaperson?

13. HowmanypartshasJohnStuartMilldividedaperson’sworkinto?

14. NelsonMandela’sautobiographyistitled.............................

15. AungSanSuuKyi Struggledforfreedominthecountry.

16. Writethemeaningoffreedomaccordingtoliberallitigants.

17. WhatisthesynonymousconceptoffreedominIndianpoliticalthought?

18. “Idonotsupportwhatyousay,butIwilldefendyourrighttosaytilldeath.”
Whose statement is this and what kind of freedom is talked about
in it?

19. WhatareNetajiSubhashChandraji’sviewsonfreedom.

20. WhatdoesthewordSwarajmean?

21. Describeafeatureoffreedom.

XI–PoliticalScience 150
22. WhatdidLokmanyaTilaksayaboutindependence?

151 XI–PoliticalScience
23. SalmanRushdie’s bookwasbanned.

24. Whichofthefollowingaremeasurestoprotectfreedom?
A. Ruleoflaw
B. Economicequality
C. Consciouspublicopinion
D. Alloftheabove

25. Write the statement correct and ‘It is not necessary to be fear-free
to livea dignified life’.

26. Thefollowingsourcesofsanctionsare:
A. Welfarestate
B. Dominanceandexternalcontrol
C. Forceandthroughlaw
D. Socialinequalityandall

27. The purpose ofthe state to impose sanctionsagainst the will in

aperson’s actions is to protect someone from harm. (True / False)

28. ‘Harm’stheory’isrelatedto:-
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. JSMill
D. KarlMarx
TwoMarksQuestions
1. Whatdoyouunderstandbypersonalfreedom?
2. Expressyourviewsonpoliticalfreedom?
3. Giveyourviewsonnationalindependence?
4. Explainthe meaningof civilliberties?

XI–PoliticalScience 150
5. Explain themeaningoffinancial freedom?
6. Whatdoyoumeanbyindependence?
7. OnwhatbasiswasfilmmakerDeepaMehtastoppedfrommakingafilmo
n widows in Kashi? What freedom was it violated?
FourMarksQuestions
1. Whatisthedifference betweennegativeand positivefreedom?
2. Whatdosocialrestrictionsmean?Areanyrestrictionsnecessaryfor
independence?
3. Describethefoursignsofindependence.
4. Describethe‘losstheory’ofJanStuartMill?

FourMarkQuestion(1+1+1+1)
5. Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestionsasked.
Theadvocatesofpositivefreedombelievethatapersoncanbeindepen
dent only in the society and not outside the society, so he tries to
make the society such that clear the way for the development of
the person. On the
otherhand,positivefreedomisconcernedwiththeinviolableareaofnon
- interference, not the conditions of society outside this area.
Negative freedomwouldliketoexpandthissmallareaofnon-
interferenceasmuch as possible. However, in doing so, it will take
care ofthe sustainability of the society. Generallyboth
typesoflibertiesrunconcurrently and support
eachother,butitispossible thatautocraticregimestrytojustifytheirrule
by resorting to positive libertarian arguments.
5.1. WhatismeantbyPositiveliberty?
(a)Havingrestrictions (b) Freedomofobeyrestrictions
(c)Anarchy (d) FreedomofGovernment

XI–PoliticalScience 152
153 XI–PoliticalScience
5.2. Whatismeantbynegativeliberty?
(a) Sovereigntyofthestate (b) MutualHarmony
(c)Arbitraryofall (d) Absenceofrestrictions
5.3. Dobothfreedomusaalygotogether?
(a)Yes
(b)No
5.4. Proponentsofpositivelibertybelievethatapersoncanbefreeolyin-
(a)Alhome (b) Inthecountry
(c)Inthesociety (d) intheworkplace

SixMarksQuestions

1. What does freedom of expression mean? In your opinion what

would be the appropriate restrictions on this freedom? Explain
with examples.

2. Why should we not let the habitof sanctions develop? How can
such ahabit endanger freedom? Explain

ANSWERS
MCQ

1. B-AandRbotharetrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.

2. C-Latin

3. B-AbsenceofRestrictions

4. A-Freedomwithrestrictions

5. D-Completefreedom

6. C-Negativeand Positive

XI–PoliticalScience 154
7. D-Alloftheabove

8. (A-iii),(B-iv),(C-i),(D-v),(E-ii)

OneMarkAnswers

9. If there are no restrictions on freedom, then the society will fall

into a chaos. Conflicts may arise between people.

10. Onthebasisofforcebylaw

11. Anareainwhichindividualscanbehaveunabashedly.

12. Toexpandthecapacityofself-expression andto developtalent.

13. In twoparts:Selfrelatedworkandothersrelatedwork.

14. Long WalktoFreedom(LongJourneytoFreedom)

15. InMyanmar

16. According to liberals the focal point of freedom is the individual,

emphasizing more economic social, political freedom and
promoting welfare state of the person.

17. ConceptofVillageSwarajya.

18. ThisisthestatementofVoltairewhichtalksabout‘freedomofexpression’

19. Suchisall-roundfreedomwhichbelongstotheindividualandthesociety,
rich and poor, women and men and all people and all classes.

20. Swaraj can also mean rule over self. Swaraj is not only freedom
but also freedom from such institutions which deprives man from
his humanity.

21. Havingappropriatebonds.

22. “SwarajismybirthrightandIwilltakeit.”

155 XI–PoliticalScience
23. TheSatanicVerses’

24. Alloftheabove

25. Toliveadignifiedlife,itisnecessarytobefear-free.

26. Socialinequalityandall.

27. Right.

28. [Link]

TwoMarksAnswers
1. Man should have complete freedom in personal matters. The state
should not interfere in matters like food, clothes, marriage,
marriage, living and living etc.

2. Citizensofthestate:-
• Toparticipateintheirgovernment.
• Toexercisefranchise.
• Contestelectionsetc.

3. The nation enjoys independence from foreign control. An

independent nation can provide rights and freedom to its citizens.
So that citizens can develop their own social, cultural, religious,
economic and political.

4. A person gets due to being a citizen of a state. Such freedom is

granted through the state. In the protection of the state itself, the
individual uses freedom for his development without disturbing the
freedom of anyone

5. Freedomtodobusinessaccording toyour interestandability.

• Freedom torunbusiness inthe country.
• Production and distribution ofwealth shouldbefair.
• Thereshouldnotbeunemployment.

XI–PoliticalScience 156
6. Freedom:-
Meaning,[Link] to
expand the ability of self-expression of the person and to develop
the possibilities within which the creativity and abilities of the
person can develop

7. BaddepictionofthestateofIndia.
• Tomeettheneedofforeigntourists.
• ThecityofKashi tobe infamous.
Itwasaviolationoffreedomofexpression.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Negative freedom means freedom under which there is no
restriction on the [Link] acts according to his
[Link] to Hobbes such freedom means: lack of all kinds
of restrictions. ‘Whereas positive
[Link],thesupporte
rs of negative freedom were in favor of the least interference of
the state so
thatthereisnocontroloverhumanbeings,whereasthenurturersofpositi
ve
[Link]
to him,this doesnot controlindividualsbut
thestateprovidesappropriate conditions for the development of
individuals.
• Negative freedom is absolute freedom while positive
freedom is controlledfreedom.
• Negativefreedomlacksalltypesofshackleswhilepositivefree
dom has undue influence and proper shackles.
• Negative freedom is the freedom of the 18th and 19th
centuries while positive freedom is the freedom of the

157 XI–PoliticalScience
 present century.
• In negative freedom a person can say something, but in
positive
freedomapersoncandosomethingonlybystayingwithinlimit
s.

XI–PoliticalScience 158
2. Social restriction:- Social restriction means the freedom of the
individual to choose, decide or work by the group, community or
state. Restrictions
[Link]
ut restrictions will lead to chaos, a state of disarray.

Not all types of restrictions are necessary for independence.

Restrictions thatareimposedbyforce,whichservetheinterestsofthe
rulingclass,are not necessary for individual freedom, such as in a
dictatorial regime. Whereas in democratic countries, the
imposition of sanctions by the
governmenttoprotecttheaidofthepeopleistogiveappropriateconditio
ns
[Link]
om to choose, decide or work is necessary for freedom.
Restrictions are
necessaryforsuccessthatapplytotherelationshipbetweenindividuala
nd nation .

3. Thefollowingarethe signsofindependence:-
(i) Freedomisenjoyedequallybyallindividuals.
(ii) Thereisfreedom ofpowertodotheworkdone.
(iii) Freedom not only provides freedom from control but also
provides opportunities for development of the individual.
(iv) Freedomcanbefoundinsociety,notoutsidethesociety.
(v) Freedomcannotbeusedagainstsociety.

4. The theory is that self-defense is the only goal of interfering

individually
orcollectivelyinone’[Link]
n of power against the will of any member of civil society can be to
avoid harm to someone else, hence the ban on harmful actions

159 XI–PoliticalScience
 can be imposed, which is called the principle of harm.

FourMarksAnswers(1+1+1+1)
-Studentswilldoitthemselveswiththeirteacher’shelp.

XI–PoliticalScience 151
SixMarksAnswers

1. Freedom of expression:- Freedom ofexpression is the freedomto

express
one’[Link],writing
or
byanymeans.FreedomofspeechandexpressiontocitizensbyArticle1
9 of the Constitution of India. There is proper restriction on this
freedom. No freedom can exist in the absence of bonds. People’s
freedom can be maintained due to restrictions . If a person
expresses his thoughts but he cannot insult a person or abusive
someone, that person can do the work
freelyaccordingtohiswish,[Link]
statehasbeengiventhepowerthatitcanbanthese
rightskeepinginview the integrity, security, peace, morality etc. of
the country.

States also take care that the restrictions should not be so much
that the freedom itself is destroyed. In democratic states, the
government is the protector of people’sfreedom.

2. Studentswill answerattheirowndiscretion.

151 XI–PoliticalScience
 Chapter -3

XI–PoliticalScience 151
MainPoints:-
➢ Importanceofequality?
➢ Whatisequality?
➢ Differentdimensionsofequality.
➢ Howcanwe promoteequality?

ImportanceofEquality(WhyImportant?)
Equality is a very important right among fundamental Equality claims
that all
humanbeingsdeserveequalimportanceandrespectduetoequalhumanity.
This
[Link]
for the all-round development of man. Equality claims that all human
beings deserve equal importance and respect due to equal humanity.

This belief is also the father of universal human rights. Equality is also
very important for the all-round development of humans.

WhatisEquality?
Totreateveryoneequallymeanstobehavethesamewithout…
Despite the inclusion ofequality in the lawsof manycountries,there is a
huge disparity in wealth, wealth, opportunity, work, status and power in
society.
• According to equality, the opportunity or behavior a person
receives should not be determined by birth or social
circumstances.
• Natural and inequalities arise due to their different institutions
and talents in the people and inequalities generated by society,
equality and exploitation of opportunities.

ThreeDimensionsofEquality

XI–PoliticalScience 160
(i) Political Equality :- Granting equal citizenship to all citizens
entails political equality. Equal citizenship also brings the right
to vote, the right to form organizations and freedom of
expression, etc

161 XI–PoliticalScience
 (ii) Economic Equality :- The goal of economic equality is to
[Link]
equality
ofwealthorincomemayneverexistinanysociety,butthedemocrati
c state would provide an opportunity for the person to improve
his condition by providing equal opportunities.

(iii) Social Equality :- Giving political equality and equal rights was
the first step towards achieving this goal, along with the
essential things for the survival of all people in society,
adequate health facilities,
education,nutritiousfoodandguaranteeofminimumwageswerea
lso considered necessary. It will also be the responsibility of
the state to
provideequalrightstothedeprivedsectionsofthesocietyandwome
n.

There has been an attempt to establish equality by abolishing

inequality and special rights.

Differentialbehaviormeanskeepinginmindthedifferencebetweenpeo
ple, a policy of some differential behavior (reservation) has been
formulated so that all sections of society have equal access to
opportunity. In some countries it has been called a policy of
affirmative action.

Accordingto
Marxismonsocialism,economicinequalitypromotessocial status or
privileges like sky, so there is a need to go beyond equal
opportunityandensurecontrolofthe public
ratherthanprivateownership ofeconomicresources.

Liberals support the principle of rivalry in the matter of distribution

XI–PoliticalScience 160
of resources in society and consider state intervention as
mandatory.

The struggle for equal rights by women is mainly associated with

the
[Link]
ant forthe female society.

161 XI–PoliticalScience
 The purpose of differential treatment or privilege is to promote a just
and equitable society. It is not to re-create the privileged class in
society.

MajortypesofEqualities:-
(i) Natural equality.
(ii) Civilequality.
(iii) Socialequalitylegal equality.
(iv) Politicalequality.
(v) Economicequality.
(vi) Equalityofeducation.
(vii) Equalityofopportunity.
(viii) Culturalequalityetc.

Howcanwepromoteequality?
• By establishingformalequality.
• Byceasingto protectthesystemof equalityin governmentandlaw.
• Theformalsystemofspecialrightswillalsohavetobeabolished
• Thelegalsystemandcustomsestablishingsocial,economicand
political equality around the world have to be abolished.
• By allowing women toparticipateinalots ofbusinessand activities.

Equalitybydifferentialtreatments
Formal equalityor equality beforethe lawisnecessaryto convert
theprinciple of equality into reality, but not enough Sometimes it is
necessary to treat them differently to ensure that they can use the
same rights. For example, special effects are treated to provide
facilities to the differently abled.

XI–PoliticalScience 162
Affirmative(Positive)Action
• Implementthelawsthathavebeenmadeproperly.
• Positivestepsshouldbetakentofillthedeepgapofinequality.
• Facilitieslikescholarshipsandhostelsshouldbeprovidedforwom
en belonging to Dalit deprived communities.
• Specialarrangementsshouldbemadeforallclassesinjobsand
[Link],thest
ate
[Link].

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQ

1. Assertion(A):Equalitybeforethelawisnotapplicabletothepresidentof
India.

Reason (R): The president of India enjoys special powers and

privileges under the constitution.

A-BothA&RaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.

B-AistrueandRisfalse.

C-AandR,botharetruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA.

D-BothareFalse.

2. What arethethreemaindimensionsare:

A-Politicalequality

B-Economicequality

C-Socialequality

D-All ofthe above

163 XI–PoliticalScience
3. ‘Man’isstrongerthan‘woman’.Thisisanexampleof:

A-Naturalinequality

B-Inequality ofopportunity

C-Inequalityofapportunity

D-EconomicInequality

4. There is no any discrimination an the basis of religion, birth,

language,caste etc. is called?

A-Moralequality

B-Politicalequality

C-Socialequality

D-All ofthe above

5. Satisfactionofminimumneedsmeans:

A. Socialequality

B. Economicequality

C. Naturalequality

D. Culturalequality

6. Right to vote to allAdults without any discrimination related

withWhich type of Equality?

A. Politicalequality

B. Religiousequality

C. Educationalequality

D. Equalityofopportunity

XI–PoliticalScience 164
OneMarkQuestions

7. Writetheimportanceofequality.

8. Doesequalitymeantreatingthepersonequallyinevery situation?

9. Whatwastheslogan of theFrenchRevolutionof thelate18thcentury?

10. Doesinequalityappearmore alongwithequality insociety.

11. Specificallymentionasimple inequalityprevalentinIndiansociety?

12. Whatdoyouunderstandbyfeminism?

13. Whatdodisadvantagedgroupsmean?

14. IsequalitymentionedinthearticlesofIndianconstitution?
A) 19to22
B) 14to18
C) 10to12
D) Noneofthese
15. InwhichyeardidtheGovernmentofIndiapassthePersonwithDisabilities
Act, 1995 :-
A) 1975
B) 1875
C) 1895
D) 1995

16. Writethestatementcorrect:-
Three dimensions of equality: cultural equality,economic equality
andimmoral equality .

17. Mark theCorrect/Wrongmark:-

1. Equalitymeansequalbehaviourwithall. ( )

165 XI–PoliticalScience
 2. Equality istogiveeveryoneequalopportunities
fordevelopment. ( )
3. Thelackof special rights isactually equality. ( )
4. Equalityisthefreedomtodowhateveryouwant. ( )

18. Equalityisveryimportantforman’s development.

19. Writeanytwofactorsthatpromoteequality.

20. Writeonesuch inequality that youhave experiencedyourself

21. Isitpossibletoendeconomicinequality?Ifyes,how?
TwoMarksQuestions
1. Whatdoyouunderstandbyjustandunjustinequality?
2. Writethemeaningofeconomicequality.
3. Whatdoestheidealofequalitymean?
4. Some variations have been madeinbornrather than innate? Write
yourthoughts in this context .
5. Whatdoyouunderstandbynaturalandsocialinequalities?
6. Canoursocietybeanexample of asocietybasedonequality?
7. DoyouthinksocialequalityisthemostimportantconceptinIndia?Why?
8. WhatdoyouunderstandbyMarxism?
9. Understandingtheconceptofsocialism,nametheprominentsocialist
thinker of India.
10. “Differentialbehavior(reservation)isanimportantsteptowards
establishing equality”. How ?

XI–PoliticalScience 166
FourMarksQuestions

1. Arenaturalvariationsalwaysinvariant?Writeyourthoughtswithexampl
es in this regard.

2. Explain the difference between Marxism and Liberalism keeping in

mind the concept of equality.

3. Howcanwepromoteequality?

4. “Politicalequalityismeredeceptionwithouteconomicequality”.Expres
s your thoughts after keeping in mind the sentence used.

5. What steps did the government take to combat racial-based

inequality in the United States? Did it work?

6. Doyouconsiderthedifferencebetweenthesalaryofateacherandafactor
y worker to be inequality? If not, why?

Answerthequestionsbasedonthepassage.(1+1+1+1+1)
Manyissuesrelated tothe purpose of equality
wereraisedbythefeminist movements. In the 19th century, women
fought for equal rights. For example, theydemanded the right to get a
degree in the franchise college university and the rightto work
inthesame [Link] she entered the
job she realized that women need special facilities to use these rights.
For example, they needed provisions such as maternity leave and
[Link],withoutspecialtreatment,theycouldneit
her participate seriously or enjoy a successful business or personal life,
in other words, theyoften required aspecialtreatment
toexerciseequalrightsformen.
1. Whatdoesfeminismmean?
2. Why did women need special rights despite having equal
rights with men?
3. Aretheseprivilegesagainsttheprincipleofequalityornot?Explain.

167 XI–PoliticalScience
 4. Whichtopicisshowingthesignificanceoftheappropriatepassage?

XI–PoliticalScience 168
FiveMarksQuestions
Inthecontextofthecartoonpresented,Isthemanorwomanaresimilaror
dissimilar? Submit your thoughts.

SixMarksQuestions
1. “Equalityisessentialandessentialfortherespectfuloperationof
human life”. Keeping this fact in mind, highlight the three
dimensions of equality.
2. DifferentialBehavior(Reservation)is an anti-equalityconcept?
According to you what suggestions or improvements should be
made in this regard.

ANSWERS
MCQ

1. A-BothA&RaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.

2. D-Alloftheabove

3. A-NaturalInequality

4. C-Socialequality

5. B-Economicequality

6. A-Politicalequality

169 XI–PoliticalScience
OneMarkAnswers

7. Due to equality, all people are entitled to respect. This belief gave
rise to the notion of universal human rights.
8. No,butthetalentofthepersonistoprovideequalityofopportunitykeepin
g in mind the odds.

9. Liberty,EqualityandFraternity.
10. [Link],wastageoffood,andstarvationcaneasil
y be seen in society.

11. Female,Maleequalitywhichhasledtothesinoffemalefeticideinsociety.
12. Feminismisapoliticaldoctrinefavoringequalrightsformenandwomen.

13. For a long time, victims of inequality and exploitation have been
tortured due to birth and caste differences.

14. Articles14to18
15. Year 1995
16. The threedimensionsofequalityare political equality,economic
equality and social equality.
17. [Link]
2. Correct
3. Correct
4. Wrong
18. Allround

19. (i)Byestablishingformalequality.
(ii)Byallowingwomentoparticipateina lotofbusinessandactivities.

20. Studentswritetheanswersbasedontheirexperience.

21. Byequalityofopportunity.

XI–PoliticalScience 161
TwoMarksAnswers
1. Inequality based on the importance of the work of the individual,
justice cannot be fulfilled such as special status or respect to the
Prime Minister and the General of the Army, whereas inequality
based on the birth and caste of the person will complete injustice
such as prohibition of entry into temple and public place.

2. Reducethegapbetweenrichandpoorandachieveequalityofopportunities.

3. Theopportunitiesorbehaviorsapersonreceivesshouldnotbeinfluenc
ed by birth or social conditions.

4. Whencertain variationsexist inthe societyfor a long time, it

seemsto be based on natural differences as if from ancient times
it was considered justifiableto denywomenequal rights by
considering themas cowardsin comparison to men and women.

6. Although equality in fundamental rights of the Indian constitution

is described, yet examplesof rich - poor, female - male and caste
inequality are seen daily in the society.

7. Yes, Because Indian society is divided into caste differences. Dr. B.

R. Ambedkar referred to the provisions related to reservation to
eliminate disparity on the basis of birth.

8. Measurestoeradicatesocialandeconomicinequalityshouldbeabolis
hed by private ownership and public ownership of economic
resources.

9. Socialism means equitable distribution of resources by minimizing

the
[Link]’sleadingsocialistthinkerRamManoharLohi
a.

XI–PoliticalScience 170
10. Yes,becausetheclassesleftbehindintheraceforequalityanddevelopm
ent need special rights.

171 XI–PoliticalScience
FourMarksAnswers

1. No![Link]
n resolving disability. The contribution of science is commendable
in spite of the famous physicist Stephen Hawkins walking and not
speaking.

2. Marxism believes in attempting to establish equality by controlling

the public over economic resources, while liberals believe in
excluding qualified individuals from all classes by open
competition.

3. Endingofprivilegeclassandattemptstobringequalitybydivisivebehavior.

4. In the absence of meeting the minimum requirements, one cannot

understandtheimportanceoftheirpolitical
rights,whichpromotespolitical corruption.

5. In1964,the Civil RightsActwas passed bythegovernment, which

attempted toestablish
equalityonthebasisofcolor,[Link]
Obama,ablack man, hastwice heldtheposition
inAmerica’shighestdignity. Which is an example of the policy of
apartheid being rejected But still,
fromtimetotimeinthesociety,thereisanechoofviolenceagainstblacks.

6. Accordingtoequality,equalworkshouldhaveequalpay,workisdifferen
t intellectual and physical

ParagraphBasedAnswers(1+1+1+1)
1. Theprinciplefavoringequalrightsofmen&women.
2. Some necessities are nature-oriented, such that women need a
break in their later stages of childbirth.
3. No,itisnotagainsttheprincipleofequalitybecauseitisanaturalimperative.

XI–PoliticalScience 170
4. Thetopicrelatedtowomen.

171 XI–PoliticalScience
FiveMarkSAnswers
1. Some inequalities in the society have been going on for a long time,
so they have been considered based on natural variation, in India
also, the gender-
malevariationisanexampleofthis,infactthisinequalityissociety- born.
Women are also capable of doing all the things that men can do.
Today,[Link]
a Gandhi, Kalpana Chawla, Sania Mirza etc. are excellent examples.

SixMarksAnswers
1. Political Equality(Including interpretation), Social equality
(Including interpretation), Economic Equality (Including
interpretation)
2. No, the concept ofreservation isnot opposed to equality, but is
necessary
[Link],thebackwardandexploite
d castes could not be brought forward without support in the race
of development.
Reservation should be based not only on the basis of ethnic birth
but also on the basis of economic backwardness etc.

XI–PoliticalScience 172
 Chapter-4
SOCIALJUSTICE

"Ajustsocietyisonein Social Justice :- Rules "Justiceconsistsof

whichtheincreasing andmethodsof something which is
sense of mutual organizing personal not
respect life onlyrighttodoandonly
andthedecreasingsen andpubliclife,sharingof wrong not to do,
se of humiliation socialbenefitsandsoci which
combine toforma al duties. anyindividualcanclaim
societyfullof fromus as his moral
compassion." - Dr. BR authority." - J.S. mill
Ambedkar

PrinciplesofJustice:

1. Equaltreatmento Proportiona Specialcarefor

f l specialneeds
likepeople justice

Fair distribution: - Fair enforcement of rules and regulations and

equitable distributionofgoodsaodservices.
TheoryofJusticeofJohnRawls:-[Link] that if
we imagine ourselves to be in a position in which we have to

173 XI–PoliticalScience
decidehow society should be organized i.e. "thinking under the cover of
ignorance".

XI–PoliticalScience 174
 Argument-2. Not moralitybut rationalthinkingleads us to think
objectivelyinthematterofdistributionofprofitandburdeninsociety.

Pursuing social justice: - To end the permanent division between

therichandthepoorprevailinginthesociety.

Free Market Vs State Intervention:-1. Proponents believe that if

markets are left free from state interference, the sum of market
transactions will ensure an overall distribution of benefits and duties in
society. However,
somesupportersacceptstateintervention,tocompeteonequalterms.

2. [Link]
policiesshouldtrytoempowerpeopletobuytheseservices.

MainPoints:-
➢ MeaningofJustice
➢ DifferentdimensionsofJustice
➢ ThreePrinciplesforEstablishingSocialJustice
➢ JustDistribution
➢ Rawls’s Theoryof Justice
➢ PursuingSocialJustice
➢ Freemarketversusstateintervention
➢ Steps takentoestablishSocialJusticeinIndia

MeaningofJustice:-
• ‘Justice’isderivedfromtheLatinword‘Jus’,whichmeans–‘Bandhan’
(BoundorTie).Thismeansthat‘justice’isthenameofthesystemby
which one human being is connected to another human being.
Therefore, justice relates to giving every person living in
society a ‘proper’ right without any discrimination.

175 XI–PoliticalScience
 • AccordingtoPlato-
“Justiceisthequalitythatharmonizesamongother qualities.”
• [Link]
which social benefits and duties are distributed.
• Justice in ancient Indian society was associated with religion,
which was the ultimate duty of the king.
• AccordingtoChinesePhilosopherScrooge,“justiceshouldbe
established by rewarding those who do wrong”.
• Platohas discussedjustice inhisbook“The Republic”.
• AccordingtoSocrates,“ifalldoinjustice,noonewillbesafe”.
• Insimplewords,itisjusticetogiveeverypersonafairshare.
• AccordingtothephilosopherEmmanuel,“the attainmentof every
person is the attainment ofopportunities for his talent
development”.

DifferentDimensionsofJustice:-

1. Legal Justice:- It is a narrow concept of justice and exists in the

society as a legal process. The Court of Law interprets the law and
enacts it after hearing the opposition from the litigants involved in
the dispute. Here, justice, the law is administered by the court and
the interpretation of the judge is considered as a symbol of justice.

2. Political Justice:- In any democratic society, political justice

means the promotion of equal political rights. Political justice is
for the free and fair participation of peoplein thepolitical arena.
UniversalAdult Franchise is an expression of political justice. In
public offices, equal opportunity to be elected is the freedom of
expression and freedom to form a union are important pillars of

XI–PoliticalScience 176
political justice.

177 XI–PoliticalScience
3. SocialJustice:-
Itmeanstheeliminationofallkindsofsocialinequalities
andensuringtheopportunityforthedevelopmentofapersonalitytoever
y citizen in all walks oflife, ensuring social security and provision of
equal
[Link]
humanbeingsare equal andtheyshould not be discriminated on
thebasis of caste, religion, sex and place of birth.

4. Economic Justice:- It means to provide equal opportunity for

everyoneto live. It also means helping people who are not able to
work and earn their livelihood in today’s [Link] needs of
everyperson such as food,clothing,shelterand
[Link]
meansoflivelihoodthroughprovisionslikeequalpayforequalwork,equa
l economic opportunity, proper distribution of resources etc.

While the concept of political justice is closely associated with the

ideaof freedom, economic and legal justice deals with “equality”
and social
justicewith“fraternity”.Thecombinationofallthesewillhelpinachieving
the four dimensions of justice.

ThreePrinciplesofEstablishmentofJustice:-

1. Equal treatment towards common people:- Equal rights for

everyone
[Link]
f
theirclass,caste,creed,orsex,[Link]

XI–PoliticalScience 178
 oftwodifferentcastesaredoingthesameworkthentheyshouldgetequ
al remuneration.

2. ProportionalJustice:-
Theremayalsobesomesituationswherethesame behavior will be
unfair. Like all students appearing in the exam are given
thesamemarks,thiscannotbe [Link],itwouldbe

179 XI–PoliticalScience
 appropriate to give different remuneration keeping in mind the
hadwork, skill and potential danger etc.

3. Special needs have special care:- Special duties of people should

be
[Link]
re
notequalinsomeimportantcontexts,shouldbetreateddifferentlybygivi
ng them special attention.

JustDistribution:-
• Justice also means fair distribution of goods and services.
This
distributiontakesplaceamongdifferentgroupsandindividualsoft
he societyso thatcitizenscan get equal level ofliving, such
asabolition of untouchability in India, system of reservation
and there are steps like land reforms taken by the state
governments.

JohnRawls’sTheoryofJustice:-

• Bythe“veilofignorance”Rawlshaspresentedtheprincipleofjustice.
Ifapersondoesnotknowwhathispositionwillbeinasocietyandhe
is given the task of organizing the society and making Policies,
then he will obviously make best policy, which provide
facilities to every section ofof the society.

• For the establishment of justice, it is necessary to reduce the

deepgap between rich and poor to provide minimum basic
conditions of [Link], puredrinking water,
minimumwages, edutation and food for all the people of the
society.

XI–PoliticalScience 171
FreeMarketversusStateIntervention:-
• The free market, direct benefit to qualified and able persons
through open competition, is against the intervention of the
state. In such a
situation,thedebateintensifieswhetherthegovernmentshouldbe

171 XI–PoliticalScience
 responsible for the disabled people withoutfacilities,because
they cannot compete in accordance with the free market.

StepstakentoEstablishSocialJusticeinIndia:-
• Freeandcompulsoryprimaryeducation
• FiveYearPlans
• Antyodayaschemes
• Economicsocialsecuritytotheunderprivileged
• ProvisionsinFundamentalRights
• EffortsinDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy

QUESTIONNAIRE
Objectivetypequestions(Onemarks)
1. The whole society should get equal importance and what is the
condition of getting equal opportunities for the development of
talent called?
(a) Equality (b)Freedom
(c)Religion (d)Justice
2. InancientIndiansociety,whowasseeninassociationwithjustice?
(a) Education (b)Religion
(c)Culture (d)Community
3. Whoseprimarydutywasconsideredtobethemaintenanceofajustsoci
al order in ancient Indian society?
(a) Court (b)King
(c)Minister (d)Army

XI–PoliticalScience 171
4. Thekingshouldupholdjusticebypunishingthewrongdoersandrewardin
g the good ones. Whose statement is this?
(a) Plato (b)Confucius
(c) Socrates (d)Aristotle
5. Whowastheauthorofthebook"TheRepublic"?
(a) Aristotle (b)Socrates
(c)Plato (d)Locke
6. WhoamongthefollowingwasadiscipleofSocrates?
(a) Aristotle (b)Lasky
(c) Rousseau (d)Glaucon
7. Platowasrelatedto
(a) Iran (b)Iraq
(c)Greece (d)Lebanon
8. Ifamaleteacherispaidmorethanafemaleteacherinaschool,thenwhic
h principle is it against?
(a) againstliberty
(b) againstequaltreatment toequalpeople
(c) againsttheprincipleof equaltreatmenttoequals
(d) noneoftheabove
9. Thedeterminationofdifferentremunerationfordifferentworkkeepingi
n view the factors like required effort, skill and potential danger etc.
for a job is called?
(a) justified
(b) just

171 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) againstequaltreatmenttoequalpeople
(d) noneofthe above
10. Bywhatmeanscanjusticebegiventothosewhohavephysicaldisabilitie
s, or who have not yet reached good education or health services?
(a) Equal treatment toequalpeople
(b) Righttoequality
(c) Specialcareforspecialneeds
(d) Alloftheabove
11. EffortstopromotesocialequalityintheIndianConstitution:
(a) Abolitionofthepracticeofuntouchability
(b) Implementationoflandreformlaws
(c) both(a)and(b)above
(d) noneoftheabove
12. Whichcommissionhadproposedseatreservationineducationalinstitut
ions or government jobs to establish social justice in India?
(a) SarkariaCommission
(b) MandalCommission
(c) ShahCommission
(d) JainCommission
13. WhowasSocrates?
(a) Politician
(b) King
(c) Philosopher
(d) Economist

XI–PoliticalScience 180
14. Theprinciplesofjusticeare-
(a) Proportionaljustice
(b) Equal treatmentofequalpeople
(c) Both(a)and(b)above
(d) Noneoftheabove
15. "A just society is one in which increasing feeling of mutual respect
and
decreasing:es"gofhumiliationtogetherformasocietyfullofcompassio
n." Whose statement is the abc. e statement?
(a) MahatmaJyotiRaoPhule
(b) MahatmaGandhi
(c) [Link]
(d) [Link]
16. JohnRawlsgave thetheoryof
(a) equality (b)justice
(c)property (d)liberty
17. As far as possible individuals should be free to enter into contracts
and agreements with others to acquire property. The above view is
-
(a) Supportersoffreemarket
(b) Socialists(c)Both(a)and
(c) above
(d) Noneof theabove
18. What is the symbol of the deep gulf between those who have

181 XI–PoliticalScience
 immense wear and the downtrodden in the society?
(a) Lackofopportunity

XI–PoliticalScience 180
 (b) Lackofsocialjustice
(c) Lackofequality
(d) Noneoftheabove
19. Assertion :- Provision of Directive Principles of Policy has been
made to establish social justice in India.
Reason:-Article 38 ofthe Indian Constitution directs the state to
promote social, economic and political justice as well as promote
the good of the people.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanat ofAssertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
20. Assertion-Thegoddessofjusticeisblindfolded.
Reason:-Thegoddessofjusticeisblindfoldedtogivefairandtransparent
justice.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.

XI–PoliticalScience 182
OneMarkQuestions
21. FromwhichlanguagedidthewordJUSTICEoriginate?
(a) Greeklanguage
(b) Japaneselanguage
(c) Latinlanguage
(d) Arabiclanguage

22. “Justice is the quality that harmonizes among other qualities”.

Who hasgiven this definition of justice?
(a) Laski
(b) Plato
(c) Aristotle
(d) Rousseau

23. Whichaspectofjusticeis the“makingoflawfuljustice”?

(a) PoliticalJustice
(b) SocialJustice
(c) EconomicJustice
(d) LegalJustice

24. InwhichofhisbookshasJohnRawlsdescribedtheprincipleofdistributiv
e justice?
(a) TheTheoryofJustic
(b) TheRepublic
(c) TheDemocracy
(d) ThePolitics

183 XI–PoliticalScience
25. WhatkindofinjusticeistheexampleofexploitationofBackward/Dalits
inIndia?
(a) Economicinjustice
(b) Socialinjustice
(c) Legalinjustice
(d) Religiousinjustice

Fillintheblanks:
26. Socrateshassaidthatjusticeremains toallpeople.
27. Truthandfreedom;includebasic ofJustice.
28. Theprincipleofdistributivejusticewasgivenby .
29. Article
oftheConstitutionofIndiawillcreateasocialsystem for the promotion
of welfare, which will provide social, economic and political justice
to the citizens.
30. “A just society is ohe in which a growing sense of mutual respect
and a decreasing sense of humiliation together create a
compassionate society”. Who is the author of this statement?
31. “There is something inherent in justice, which is not only right to
do and
notjustwrong,butonwhichapersoncanclaimusashismoralauthority”.
Write the name of the author of this statement.
32. Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestions.
Proponents of the free market believe that individuals should, as
far as
possible,[Link]
ers in terms of value, wages and profits. To compete with each

XI–PoliticalScience 184
other must be exempted. It is a simple depiction of the free market.
The proponents of
thefreemarketbelievethatifthemarketsarefreedfromtheinterference

185 XI–PoliticalScience
 of the state, then the sum of the market trade will benefit the society
as a whole. And justice will ensure full distribution of duties.

(i) Whatismeantby“freemarket”?
(ii) Whencanmaximumprofitbeachievedinthemarkets?
(iii) Whatisthesimpledepictionofthefreemarket?
(iv) Whatwouldbethebenefitoffreeingthemarketsfromstate
interference?

33. Writeandrewritethefollowingstatementcorrectly:
InjusticewasassociatedwithreligioninancientIndiansociety.

34. Write TrueorFalseinfrontofeachofthefollowingstatements- (5×1)

(i) Allculturesandtraditionshavetofacethequestionofjustice.
(ii) Platodiscussedeconomicissuesinhisbook‘TheRepublic’.
(iii) Itisnecessaryforjusticetogivedueimportancetoallpersons.
(iv) A proposal isunder consideration inParliament that two-thirds
of the total seats of Parliament be reserved for women.
(v) Rawlshas giventheprincipleofjustice.

35. What wastheconceptofjusticein ancientIndiansociety?

36. Explainthemeaningofjusticeinsimpleterms.

37. Whatcanbeawaytopromotejustice?

38. Whatisthemeaningofequaltreatmenttowardsthesame people?

39. Theconcept ofminimumrequirementswasintroducedin whichfive-

year plan?

XI–PoliticalScience 186
40. What was the name of the movement which went against the
proposal of reservation in government jobs?

41. WhichIndianphilosopher’scontributiontotheestablishmentofsocial
justice in India is paramount?

42. What isthe meaning of ‘Justdistribution’?

43. Whatarethebasicrequirementsforaperson’slife?

44. Due to lack of access to basic necessities in India, which

communities have been provided reservation in governnment jobs
and educational institutions?

TwoMarksQuestions

1. Justice and areharmonized.

2. Explainthemeaningof“veilofignorance”ofrawls.

3. Explaintherelationbetweenequalityandsocialjustice.

4. WhatismeantbyJustDistribution?

5. Whatisexpectedfromtheconceptofajustsociety?

6. Whatfacilitieshave UNunitscalculatedtohaveminimumrequirements?

7. Whatismeantbyfreemarket?

FourMarksQuestions
1. ‘Justicedelayed’ [Link].
2. Justice is a complete process in itself, yet why special emphasis
has been laid on social justice in India?
3. Give argumentsinfavoroppositiontofreemarket.

187 XI–PoliticalScience
4. Howhasthemeaningofgivingeveryoneattainablechangedovertime?
5. WritetheviewsofGermanphilosopherEmmanuelinrelationtojustice

FiveMarksQuestions
1. Answer thefollowingquestionsbased onthe cartoon.

(i) Whatdoesjusticemean?

(ii) Whatdoesspecialneedssignify?

(iii) Doesthedoctrineofspecialneedsobstructthepathofjustice?Writ
e your thoughts.

SixMarksQuestions
1. Highlightthreeprinciplestobeappliedbythegovernmentforthe
establishment of social justice.
2. ExplainRawls’stheoryofjustice.
3. Whatdoes freemarket versusstateintervention mean?Explainin detail.
4. Describeindetailthevariousdimensionsofjustice.

XI–PoliticalScience 188
 ANSWERS

MCQ
Objectivetypequestions(OneMarks)

1. (d)Justice

2. (b)Religion

3. (b)Raja

4. (b)Confucius

5. (c)Plato

6. (d)Glucon

7. (c)Greece

8. (c)Againsttheprincipleofequaltreatmentwithpeers

9. (b)equitable

10. (c)Byspecialcareofspecialneeds

11. (c)Both (a)and (b)above

12. (b)MandalCommission

13. (c)Philosopher

14. (c)Both (a)and (b)above

15. (d)[Link]

16. (b)Justice

17. (a)Supportersoffreemarket

18. (b)Lackofsocialjustice

189 XI–PoliticalScience
19. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
20. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.

OneMarkAnswers
21. (c)Latinlanguage

22. (b)Plato

23. (d)LegalJustice

24. (a)TheTheoryofJustice

25. (b)SocialInjustice

26. Goodness

27. Elements

28. JohnRawls

29. Article-38

30. [Link]

31. [Link]

32. (i) Freemarketmeansthatenterprisesshouldbeexemptedfrom

government control.
(ii) Whenthestate/ government’sbanonmarkets isminimal.
(iii) Markets should be allowed to compete with each other to get
the maximum amount of profit. This is a simple depiction of
the free market.

XI–PoliticalScience 181
 (iv) If the markets are freed from the interference of the state,
then the aggregate of market trading will ensure a fair
distribution of profits and duties in the society overall.

33. JusticeinancientIndiansocietywasassociatedwithreligion.

34. (i)True(ii)False(iii)True(iv)False(v)True

35. In ancient Indian society, justice was associated with religion and
it was the duty of the king to maintain a just social order.

36. Insimple words,justice meansthateverypersonis given his dueshare.

37. The principle of taking care of special needs of people while

distributing remuneration andduties can be considered as a wayof
promoting justice.

38. Equaltreatmenttowardpeoplemeansthatpeopleshouldnot be
discriminated against on the basis of class, caste, race or gender.
If two persons of different classes do the same work then they
should get equal remuneration.

39. The concept of minimum requirements was introduced in the Fifth

Five YearPlan (1974-1979).

40. MandalCommissionAntiMovement-1991

41. [Link]
42. Fullsharingofjusticemeansfairdistributionofgoodsandservicesamo
ng the people.
43. Basicrequirements forthelifeofanindividual -Food,housing, supplyof
pure drinking water, education, health and minimum essential
resources are necessary.
44. DuetolackofaccesstobasicrequirementsinIndia,reservationwasmad

XI–PoliticalScience 190
e for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes.

191 XI–PoliticalScience
TwoMarksAnswers
1. Individualrights,socialrights.

2. Letusimagineourselvesto bein
asituationwherewehavetodecidehow
toorganizethesocietyandatthesametimedonotknowwhatourplacein
the society will be, then we will take such a decision which would
be beneficial for us and everyone impartially.

3. There is a close relationship between the two. Equality is

established by social justice and social justice is established by
equality.

4. Social justice is related to equitable distribution of goods and

services. This distribution takes place among different groups of
people in the society, so that they can get equal ground to live.

5. Ajustsocietyshouldprovideminimumbasicconditionsforthepeople,s
o
thattheycandeveloptheirtalentthroughequalopportunitieswithahealt
hy and safe life.

6. Food,purewater,housing,incomeandeducation.

7. Supportersofthe freemarket arein favorofopenrivalry. Inorder

toearn
propertyfortheperson,intermsbrwagesinvalue,theindividualhastobe
free.

FourMarksAnswers

1. The delay in Justice is really dark, because if the victim keeps

wandering fromjustice to justice for a long time, then his mistrust
in justice starts to rise. Sometimes the victim goes out of the

XI–PoliticalScience 190
 world to expect justice.

2. Due to long-standing caste differences, the process of justice has

been affectedsomewhere. Justiceshouldbe
doneonlywiththissocialfabric in mind.

191 XI–PoliticalScience
3. Pros:-ThemarketClqesnotcareaboutthecaste,religionorgenderofthe
person. The market only cares abdut the ability and skill of the
person.

Cons:- The free market tends to work in the interest of the

powerful and influential people. The impact of which may not be
denied to the opportunities for the disadvantaged.

4. The needs of the person have also changed due to changing times
and circumstances. Globalization and expansion of technology
hasbrought great changes in the life of a [Link], the
needs of every sphere of life have also increased.

5. AccordingtoEmanuelKant,everypersonhasdignity,sotheattainmento
f everypersonwill
bethattheygetequalopportunitiesforthedevelopment of their talent
and the achievement of the goal.

FiveMarksAnswers
1. Everypersonshouldgetafairshareofitandshouldgetequalopportuniti
es to develop his talent.
People who are not equal in some important contexts should be
treated differently.
2. No, it is not obstruction in the way of justice but establishment of
justice. People with special needs or disability may be considered
unequal and deserving of special assistance in certain cases. Lack
of access to basic facilitiescaste-based social
[Link] attachedto the Constitution of India, there
is a provision of reservation in government jobs in educational
institutions.

SixMarksAnswers

XI–PoliticalScience 192
1. (i) Equal treatment among equal people and provision of
minimum life requirements and opportunities for the needy.

193 XI–PoliticalScience
 (ii) Recognizing the skills (proportional justice) various efforts
while deciding benefits.
(iii) Special care for special needs:- People who are not equal in
some important contexts, should be treated differently by
giving them specialattention.

2. Rawlshasgiventheprincipleof“veilofignorance”[Link]
is decided in ignorance what should be the justicein society, what
should be the facilities for which class, then the person is the
weakest or lower class. We will also choose the best policy for this,
because he will not know where in which society he will have his
place.

3. The proponentsof free market are opposed to the interference of

the state and in favor of open competition. According to them, it
will give good
resultstothoseequippedwithmeritandtalent,whilethedisabledwillgai
n less.

4. Differentdimensionsofjustice:-
(i) LegalJustice:-
Itisanarrowconceptofjusticeandexistsinthesociety as a legal
process. The Court of Law interprets the law and enacts it
afterhearingtheoppositionfromthelitigantsinvolvedlinthedisput
e.
Here,justice,thelawisadministeredbythecourtandtheinterpretatio
n of the judge is considered as a symbol of justice.

(ii) Political Justice:- In any democratic society, political justice

means the promotion of equal political rights. Political justice
is for thefree and fair participation of people in the political
arena. Universal
XI–PoliticalScience 194
[Link]
s, equal opportunity to be elected is the freedom of
expression and freedom to form a union are important pillars
of political justice.

195 XI–PoliticalScience
 (iii) Social Justice:- It means the elimination of all kinds of social
inequalities and ensuring the opportunity for the development
of a
personalitytoeverycitizeninallwalksoflife,ensuringsocialsecurity
and provision of equal political [Link] concept of Social
Justice
isbasedonthebeliefthatallhumanbeingsareequalandtheyshoul
d not be discriminated on the basis of caste, religion, sex and
place of birth.

(iv) EconomicJustice:-
Itmeanstoprovideequalopportunityforeveryone to live. It also
means helping people who are not able to work and
earntheirlivelihoodintoday’[Link]
such as food, clothing, shelter and education should be
fulfilled. It assures adequate means of livelihood through
provisions like equal payfor equal work, equal
economicopportunity, proper distribution of resources etc.
While the concept of political justice is closely
associatedwiththeideaoffreedom,economicandlegaljusticede
als with ‘equality’ and social justice with ‘fraternity’. The
combination of all these will help in achieving the four
dimensions of justice.

XI–PoliticalScience 196
Chapter -5
MainPoints:-
➢ Meaningof Right.
➢ WorldwideDeclarationofHumanRights.
➢ Whyrightsarenecessary?
➢ OriginofRights.
➢ TypesofRights.
➢ ClaimsofRights.
➢ Duties,TypesofDuties.
➢ HumanRights

MeaningofRight:-

• Right is a demand made by a person, which the society

accepts and gives a leader in the state, keeping public welfare
in mind, then that demand becomes a right.

• Without getting acceptance in the society, ‘demand’cannot

take the form of authority.

UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights:-

• Citizens of all the countries of the world have not got full rights
yet. In this direction, on 10th December 1948, the General
Assembly of
theUnitedNationsadoptedandimplementedtheUniversalDeclarat
ion of Human Rights.

• HumanRightsDay–10thDecember (everyyear)

Whyrightsarenecessary?
• Forthefreedomofthepersonandprotectionofdignity.
• Torunademocraticgovernmentsmoothly.

XI–PoliticalScience 196
 • Todevelop thetalent andabilityoftheperson.
• Fortheoveralldevelopmentoftheperson.
• Apersonwithoutrightsislikeabirdinaclosedcage.

OriginofRights:-

(i) Principlesofnaturalrights-life,libertyandproperty-naturalrights(17th
and 18th century)

(ii) Inthemodernera-naturalrightsunacceptable
Humanrightsarethemostimportantintermsofsocialwelfare

TYPESOFRIGHTS
[Link]
2. MoralRights
3. LegalRights

1. NaturalRights:-Rightsatbirth,Life,libertyandproperty.

2. MoralRights:-Rightsassociatedwiththemoralfeelingsofaperson.
Serving parents, decent behavior, true character and respect.

3. LegalRights:-Whichthestateh asgivenlegalrecognition.

3.1 FundamentalRights:-
i. Equality
ii. Freedom
iii. Right againstExploitation
iv. RighttoReligiousFreedom
v. CulturalandEducationalRights
vi. RighttoConstitutionalRemedies

197 XI–PoliticalScience
 3.2 PoliticalRights:-
i. Righttovote.
ii. Righttobeelected.
iii. Righttogetgovernmentoffice.

3.3 CivilRights:-
i. Freedomtogoanywhereinthecountry.
ii. Freedomofthoughts&expression.

3.4 EconomicRights:-
i. Righttowork.
ii. Righttokeepproperty.

ClaimsofRights:-
• Universalrights-Righttoeducation,freedomofexpression.

Certainactivitieswhichcannotbeconsideredasrights:-
Thoseactivitieswhichareharmfultothehealthandwelfareofthesociety.
• Suchassmoking.
• Consumptionofintoxicatingorprohibiteddrugs.

AuthorityandState:-
(i) Creationofauthoritysolestate
(ii) ProtectionofRightsofStates
(iii) Norightexists,unlessitisrecognizedbythestate.
(iv) Thestatealsoempowersrights andpreventsthem frombeing abused.

Howrightscanbecomemorepowerful?
1. Lettheconstitutionbewritten.

XI–PoliticalScience 198
 2. IndependentJudiciary,GuardianofRights
3. FederalGovernmentandDivisionofPowers
4. TheStateshouldnotinterfereintheinfernalaffairsofthecitizens
5. Publicawareness
6. IndependentPress

• Iftherightsareprotectedbythestates,theyalsogettherighttopreven
t the misuse of the rights, so the reasonable restrictions are
also described in Article-19(2) of the Constitution.
• Rights and duties are two side of a coin. One aspects is right
and the other asepect is duty. We have to hide something in
return for the rights we get in society. It is not our duty.

TYPESOFDUTIES

MoralDuty:-[Link].
2. Providingpropereducationtochildren.
3. Servingparentsandelders.
4. Adherencetosocialrules.
5. Fulfillingtheneedsofthefamily.

LegalDuty:-[Link].
2. Honoringthenationalflagandnationalanthem.
3. Maintaininglawandorder.
4. Regulartaxation,protectionofnationalproperty.
5. Maintainingtheunityandintegrityandsecurityofthecountry.
6. Protectingthecountry.

199 XI–PoliticalScience
 7. Wiseutilizationofnaturalresources.
8. Protectingtheozonelayer.

SomeNewHumanRights:-
List of new human rights to overcome some new threats and
challenges in the country:-
1. Righttocleanair,safedrinkingwaterandsustainabledevelopment.
2. Righttoinformationclaim.
3. Women’sRighttoProtection.
4. Toiletsfortheweakersectionsofthesociety.
5. Children’srighttofoodpreservationandeducation.
6. Necessaryconditionsforsimpleliving.
7. Rightsto privacy.
8. Right tocleanenviornment.

PriceofHumanRights:-
• Continuousawarenessofhumanbeings.
• Nopersoncanbearrestedarbitrarily,properreasonforarrestis
necessary.
• Harassment is not appropriate to obtain the sanction of crime
fromtheoffender.
Itisnecessaryforacitizentobevigilant,keephiseyesopen,alwaysaware
to protect his rights and freedom.

XI–PoliticalScience 200
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Objectivetypequestions(OneMarks)

1. Arightisbasicallya whichisjustified.

(a)Claim (b) Demand

(c)Duty (d) Right

2. Political theorists in the 17th - 18th centuries argued that rights are
given to us by

(a) bynature (b) bygod

(c)bynatureorbygod (d) anyoftheabove

3. In recent years, the word 'right' is being used more than the word
'natural right',

(a) Political (b) Social

(c)Economic (d) Human

4. Most democratic systems begin with the preparation of a

Declaration of Rights

(a)Social (b) Political

(c)Economic (d) Cultural

5. 10December................. TheGeneral Assembly oftheUnitedNations

adopted and implemented the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.

(a)1945 (b) 1947

(c)1948 (d) 1960

201 XI–PoliticalScience
6. Naturalrightsinthemodernperiodare:-

(a) acceptable (b) unacceptable

(c)legal (d) noneof theabove

7. Humanrightsarefromthepointofviewofsocialwelfare:-

(a) important (b) insignificant

(c)general (d) specific

8. Rightsacquiredbybirtharecalled?

(a)legal (b) moral

(c)political (d) natural

9. Righttobeelectedcomesunderwhichcategory?

(a) NaturalRight (b) SocialRight

(c)PoliticalRight (d) CulturalRight

10. Therightto"work"is:-

(a)Social (b) Economic

(c)Political (d) Moral(a)(b)(c)(d)

11. Whogivesustherighttobeself-realized andoriginal?

(a) RighttoEquality (b) RighttoFreedomofReligion

(c)RighttoExpression (d) RightAgainstExploitation

12. Therightwhichhelpsindevelopingourreasoningpoweris-

(a) RighttoEquality (b) RighttoEducation

(c)RighttoExpression (d) RighttoFreedomofReligion

XI–PoliticalScience 202
13. Which rights of man were marked by political theorists inthe
17thand18thcenturies-

(a) Righttolife (b) Righttoliberty

(c)Righttoproperty (d) Allofthe above

14. "Allpeopleareentitledtohavecertainthingsbysimplybeinghuman."This
is the basic belief-
(a) HumanRights (b) MoralRights
(c)Socialrights (d) Politicalrights
15. Whohas playedthemostimportantroleintheabolitionofslavery?
(a) Natural Rights (b) SocialRights
(c)HumanRights (d) PoliticalRights
16. Therighttohaveacleanenvironmentcomesunderwhichcategoryofrights?
(a) SocialRight (b) EconomicRight
(c)CulturalRight (d) HumanRights
17. Thefoundationofademocraticsystemof governmentisformedby
(a) bycivillibertiesandpoliticalrights
(b) bycivillibertiesandeconomicrights
(c) bycivillibertiesandsocialrights
(d) by civillibertiesandculturalrights

18. The right to get primary education in one's mother tongue, comes
under which category of rights-

(a) RighttoFreedom (b) Rightto Equality

(c)AgainstExploitation (d) RighttoEducationandCulture

203 XI–PoliticalScience
19. Whobuildsthefoundationofademocraticsociety?
(a)Duty (b) Right
(c)Claim (d) Noneoftheabove

20.
Showingastingoperationbasedonaconversationbetweenafamousci
ne
starandarenownedofficerontelevisionisaninfringementofwhichright?
(a) Righttoprivacy (b) Righttofreedom
(c)Righttoequality (d) Righttofreedomofexpression
21. Assertion:-
Thegreatphilosopherin18thcenturyGermanywas"Immanuel Kant".
Reason:-Accordingtothegreatphilosopher"ImmanuelKant"-'Weshould
behave with others as we expect others for ourselves'.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
22. Assertion:- The oppressed people all over the world are taking
advantage of the concept of universal human rights.
Reason:-Theworldcommunitycollectivelywantstolivealifefullof dignity
and self-respect.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.

XI–PoliticalScience 204
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.

205 XI–PoliticalScience
23. Assertion:-
In1948,theGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsaccepted the
Universal
DeclarationofHumanRightsandappealedtotheworldtoimplementthem.
Reason:-
Thesuccessofmoralappealofhumanrightsclaimsdependson the
governments and laws of the countries of the world.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
24. Assertion:-Rightsnotonlytellwhatthestatehastodo,theyalsotellwhat
the state has nothing to do.
Reason:-Ifthestatewantstoputapersonbehindthebars,thenitwillhave
to give reasons for that before the court.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
25. Assertion:- The object of rights is to protect the welfare of the
people. Reason:- Democratic government is accountable to the
people.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.

XI–PoliticalScience 206
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorre::
explanation of Assertion.

207 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
OneMarkQuestions
26. Whatisaright?
27. Whyarerightsimportant?
28. Wheredidpoliticaltheoristsstatetheoriginsofrightsinthe17thand
18thcenturies?
29. Inrecentyears,which“right-
world”isbeingusedmorethanthewordnatural rights?
30. Whatisthe“corebelief”behindhumanrights?
31. Who hascreated the UniversalDeclaration ofHumanRights?
32. WhenisWorldHumanRightsDaycelebrated?
33. Whatistheimportanceofrights inhumanlife?
34. WhataretherightsdescribedintheConstitutionof India?
35. Whyistherighttoeducationtocalledauniversalrightofanindividual?
36. Whatdoyouunderstandbyduty?
37. Writeadistinctionbetweenfundamentalrightsandnaturalrights.
38. Whatare thetypesofduties?Writethename
39. Nametwomoralduties?
40. “Weshouldbehavewithothersasweexpectofourselves”.Which
philosopher has this moral concept of authority?
(a) Laski (b)Aristotle
(c)Kant (d)Lock
41. Whatismeantbynaturalrights?
(a) Thoserightswhichweregivenbythekinginancienttimes.
(b) Rightsthataregivenbythestatetocitizens.
(c) Rightsthatnaturehasgiventoaperson.
(d) Rightsthatarenecessaryforthedevelopmentofaperson.

XI–PoliticalScience 208
42. Whatisthesupportofnaturerights:-
(a) KarlMarx (b)Locke
(c)Aristotle (d)Machiavelli

43. Righttolife .
(a) SocialRights (b)EconomicRights
(c)PoliticalRights (d)CulturalRights

44. “Rightsarethenameofsodalsystemswithoutwhichapersoncannot
develop in full”. Whose statement is this
(a) Macyavali (b)Aristotle
(c)Einstein (d)Laski

45. Therighttovoteis-
(a) SocialRights (b)PoliticalRights
(c)EconomicRights (d)MoralRights

Filltheblanks:-

46. are also essential coditions of social life, which is

necessary for the all-round development of a person.

47. Righttowork right.

48. PoliticalRightsinIndia citizensoftheageoroldergetit.

49. Thefarmersarecriticizingthegovernmentagainsttheagriculturallaws
undertheauthority.

50. December TheGeneral Assembly of theUnited

Nations accepted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

209 XI–PoliticalScience
51. Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestions.
“Today the United Nations General Assembly declares the world-
wide Declaration of Human Rights as the universally accepted
standard of achievementforallcivilizationsandcountries,that-
everypersonandevery part of society always keeping this manifesto
in mind. The rights and freedoms will promote the dignity of
liberties through the medium of teaching and education, and their
all-country and strong acceptance and compliance by national and
international instruments oriented towards development among
themselves, between the people of the member
countriesandundertheir
jurisdictionwillestablishitamongthepeopleof the coming regions”.

i) TheUnitedNationswasestablished?
(a) 1940 (b)1945
(c)1950 (d)1955

ii) WhichpartoftheUnitedNationsdeclaredthe“UniversalDeclaratio
n of Human Rights”
(a)UNHIEF (b)SecurityCouncil
(c)UNESCO (d)GeneralAssembly

iii) WhichmediumisconsideredapproriatebytheUnitedNationsto
promote human rights
(a) Media (b)AllIndiaRadioandDoordarshan
(c)Education (d)Correspondence

iv) TheUnitedNationscalledfortheestablishmentofhumanrights
among
(a) betweenmembercountries
(b) amongnon-membercountries
(c) amongthepeopleofmembercountries

XI–PoliticalScience 201
(d) noneoftheabove

201 XI–PoliticalScience
52. Writetrueorfalseinfrontofeachofthefollowingstatements- (5×1)
i) The righttoeducationisasocialright.
ii) Therighttoworkisaculturalright.
iii) Therighttospeechisaneconomic right.
iv) Therighttocontestelectionsisapoliticalright.
v) Inorder tolive withrespect,a personmusthavetherighttowork.

TwoMarksQuestions
1. What rightsareincludedinpoliticalrights?
2. Explainanytwomeasuresforprotectionofrights.
3. Writeanytwodutiesof thecitizentowardsthestate.
4. Whataretheeconomicrightsofacitizen?
5. Matchthefollowing:-
(a) Economicright=righttovote
(b) Civilrightsorsocialrights=righttofreedom
(c) Politicalrights=minimumallowance
(d) Culturalright=righttogeteducationinmothertongue

FourMarksQuestions

1. Dutyandauthorityaretwosidesofthe same [Link] youagreewith

this statement? Explain

2. Describeanyfourpoliticalrightsofcitizens.

3. Rightsimposecertainlimitsonstatepower?Explainbygiving
examples.

XI–PoliticalScience 201
FiveMarksQuestions
1. Look at the following picture and read the conversation and
answer thequestions below.

(i) Whatrightisthe abovepictureclaiming?

(ii) Whatdoesapersonfeelhurtduetodelayinanyworkinthesociety?
Who gives him relief?
(iii) Whatistherighttoinformation?
SixMarksQuestions
1. Whatisduty?Mentionthedutyofagoodcitizen.
2. Whatarethetypesofright?Explainbygivingexamples.
3. Whatistherelationshipbetweenrightsandduties?
4. Writethedifferencebetweenrightandclaims?

XI–PoliticalScience 210
 ANSWERS
ObjectiveTypeQuestions
1. (a)claim
2. (c) bynatureorbyGod
3. (d)Human
4. (b)Political
5. (c)1948
6. (b)unacceptable
7. (a)Important
8. (d)Natural
9. (c)PoliticalRights
10. (b)Economic
11. (c)RighttoExpression
12. (b)RighttoEducation
13. (d)Allof theabove
14. (a)HumanRights
15. (c)HumanRights
16. (d)HumanRights
17. (a)bycivillibertiesandpoliticalrights
18. (d)RighttoEducationandCulture
19. (b)Right
20. (a)Right toprivacy
21. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
22. (b)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
23. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.

211 XI–PoliticalScience
24. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
25. (b)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
OneMarkAnswers
26. A right is a demand or claim made bya person, which thesociety
accepts and the state recognizes, taking public welfare into
consideration, then that demand becomes a ‘right’.
27. Rightsignifiesthosethingsandothersconsideritimportantandnecess
ary to live a life of honor and dignity.
28. In the 17th and 18th centuries, political theory used to argue that
for us rights are nature or God.
29. In recent years,the term‘human rights’is being used more than
theword natural rights.
30. Thebasicbeliefbehindhumanrigthsisthatallpeople,beingmerehuman
beings,possesscertainthingsaswater.
Everyhumanbeingasahumanbeing is of specific and equal
importance.
31. TheUnitedNationshascreatedtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.
32. Everyyearon10thDecember.
33. Rightsare veryimportantfortheallrounddevelopmentofhumanbeings.
34. TherightsmentionedintheConstitutionofIndiaarecalled“Fundament
al Rights”.
35. Because education helps in ithe development of all areas of the
person,this right is called universal right.
36. Responsibilitiesplayedinlieuofobtainingrightsarecalledduties.
37. Fundamental rights are conferred by the constitution while natural
rights are derived from birth.
38. Thedutiesaremainlyoftwotypes:-(i)moralduty,(ii)legalduty
39. Moraldutiesare:-(i)obeyingsocialnorms,(ii)caringfortheelderly

XI–PoliticalScience 212
40. (b)Aristotle
41. (c)Rightsthatnaturehasgivento aperson
42. (b)Locke
43. (a)Socialrights
44. (d)Laski
45. (b)Politicalrights
Filltheblanks:-
46. Rights
47. EconomicRights
48. 18yearsofage
49. Politicalauthority
50. 10thDecember1948
51. i) (b)1945
ii) (d)General Assembly
iii) (c)byeducation
iv) (c)amongthemembersofthemembercountries.
52. (a)right
(b) wrong
(c) wrong
(d) right
(e) right
TwoMarksAnswers
1. (i)Vote
(ii) tobeelected
2. (i)bystate
(ii) bytheindependent judiciary
3. (i)RespectfortheConstitution
(ii) Cooperationinmaintaininglawandorder
4. (i)Righttochoosebusiness,work
(ii) Righttokeepproperty

213 XI–PoliticalScience
5. (a)Economicright=minimumallowance
(b) Civilrightsorsocialrights=righttofreedom
(c) Politicalrights=righttovote
(d) Culturalright=righttogeteducationinmothertongue

FourMarksAnswers
[Link] Relation of Rights and Duties:- Rights cannot fulfill a person’s
personalityunlessthepersonperformshisdutiestowardsthesociety,D
uty is an obligation which gives freedom to others to exercise their
rights.
2. Righttovote,righttocontestelectionsandrighttoformpoliticalparty.
3. Statecannotinfringeonrights.
Public interestshould
betakencareofbythestatebecauseitisthepeople who choose the
government in democratic countries.
Rights onlygivethe statetheesponsibilitytoact incertainways.
Rightsensurethatstatesactwithoutviolatingthedignityoflifeandlibert
y of the individual.

FiveMarksAnswers
1. (i) Righttoinformation
(ii) Insecureandhelpless,judiciary.
(iii) Toobtaininformationanddataonanysubject,incaseofdoubt/doubt.

SixMarksAnswers
l. Duties are obligations. Duties we perform towards others, which
leads to the development of society.
Duties:- (i)keepingbody,mindclean(ii) education,(iii) servicetoparents,
(iv) devotiontothenation,(v)securityofthecountry,(vi)nationalflagand
dignity of the national anthem.

2. (i) Natural-Life,Freedom
(ii) Ethical-Servicetoparanets,Educationofchildren
(iii) Legal-Fundamental,Social,Economic,Political

XI–PoliticalScience 214
3. Deeplyconnected,whosidesofthesamecoin,rightscannotapplywitho
ut duty.

4. (i) Notallclaimsarerightsbutallrightsareclaims.
(ii) Rightsareclaimsthatarerecognizedbythestate,allclaimsare
recognized by the state.
(iii) Claims - Not guaranteed by the constitution of the state.
Fundamental rights - Guaranteedby the constitution of the
state.

215 XI–PoliticalScience
 Chapter-6
CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship: Citizenship means full and equalmembershipof apolitical
communityinwhichthereisnodiscrimination.

Methodsofofficialcitizenship

[Link],[Link],[Link],[Link]
areaintoaterritory

XI–PoliticalScience 216
MainPoints:-
➢ Citizenship
➢ CompleteandEqualMembership
➢ Migrant
➢ WaysofProtest
➢ CitizensandNations
➢ StatehoodCitizenshipMethods
➢ UniversalCitizenship
➢ ReasonsofDisplacement
➢ MeaningofRefugee
➢ WorldCitizenship
➢ BenefitsofWorldCitizenship

Citizenship:-
The provisions related to citizenship are described in Part Two (Articles
5-11) of the Indian Constitution.
Citizenship refersto complete and equal membership of a political
community
[Link]
e
[Link],
Japanese or German.
• Inmostdemocraticcountries,citizens’righttoexpressionisinclud
ed in the right to vote or freedom of faith, minimum wage or
education.
• The rights which citizens use today, they have gained after a
long
struggle.LiketheFrenchRevolutionof1789,andthelongstruggleto
get equal citizenship in South Africa.

XI–PoliticalScience 218
• Citizenship also involves the mutual relation of citizens. It
involves
certainobligationsofcitizenstowardseachotherandtowardssoci
ety.

219 XI–PoliticalScience
 • Citizensarealsoconsideredheirsandtrusteesofthecountry’scult
ural and natural resources.

CompleteandEqualMembership:-
• It means that citizens get equal opportunity to live, study and
work
wherevertheywantinthecountryandalltherichpoorcitizenshavet
o get some basic rights and facilities.
Migrant:- In search of work, peoplegofrom onecityto another and from
one country to another country, then they are called migrants.
• Poor migrants are not welcomed in their respective areas in
the same way as skilled and wealthy migrants.
The right to protest (protest) is an aspect of freedom of
expression ensured for citizens in our constitution, provided it
should not harm the lives and property of other people or the
state.

WaysofProtest:-
• Citizens are free to form groups, perform demonstrations, use
the
media,appealtopoliticalpartiesorjudgeandinfluencepublicopinio
n and government policies in court.
• Equal Rights:- In the cities, more population is of the people
settled on the slum and land of illegal occupation. These
people are of great use to us. Not even one day can be spent
without them.
• Government and voluntary organizations are also becoming
aware of these people.A national policy was formulated in
2004, which gave millions of footpath shopkeepers the power
to run independent businesses.
Similarly,thereisanotherclasswhichcannotbeignored,thatistriba
l and forest dwellers. These people depend on forest and other

XI–PoliticalScience 211
 natural resources fortheir subsistence.
• Equal rightsfor citizensmeanstakingcareofdifferentneedsand
claims of different people while making policies.

219 XI–PoliticalScience
CitizensandNations:-
• A citizen can express hisnational identitythrough symbols
such as a national anthem, flag, national language or special
celebrations.
Democraticcountriesareasinclusiveaspossible,allowingallcitize
ns to identify themselves as part of the nation. Such as France,
which includes not only people of European origin but also
citizens from other regions such as NorthAfrica, it is called
statehood citizenship.
• The conditions for allowing applicants for statehood
citizenship are
differentineachcountry,aselementssuchasreligionandethnicorigi
n in Israel or Germany are preferred.
• TheIndianConstitutionhasattemptedtoaccommodatemanydive
rse
[Link]
al
communitiessuchasScheduledCastesandScheduledTribes,wo
men, some remote communities in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
• Theprovisionsrelatedtocitizenshiparedescribedbythethirdsecti
on of the Constitution and the laws passed by the Parliament.

MethodsofStatehoodofCitizenship:-
1. Registration
2. Deshiyakaran(Naturalisation)
3. Dynasty
4. Anylandareainthe territory

UniversalCitizenship:-
• We assume that full membership of a country should be
available to all those who are ordinarily residents of that
country, work there or

XI–PoliticalScience 220
 whoapplyforcitizenship,(buttheconditionsforgrantingcitizenshi
p all decide. Unwanted citizenship. States use power to keep
out of it, but still people have longitude on a wide scale).

ReasonsofDisplacement:-
• War,famine andpersecution.

221 XI–PoliticalScience
MeaningofRefugee:-
• Duetothedisplacement,peoplewhocanneitherreturnhomenoran
y country is ready to adapt them, they are called stateless or
refugees.

GlobalCitizenship:-
• Today we livein a worldthatis interconnected,meansof
communication,televisionorinternethasdrasticallychangedthew
ay we understand our [Link] helpvictims ofAsia’s tsunami
ormajor disasters. The rise in sentiment from all parts of the
world indicates
[Link]
s is also the basis of the Vishwagram system.

BenefitfromGlobalCitizenship:-
• This will make it easier to solve the problems on both sides of
the national borders which require the joint action of the
governments and people of many countries. This can make it
easier to settle the problem of migrant or stateless people.

QUESTIONNAIRE
Objectivetypequestions(OneMarks)
1. Whatisequalmembershipofapoliticalcommunitycalled?
(a) Politicalmembership (b) Citizenship
(c)Civilrights (d) Socialmembership
2. Thesecondarychallengesofcitizenshipare:-
(a)poverty (b)illiteracy
(c)regionalism (d) alloftheabove
3. Citizenshipisnotanattributeof:
(a) self-restraint (b) character

XI–PoliticalScience 220
(c)devotiontoduty (d) separatist

221 XI–PoliticalScience
4. Whenwasthefirstrevolutiontoget equalcitizenshipinEurope?
(a)1785 (b) 1789
(c)1885 (d) 1889
5. Against whom did the people ofAfrica have to fight for equal
citizenship in South Africa?
(a) againsttheAfricanarmy
(b) againsttheAfricanking
(c) Againstthe rulingwhiteminoritiesinAfrica
(d) Alloftheabove
6. From the 17th century to the middle of thecentury, the white
people of Europe continued to rule over the people of South Africa.
(a) 19thcentury (b) 20thcentury
(c)21stcentury (d) noneof theabove
7. [Link] wasitfromthe country?
(a)Russia (b) Germany
(c)Italy (d) America
8. The 1950s witnessed the civil rights movement among the
and.............. populationsof the southern states of America.
(a) North.........South (b) East Western
(c)Ghori...........Kali (d) Plains Hills
9. Anationalpolicyhasbeen preparedforthe footpathshopkeepersinyear
(a) 2004 (b) 2006
(c)2001 (d) 2008
10. The English sociologist [Link] wrote the book"Citizenship
and Social Class" in the year
(a)1960 (b) 1918
(c)1950 (d) 1980

XI–PoliticalScience 222
11. Nationalidentitycanbeexpressedby.............
(a) NationalAnthem (b) Flag
(c)NationalLanguage (d) Allofthe above
12. Which three types of rights are considered essential in citizenship
by the sociologist TH Marshall?
(a) Civil,economicandsocialrights
(b) Social,EducationalandCivilRights
(c) Civil,politicalandsocialrights
(d) Civil,political andculturalrights
13. Francecountryis
(a)Secular (b) Inclusive
(c)Both(a)and(b)above (d) Noneoftheabove
14.
InwhichpartoftheIndianConstitutiontheprovisionsrelatedto"citizenship
" are mentioned-
(a)Part1 (b) Part2
(c)Part3 (d) Noneoftheabove
15. Preferenceisgiven inthe countryofIsrael ingranting "citizenship"....
(a) Religion (b) Caste
(c)Both(a)and(b)above (d) Noneoftheabove
16. CitizenshipisobtainedinIndia
(a)bybirth (b) bylineage
(c)byregistration (d) alloftheabove
17.
Theconditionsforgrantingcitizenshipareoftenwrittenintheconstitutio
ns of countries and in .................
(a)Laws (b) Conditions
(c)Texts (d) Noneoftheabove

223 XI–PoliticalScience
18. Thecitizenscfonecountryliveinanothercountrywithoutobtaining
citizenship. They are called...
(a)worker (b) refugee
(c)slave (d) Noneoftheabove
19. Citizens of one country go to another country in search of work,
they are called...
(a)refugee (b) migrant
(c)citizen (d) noneof theabove
20. Theproblemsofmigrantsandstatelesspeoplecanbeeasilysettled....
(a) bygivingworldcitizenship
(b) bygiving financialassistance
(c) bygivingemployment
(d) bygivingsocialsecurity
21. Assertion:- The precise nature of the rights conferred on the
citizens may differ from country to country.
Reason:-
Alltherightswhichthecitizensexercisetodayhavebeenachieved after a
long struggle.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
22. Assertion:-FrenchRevolutiontookplaceinEuropein1789.
Reason: - On the lines of the French Revolution, there was a
struggle for equal citizenship in many colonies of Asia and Africa.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect

XI–PoliticalScience 224
explanation of Assertion.

225 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
23. Assertion:- Markets have developed for skilled and unskilled
laborers in different parts of our country.
Reason;- Skilled workers are moving towards Bangalore city in the
field of information and technology.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
24. Assertion:-[Link]'sforemostblackleader.
Reason:- Martin Luther King has argued that the practice of
segregation enhances the quality of life of the white community.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
25. Assertion:- IneverycityofIndia,a largepopulationisinhabitedbyslums
and people living on illegally occupied land.
Reason:-Majorityofthepopulationofthecitylooksupontheslum dwellers
as undesirable guests.
(a) BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(b) BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertionisfalsebutreasoniscorrect.
(d) Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.

XI–PoliticalScience 226
OneMarkQuestions

26. Definecitizenship.

27. “A citizen is a person who has the right to participate in the

deliberations and judgmentsof the law of the state”. Which scholar
has this definition?

28. WhichoftheblackpopulationofAfricahadtostruggletogetequal
citizenship in South Africa?

29. Writeoneofthecharacteristicsofthecitizen.

30. Inwhich‘part’oftheIndianConstitutionaretheprovisionsrelatedto
citizenshipdescribed?

31. Whoiscalledarefugee?

32. Whatdoestheslogan‘ForMumbai-Mumbaikar’mean?

33. Whatdoexternalpeoplemean?

34. Whatismeantbytheurbanpoor?

35. Whatisthepointofattractionofthenotionof‘World-citizenship’?

36. Theworld’sfirstrevolutionforcivilrightswas-
(a) RussianRevolution
(b) FrenchRevolution
(c) AmericanRevolution
(d) GermanRevolution

37. Europeansretainedtheirruleovertheblack peopleofSouthAfrica-.

(a) 15thcenturyto18thcentury
(b) 16thcenturyto20thcentury
(c) 17thcenturyto20thcentury
(d) 18thcenturyto20thcentury

227 XI–PoliticalScience
38. Inwhichdecadedidthecivilrightsmovementagainsttheinequalities
between black and white population in the United States happened?
(a)1850s (b)1960s
(c)1860s (d)1950s

39. Whichofthefollowingmeansofobtainingcitizenshipofthestate?
(a) Longtermhousing (b)Governmentjob
(c)Marriage (d)Allof theabove

40. Whichofthefollowingismeansoflosingcitizenship?
(a) Longtermaccommodation (b)Longabsence
(c)Marriage (d)Governmentjob

41. Correctandrewritethefollowingstatements.
Abraham Lincoln Jr. of America was the leading black leader in the
movement against ‘segregation laws’.

42. Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestions.
Citizenship is not just a legal concept. It also has a close
connection with the broader objectives of equality and rights. The
relationship has been unanimously discussed by the British
sociologist TH Marshall. Marshall in his book “Citizenship and
Social Class”. Defined citizenship as “the
prestigebestoweduponthefullmembersofacommunity”.Allthose
who hold this reputation are equal in terms of differences in
reputation, rights and duties. The concept is of ‘equality’. Marshall
believes citizenship to include three types of rights - civil, political
and social rights. Marshall has identified social class as a “system
of inequality”.

i) [Link]-
(a) Economist (b)Sociologist
XI–PoliticalScience 228
(c)Politician (d)Historian

229 XI–PoliticalScience
 ii) Theauthorofthebook“CitizenshipandSocialClass”is-
(a) [Link] (b)[Link]
(c)[Link] (d)[Link]

iii) Thekeyconceptprovided,byMarshallofcitizenshipisthebasic
concept -
(a) Citizen (b)Government
(c)Equality (d)Freedom

iv) HowmanytypesofrightsareincludedinMarshallCitizenship?
(a) Twotypesofrights (b)Threetypesofrights
(c)Fourtypesofrights (d)Sixtypesofrights.

Filltheblanks:-
43. ArticleofIndianConstitution from the
provisions related to citizenship are described in.
44. Inmostdemocraticcountries,citizensaregiven rights.
45. Peoplegofromonecitytoanotherorfromonecountrytoanothercountry
in search of work, then they are called .
46. Conditionsofallowingapplicantsforstatecitizenshipineachcountry
Occur.
47. TheIndianconstitutionhastriedtoaccommodate society.
48. Writetrueorfalseinfrontofeachofthefollowingstatements- (1×5)
(a) ‘Nagarik’wordisaHinditranslationofthewordCitizeninEnglish.
(b) Localpeopleareangrywiththerivalryof‘outsiders’.
(c) The1960swasawitnesstothecivilrightsmovementagainstinequiti
es in America.
(d) [Link].
(e) Thenotionofworldcitizenshipisbasedon‘Vasudev-Kutumbakam’.

XI–PoliticalScience 221
TwoMarksQuestion
1. Whatdutydoesacitizenhavetowardsothercitizens?
2. Whatisthepolicyofapartheid?
3. Whatdoesequalmembershipmean?
4. Howcancitizensdefendorprotest?
5. Whataretherightsoftribalsorforestdwellers?
6. Explain the meaning of this statement ‘Sometimes religious
symbols and customs enter public life’.
7. Write twoways to getcitizenship.
8. Givetworeasonsforlosingcitizenship.
9. Writetworeasonswhy peoplearedisplaced.
10. Describe the struggle done by people displaced by development
schemes inIndia.

FourMarksQuestion
1. What isthedifferencebetweenacitizenandaforeigner?
2. Whatqualitiesshouldagoodcitizenhave?Giveyourviews.
3. Whatisuniversalcitizenship?Giveexamplesofsomerefugees.
4. [Link]?
5. DescribeagenericandanenvironmentalmovementinIndia.
6. Whatproblemsdorefugeesface?
7. Describetheproblermof“outerandinner”.
8. Todaytheworldischanginglikea‘Vishwagram’(Globalvillage).How?
9. Whatiscivilandsocialrights?
10. What steps has the Government of India taken to protect the rights
of the urban poor?

221 XI–PoliticalScience
FiveMarksQuestions
1. Study the given picture / cartoon carefully and write the answers
tothefollowingquestions. (1+2+2=5)

i. Whatisamigrant? (1)
ii. Whatjobsdomigrantsdoincities? (2)
iii. How can the lives of urban people without migrants be
affected? Explain with examples. (2)

SixMarksquestion
1. “The rights that citizens have today are the result of their hard
struggle”. Prove.
2. “Equalmembershipdoesnotmeanthateveryonecanuseitequally”. Do
you agree with this statement? Give a suitable example.

XI–PoliticalScience 230
3. “Thefundamental principleofdemocracyis thatdisputes should be
resolved by treatynegotiations and discussions rather than by
force”.According to you, will this method promote world
citizenship?
4. “Indiaisademocraticandsecularstate”.How?Explain

ANSWER
ObjectivetypeQuestions
1. (b)Citizenship
2. (d)Alloftheabove
3. (d)Separatists
4. (b)1789
5. (c)AgainsttherulingwhiteminoritiesinAfrica
6. (b)20thcentury
7. (d)America
8. (c)Gori Black
9. (a) 2004
10. (c)1950
11. (d)Alloftheabove
12. (c)Civil,PoliticalandSocialRights
13. (c)Both(a) and(b)above
14. (b)Part2
15. (c)Both(a) and(b)above
16. (d)Alloftheabove
17. (a)Laws

231 XI–PoliticalScience
18. (b)refugee
19. (a)(b)Overseas
20. (a)Bygivingworldcitizenship
21. (b)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
22. (b)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrect
explanation of Assertion.
23. (b)BothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
24. (d)Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
25. (a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrueandReasonisthecorrectexplanati
on of Assertion.
OneMarkAnswers
26. Citizenshipisthefullandequalmembershipofapoliticalcommunity.
27. Aristotle
28. In order to get equal citizenship in South Africa, the black
population of Africa had to wage a long-struggle against the ruling
white minorities.
29. Acitizengetsrightsfromthestate,whichheusesforthewelfareofhimse
lf and the society.
30. The provisions related to citizenship are described in ‘Part
Two’(Article 5-11) of the Indian Constitution.
31. Displacedpeopleduetofamine,naturaldisastersorwararecalled
‘refugees’.
32. Theslogan‘ForMumbai-
Mumbaikar’meansthatonlypeoplefromMumbai will live in Mumbai,

XI–PoliticalScience 232
not outsiders.

233 XI–PoliticalScience
33. Those who do not get the approval of society and government are
called outsiders.
34. Peoplelivingonillegallyoccupiedlandorurbanslumsinurbanareas,wh
o often work on low wages, are called urban poor.
35. The point of attraction of the notion of world citizenship is that it
can make it easier to confront the problems on both sides of
national borders
whichrequirethejointactionofgovernmentsandpeopleofmanycountri
es.
36. (b)FrenchRevolution
37. (c)17thcenturyto20thcentury
38. (d)1950s
39. (d)Allof theabove
40. (b)Longabsence
41. America’s “Martin Luther King Jr.” was the leading black leader in
the movement against ‘segregation laws’.
42i)(b)Sociologist
ii) (d) [Link]
iii) (c) Equality
iv) (b) Threetypesofrights
43. Article5to11
44. Right to expression / right to vote / right to freedom of faith / right
to education / right to get minimum wages.
45. Migrant
46. Different

XI–PoliticalScience 234
47. Diversity(Society)
48. (a)True (b)True (c)False (d)False (e)True

235 XI–PoliticalScience
TwoMarksAnswers
1. [Link]
responsibility to participate and contribute in everyday life.
2. SouthAfricaexampleofdiscriminationbetweenwhitesandblackpeople.
3. Guaranteeingsomebasicrightsbythestatetoall
citizens,whetherrichor poor.
4. By forming groups, demonstrations, picketing, using media,
appealing to politicalpartiesorgoing tocourtto examine
andinfluencepublicopinion and government policies.
5. They have the right to live with the forest and other natural
resources for their living, the right to maintain their culture and
traditions.
6. Studentsshouldanswerthisquestionattheirdiscretion.
7. Statehoodcitizenship:(i)bydepartment,(ii)byjob,(iii)byapplication.
8. (i)byseditiousactivity.
(ii)bythedepartment.
9. Fromproblemslikefamine,flood,tsunami,coronaepidemic.
10. DescribeSardarSarovarDam.

FourMarksAnswers
1. Citizen - Use the political rights of the country. He has the right to
vote, contest elections, get government job.
Foreigner-Foreignerdoesnotgetalltheaboverights.
2. Studentsshouldanswerthisquestionattheirdiscretion.
3. Fullmembershipofacountryshouldbeavailabletoallthosewhonormall
y
liveandworkinthatcountryandwhoapplyforcitizenshiplikeBangladeshi
XI–PoliticalScience 236
etc.

237 XI–PoliticalScience
4. Because it is believed that this can make it easier to face the
problems on
bothsidesofthenationalborders,[Link]
ts and people of many countries is necessary. Example of Vijay
Mallya.
5. GenericMovement-DalitPanthers
[Link].
6. (i)Anycountrydoesnotacceptthem.
(ii) Theyareforcedtoliveincampsorasillegalmigrants.
(iii) Theycannoteducatetheir children.
(iv) Cannotacquireproperty.
7. Inner:-
whogetacceptancefromthesocietyandgettherightofcitizenship
from the government.
Outsiders:-whodonotgetapprovalfromsociety andstate.
8. ‘Vishwagram’(GlobalVillage)-Weallfeel connectedto eachother
through new means / means of communication like television,
internet etc. Today people of all the nations of the world are
developing common sense and brotherhood.
9. CivilRights-RightsofFaithandFreedom.
10. (i)A national policy was formulated in 2004 so that the footpath
shopkeepers do not have to face harassment from the police
and city administrators.
(ii) Article-21 of the constitution guarantees the right to live,
including the right to livelihood.

FiveMarksAnswers

XI–PoliticalScience 238
1. (i)Peoplemovefromonecitytoanotherorfromonecountrytoanother
country in search of work, they are called Migrants.

239 XI–PoliticalScience
 (ii) Migrants people work in cities like domestic servants,
sweepers,
newspaperdistributors,sellinggoodsonstreettracks,sendinggo
ods by hawking, selling small items of daily use in weekly
markets etc.
(iii) The life of urban people without migrants can be greatly
affected, migrants have a very important place in the
everyday life of urban [Link]
theeraofcoronaviruswhendomesticservant/
[Link]
[Link]
s of urban people, urban people depend on migrants for small
things.

SixMarksAnswers
1. [Link],suchastheFrenc
h Revolutionof 1789.
ii. ThedemandforequalcitizenshipinAsiaAfricahasalsobeenobtaine
d through conflict.
iii. EveninSouthAfrica,theblackpopulationhadtowagealongstruggle
against the ruling white minorities.
2. In most societies organization is based on the merits and
strengths of the people. People can be different in terms of
economic, social environment
[Link]
ty, then, Differentneeds of people should be kept in mind while
determining policies.
3. Yes,public particirpation in democracyisnecessaryfor
thiscitizensmust
[Link]'scounter-

XI–PoliticalScience 231
 affidavit,butthe condition is that the life and property of other
citizens and government
[Link],butproble
ms can be resolved by negotiation or by treaty.
4. The basis of the freedom movement was broad and people of
different
religions,regionsandcultureshadtomakeeffortsinrelationtoeachoth
er.

231 XI–PoliticalScience
 PartitioncouldnotbestoppedinIndiabutthesecular
andinclusivecharacter
[Link]
s been an effort to give full and equal citizenship to scheduled
castes, scheduled tribes, women, some remote communities of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and many other communities.

XI–PoliticalScience 231
 Chapter-7
NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM
• Nationalism is the feeling of oneness
among the people living in a
territory

231 XI–PoliticalScience
MainPoints:-
➢ Whatisnationalism?
➢ Nationandnationalism
➢ Beliefsaboutthenation
➢ Nationalselfdetermination
➢ Nationalismandpluralism

WhatisNationalism?
• Generally, if public opinion is taken, nationalism will only mean
listening to such things as the national flag, patriotism and
sacrifice
forthecountry,RepublicDayparadeseenontheRajpathinDelhiisa
unique symbol of nationalism.

Duringthelasttwocenturies,nationalismhasemergedasacompellingpoliti
cal doctrine that has played an important role in creating history, it has
helped in liberating slavery from slavery, it has also led to protests,
bitterness and wars. There have also been nationalist conflicts that
have contributed to the determination and re-determination of the
boundaries of the armies and empires.

In the nineteenth century, nationalism has consolidated many small

princely
statesofEuropesuchasGermanyandItaly,becauseofthespiritofnationalis
m, nationalism has also been involved in the decline of great empires,
Austria in
[Link]
f the partition of the French, British, Dutch and Portuguese empires in
the Hungarian and Russian empires as well as inAsia andAfrica.

NationandNationalism:-

XI–PoliticalScience 231
Anation istoalargeextentan imaginarycommunitythatisbound
togetherby thecollective beliefs, hopes and imaginations ofits
members,basedon certain

231 XI–PoliticalScience
beliefsthatpeopleformulatefortheentirecommunityfromwhichtheyestabli
sh
[Link]
r language or religion or ethnicity, and share some identity.

AssumptionsabouttheNation:-

1. SharedFaith:-Anationcanexistonlyaslongasitsmembersbelieve
that they are with each other.

2. History :- Individuals consider themselves as a nation, they

have a sense of permanent identity in them. To present the
structure of the permanent identity of the country, they
themselves understand the history of the nation through the
creation of legends, memories and historical buildings and
records make up.

3. LandArea :- Livingtogether ona landareato a greatextentand

the memories of the shared past related to it, make the
common people experience a collective identity like someone
calls the land area as motherland or fatherland.

4. Common political ideals :- The members of the nation have a

[Link]
t
valuesandprincipleslikedemocracy,secularismandliberalism,th
ey come together and live with these conditions.

5. Common political identity :- People believe that shared

political
viewsaboutthestatearenotenoughtobindindividualsasanation,bu
t want a common political identity like a common language or
ethnic lineage tradition.

XI–PoliticalScience 240
NationalSelf-determination:-
• Apartfromothersocialgroups,nationswanttherighttogovern
[Link],theywanttherig
ht

241 XI–PoliticalScience
 to self-determination. In their claim of self-determination, the
nation demands from International community that its first
political entityor State status should be recognized or
accepted.
• ACultureinEuropeintheNineteenthCentury:- Therecognitionofa
state increased emphasis after the Treaty ofVersailles, the
formation of various small and newly independent states
resulted in changes in the boundaries of the state,
displacement of large population, many people also victims of
communal violence.
• The boundaries were changed keeping in mind that different
cultural communities got different nation states, but it was not
possible to do
sobecausepeopleofmorethanoneraceandculturelivedinonenatio
n state.
• Surprisingly, nation states that gained independence after
conflicts, but now deny minority groups demanding the right to
nalional self- determination in their territories.

Howtodealwiththemovementsofself-determination?
There is no solution in the formation of new states, but in making the
states more democratic and egalitarian, the solation to the self-
determination
movementisthatpeopleofdifferentculturalandracialidentitiescancoexisti
n the country as equal citizens and friends.

NationalismandPluralism:-
• One culture - after giving up the idea ofa state, democratic
countries have introduced ways to culturally accept and
protect the identity of minority communities. The Indian
constitution has broad provisions for the protection of
XI–PoliticalScience 240
 linguistic, religious and cultural minorities.

• While it may be that despite providing recognition and

protection to
minoritygroups,somegroupshaveremainedadamantonthedema
nd ofa [Link]
acontradictoryfactthatwhereglobal

241 XI–PoliticalScience
 village talk is going on, national aspirations are still being
addressed
[Link],theconcern
ed country will have to show generosity and efficiency to
various sections, as well as to deal harshly with intolerant one
ethnic forms.

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQs
1. Which isnotincludedinnationalism?
(i) Commonhistory
(ii) Commonlandarea
(iii) Commonbelief
(iv) Commonreligion
2. Whichofthefollowingtreatyconstitutednewstates?
(i) TreatyofVersailles
(ii) TreatyofLondon
(iii) TreatyofPeris
(iv) TreatyofNewYork
3. Whosaidnationalism cannotbeourfinaldestination?
(i) Pandit Nehru
(ii) MahatmaGandhi
(iii) Ravindernaththakur
(iv) AurbindGhosh
4. Theword'Nation'isderivedfromwhichlanguage?
(i) Greek

XI–PoliticalScience 242
(ii) French

243 XI–PoliticalScience
 (iii) Latin
(iv) Russian
5. Ahindranceinthedevelopmentofnationalismis
(i) Stronghistoricallegacy
(ii) Communalism
(iii) Emotionalintegration
(iv) Commoncivilisation
Assertionandreasonquestions
1. Assertion (A): Nationalism was the main factor in integration of Italy
and Germany Reason (R): major violence was seen during integration
of Italy and Germany
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.
2. Assertion(A):conceptofnationalismisnomoreimportantinpresent
time. Reason (R): whole world is shifting towards a global village
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
(B) BothAandRaretrue,butRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA.
(C) A istrue,butRisfalse.
(D) Aisfalse,but Ristrue.
OneMarkQuestions
1. Whatdonationalismmean?
2. Whatisthemeaningofthewordnation?
3. Whathasbeenthecontributionofhistoryinnationbuilding?

XI–PoliticalScience 244
4. Bywhat othernamedopeople knowtheterritory?
5. Whatismeantbytheprincipleofnationalself-determination?
6. Whatdoegalitarian societymean?
7. Whatdoestheprincipleofoneculture-onestatemean?
8. UnderwhichspiritwasGermanyandItalyunited?
9. Whohaswrittenabooktitled“DiscoveryofIndia”?
10. Howtodealwithself-determinationmovements?

Identifythetrueorfalseinquestionnumber11to15
11. Anationistoalargeextentanimaginarycommunity.
12. In the reorganization of states after the First World War, the idea of
one culture one state was adopted.
13. Innewlyformedstates,peopleof thesamerace liveinastate.
14. RabindranathTagorewasbitterlyopposed tothecolonialrule.
15. Nationalism has not contributed to the decline and integration of
the big states.

TwoMarksQuestions
1. Nationalismhasorganizedanddividedpeople,how?
2. Nationalism has been responsible forthe downfall of the empire,
how?Give some examples.
3. Whatisthedifferencebetweenthewordnationandnationalism?
4. Howaresharedbeliefshelpfulinthe developmentof nationalism?
5. Whatdoescommonpoliticalidentitymean?
6. Isthedemandfornationalself-determinationcontradictoryinthe
contemporary world?

245 XI–PoliticalScience
7. Whatdoesitmean to workwith an inclusivepolicyfornationalidentity?
8. What doespluralismmean?

FourMarksQuestions
1. [Link]?
2. Intheeraofglobalizationeventodaynationalaspirationskeepraisingth
eir heads, how is it possible to solve this problem?
3. Acultureastatewhatisthemeaningofthispolicy,isitpossibletousethis
policy?
4. Through the principle of self-determination, why did the nations
which achieved independence today oppose the demand for the
right to national self-determination in their regions?
5. Whatarethedifficultiesinthepathofnationalism?
6. National unity is necessary to respect the rights and culture of
minority groups in your governance, do you agree with this
statement?

FiveMarksQuestions
7. Although there was enormous diversity and countless variations
among
people,therewasatremendousimpressionofunityeverywherewhichk
ept us connected to people irrespective of the political fortune or
misfortune we had to face.
1. Whosaidabovementionedstatement?
(a) MahatmaGandhi (b)Tagore
(c)PanditNehru (d)SardarPatel
2. Writeistakingaboutwhichkindofdiversity?
(a) Religion,language,caste(b)State,Country
(c)Forest,Land (d)NeighbourhoodCountry
3. Whatispoliticalunfortunate?
(a) Dominance (b)Freedom

XI–PoliticalScience 246
(c)Nationalism (d)Globalvillage

247 XI–PoliticalScience
4. WhatisavailableinexcessinIndia?

(a) Diversity (b) Linguisticdispute

(c)Religious dispute

Question No. 2

1. Whyauthorisgivingemphasisonhumanitythannationalism.

(a) Humanityisusedforotherswell (b)Humanityis good

(c)Humanityiscorrupt (d)Humanityisnecessary

2. Patriotismshouldnotwinoerhumanity,whatis,whatismeansofit?

(a) patriotismhasdestroyedcountries(b)patriotismmakescorrupt

(c)patriotismmakeshumanaggressive(d)patriotismisnotnecessary

3. [Link]

(a)Humanityandpatriotism (b) religiousandpatriotism

(c)patriotismandcaste (d) patriotism

4. Whoismoreaffectedbynationalism?

(a)Male (b) Female

(c)Youth (d) Old

8. Nationalism cannot be my spiritual destination, my place of refuge

is humanity, I will not buy a mirror at the cost of a hero and as long
asI am alive, patriotism will never be victorious over humanity.
Answerthe following questions:-
(a) Whyistheauthorgivingimportancetohumanityratherthan
nationalism?
(b) Whatistheintentionotnotallowingpatriotismtowinoverhumanity?

XI–PoliticalScience 248
 (c) Iwillnotbuyglassatthecostoftheherointhisstatement,whomhas
the author said diamond and mirror?

9. Look at the following cartoon carefully and answer the questions

written below.

1. Generallywhatpeopleunderstandbynationalism?
(a)Nationalanthem (b) Fighting
(c)Corruption (d) tostole
2. Hownationalismisshownisthisdiagram?
(a)tovote (b) toabuse
(c)tolie (d) tofight
3. Whatarethecharacteristicsofagoodcitizen?
(a) Sleepontime (b) Pay taxontime
(c)Tocorrupt
SixMarksQuestions
1. Describethevariouselementsthatpromotenationalism.
2. Howhave democraticgovernmentsprovedmoreeffectivein
dealingwith conflict-prone forces, rather than dictatorial
governments?
3. Whatarethelimitationofnationalism?
ANSWER
1. (iv)Commonreligion
2. (i)TreatyofVersailes
249 XI–PoliticalScience
3. (iii)RabindernathThakur
4. (iii)Letin
5. (ii)Communism

Assertionandreasonanswers:
1. A is true,but R is false
2. BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA
OneMarkAnswers
1. A nation is to a large extent a fictitious community that isbound
together by the collective beliefs, hopes and imaginations of its
members.
2. Thesamecommunitythatlivesinacertaingeographicalrange.
3. All thepeoplelivinginthenationhaveasenseof historicalidentity.
4. Motherlandorfatherlandorholyland.
5. Whennationswanttherighttogovernthemselvesanddecidetheirfuture.
6. Toco-
existasequalcitizensandfriendsinacountrywithdifferentcultural and
racial identities.
7. Peopleofthesamecultureresideinastate.
8. Nationalism
9. JawaharlalNehru
10. Bymakingstatesmoredemocraticandegalitarian
11. Right
12. Right
13. Incorrect
14. Right

XI–PoliticalScience 241
15. Incorrect

241 XI–PoliticalScience
TwoMarksAnswers
1. Nationalism has encouraged excellent devotion as well as deep
rancor, it has collected and divided the people.
2. The collapse oftheAustrian-Hungarianand Russian empiresin
Europeat
thebeginningofthetwentiethcenturyandthepartitionoftheFrenchBritis
h
DutchandPortugueseempiresinAsiaandAfricawiththemwasnationali
sm.
3. Nation:-[Link].
Mostmembersofthenationnevergettoknowdirectlynordotheyneedto
have a hereditary relationship with them.
Nationalism:-
Nationalismisafeelingofloveofthecountrythatdevelops
throughsharedfaith,sharedhistory,sharedlandarea,andsharedpolitic
al ideals and common political identity.
4. SharedFaith:-
[Link]
touch,norobjectsthatexistindependentlyofpeople’sfaith,thenationc
an be compared to a team.
5. Common political identity:- Most societies are culturally diverse,
people of different religions and languages live in the same geo-
region, so it is
goodifweimaginethenationinpoliticalterms,notdemocracyincultural
terms. It requires loyalty to a value group instead of affiliation with
a particular race, religion, language.
6. NationalSelf-Confidence:-
Itseemscontradictorywhenthosenationstates

XI–PoliticalScience 241
 whichhavegainedindependenceonthestrengthoftheirownstrugglesb
ut are now denying minority groups seeking the rigth to national
self- determination in their territories.
7. Inclusive policy is intended to approve the importance and unique
contribution of all members of the nation state, that is, the rights
of constitutional protection for the culture language and religion of
minority groups and their members.

241 XI–PoliticalScience
8. Pluralism:-
Whentheconceptofoneculturewasabandoned,thenthenew
systemwill be one wheremany culturesandcommunitiescan
flourish in
[Link]
ents to protect linguistic religious and cultural minorities.
FourMarksAnswers
1. Theintegrationofmanysmallprincelystatesinnineteenth-
centuryEurope
innationalismshowedthewayfortheestablishmentofgreaternationsta
tes. TodayGermany, Italy wasformed through this process of
integration and consolidation, but nationalism in the collapse of
the big empire. In the
twentiethcentury,inthetwentiethcentury,theAustrianHungarianand
Russian empires in Europe and the partition of French,
British,Dutch and Portuguese empires inAsia andAfrica with them,
nationalism was at the core.
2. Theeraofglobalizationisgoingon,whileontheotherhandsomenational
aspirationskeepraisingtheirheads,theonlywaytodealwithsuchdeman
ds
isdemocraticway,indealingwithit,therespectivecountriesshouldsho
w generosity and efficiency with different sections, but this does
not mean thatwe sympathizewithoneof
theethnicformsintolerantof nationalism.
3. Theconceptofonecultureonestatewasintroducedin19thcenturyEurop
e. Asaresult,afterWorldWar-I,there-
organizationofstatestestedthisidea but it was not possible to
satisfy all the demands of self-determination. It is not possible to
bring in pluralism onlythen the prevalence of pluralism means that

XI–PoliticalScience 250
 people of many communities and cultures can flourish in the same
country.
4. Self-determination:- Because of this there are incidents of
migration of population, war on borders and violence, as many new
nation states were formed after the First World War, it has resulted
in huge displacement of

251 XI–PoliticalScience
 the population, millions of people were destroyed from their
homes and there Were pushed out of where their home was for
generations.
5. Communalism
• Racism
• Regionalism
• Linguist
• Racism
6. For a nation state that does not respect the rights and cultural
identity of minority groups under its rules, it is difficult to gain the
loyalty of its members, for this the states have to be made more
and more democratic
andhomogenoussothatdifferentculturalandracialPeopleofidentityc
an live like equal citizens and friends in the country.
FiveMarksAnswers
1. (a)PanditJawaharlalNehru
(b) Theauthershowsunityinspiteofhavingdifferentreligions,language
s, castes in his country.
(c) Political misfortune means the time of long subservience that
India suffered during the British period.
2. (a)Theauthorwantsthatthestatesshouldnothavebordersbuteveryon
e should work for the good of humanity so that the world looks
like a Vishwagram.
(b) Patriotism has led to the decline of the empire, so the human
being should be given priority and not the state or the nation.
(c) TheauthormeansthatweshouldwalktowardsattainingVishwagr
am, not to create boundaries of the country or nation.
3. (a)Generally people attach national flag national anthem, national

XI–PoliticalScience 250
anthem, patriotism, sacrifice to the country etc.

251 XI–PoliticalScience
 (b) Nationalism is depicted in the picture by casting votes, paying
taxes, respecting laws, being a countryman or cheering the
team while winning.
(c) Agoodcitizentofollowthelaws,vote,paytaxontime,feelproudto
be a countryman, protect historic buildings etc.
SixMarksAnswers
1. (i)Sharedhistory
(ii) Sharedtrust
(iii) Sharedlandarea
(iv) Commonpoliticalideals
(v) Commonpoliticalidentity
2. Democratic governments struggle to be equitable and inclusive;
they are adeptatdealingwith [Link],
theworldisdreaming ofaworld class,in sucha waythattheconflict-
prone powersobstructthe dream of such obstacles. Can be
resolved and the country concerned will have to show its ability
and efficiency.
It is necessary that we accept the veracity of these claims of
national
identity,butthisdoesnotmeanthatwearetolerantofnationalismandha
ve any sympathy with one of the ethnic forms.
3. (i)Regionalism
(ii) Declineofmoralvalues
(iii) Religiousdiversity
(iv) Economicdisparity
(v) Linguisticasymmetry

XI–PoliticalScience 252
Chapter -8
MainPoints:-
➢ MeaningofSecularism
➢ SupremacybetweenReligions
➢ AfterDominationwithinWealth
➢ SecularState
➢ EuropeanModelofSecularism
➢ IndianModelofSecularism
➢ RighttoReligiousFreedom
➢ CriticismofIndianSecularism

Secularismmeans:-
• Freedom to all people to follow and propagate their religion
without
anydiscrimination,thatis,whenthestatedoesnotdiscriminateabo
ut religion.
• India is a country of various leaders, the task of providing
equal opportunities to all to maintain democracy is difficult.
Hence, with the 42nd amendment to the Indian Constitution,
the term secularism was added. The Declaration of the
constitution declares to oppose hegemony, to oppose the
domination of religion and to promote equality between and
among different religions, etc.

Supremacybetweenreligions:-
• Every Indian citizen has the right to live with freedom and
dignity in any part of the country, yet many examples of
discrimination are
prevalent,inwhichthedominationbetweenreligionsisbiggerbecau
se we consider our own religion superior.

XI–PoliticalScience 254
 In2002
Thousandsof Kashmiri
ManyMuslims
Sikhs were Pandits
were killed in
killedin1984 expelledfro
Gujaratriotsand
Sikhriots. m Kashmir.
left the place.

SupremacisminsideReligion:-
(i) Womenand DalitswerebarredfromenteringintotheTemples.
(ii) InmostoftheMosques, womenarenot allowed.

SecularState:-
• State where no religion has been given official (legal)
recognition by the government.
• Importanceoftheconceptofequalityofallreligions.
• Stopthedominationofthereligiousgroup.
• There should be a clear distinction between religious
institutions and institutions of state, only then peace, freedom
and equality will be established.
• Avoidinganykindofreligiousassociation.
• In such symptoms, one should be committed to principles that
give importance to freedom from peace, freedom, religious
oppression, discrimination and taboo.

EuropeanModelofSecularism:-
• American Model of Religion and the separation of state power
is
[Link]
rs of state power.

255 XI–PoliticalScience
 • This concept describes freedom and equality in an
individualistic manner.
• Thereisnoplaceforpro-statereligiousreformsinsecularism.

IndianModelofSecularism:-
• Indian secularism doesnot merelyemphasizethe separation
between religion and state.
• Givesfreedomtominorityandallpersonstoadoptreligion.
• In Indian constitution, minorities have the right to find their
own problems and can also get help through state power.
• After the 42nd Amendment 1976 in the Preamble of the Indian
Constitution, the word ‘secular’ was added.
• Amongthefundamentalrights,therighttoreligiousfreedom,therig
ht to equality and the right to education and culture provides
equal opportunities to all religions.

Right to Religious Freedom:-

Articles25to Article28
Article 25 • EverypersonlivinginIndiacanfollowanyreligion.
• Can believe in any religion
• Canpromoteownreligion

Article 26 • Freedomtomanagereligiousaffairsisprovided

Article 27 • Nopersonwillbeforcedtopayanytaxwhichisuseful
for the promotion of any religion.

Article 28 • Religious education has been banned in

government educational institutions.

XI–PoliticalScience 256
CriticismsofIndianSecularism:-
• According to the opponents, secularism is anti-religion and
poses athreat to religious identity.
• Importedfromthewest.
• [Link].
• Promotesvotebankpolitics.
• ExtremelyinterventionistbecauseIndiansecularismallowsstate-
backed religious reform.

ImpossibleProject:-
• The policyof secularism wants to do a lot but this project isfar
from the truth which is impossible.
• Despite many criticisms, India's secularism represents a
reflection of their future world. Great experiments are being
done in India been watched over by the world. Some countries
of Europe, America and Middle East have started to look like
India due to the diversity of religiousculture.

QUESTIONNAIRE
MCQs
1. Assertion(A):Article25stipulatesthatallpersonshavetherightto
extertain any religious belief and to propagate it.
Reason(R):ThestatecannotregulateorrestricttheEconomic,Financial,
Political or other secular activities associated with religious practices.
A. A istruebutR isfalse
B. Aisfalseand Ristrue
C. BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrectexplanationofA.
D. BothAandRaretrueandRisnotthethecorrectexplanatioofA.

257 XI–PoliticalScience
2. WhatisSecularism?
3. Whatissecular/secularstate?
4. IsIndiaasecular/secularstate?
5. Whatdoes“Ataturk”mean?
6. Whatwasthenewnameof“MustafaKamalPasha”?
7. Whenwasthe termsecularaddedtotheIndianConstitution?
8. UnderwhicharticlesreligiousfreedomisgiveninIndianconstitution?
9. Writeafeatureofthesecularstate.
10. Whatdoes“communalism”mean?
11. WhatisthedangerofcommunalismtoIndiandemocracy?
12. WhattypeofstateinIndia?
(a)Hindustate (b)Muslimstate
(c)Religiousstate (d)Secularstate
13.
WhichArticleoftheIndianconstitutionrovidedreligiousfreedomtoIndia
n citizens?
A. 29thto38th
B. 25thto28th
C. 19thto22nd
D. 14thto18th
14. WhattypeofstateisIndia?
(a) Hindustate
(b) Muslimstate
(c) ReligiousState

XI–PoliticalScience 258
(d) SecularState.

259 XI–PoliticalScience
16. Thespecialtyofasecularstateis–
(a) Thestatehasnoreligion
(b) Religiousfreedom
(c) Equalityinallreligions
(d) Alloftheabove.

17. InindependentIndia“equalprotectionbythestatetoallreligions”.Whois
this statement?
(a) MahatmaGandhi
(b) [Link]
(c) JawaharlalNehru
(d) NetajiSubhashChandraBose.

18. ThereisareasonforcriticismofIndiansecularism–
(a) Thestatehasnoreligionof itsown.
(b) Religiousfreedomisdescribedintheconstitution.
(c) Advocatesfortherightsofminorities.
(d) Indianstateopposesreligiousatrocities.

19. Isthereanobstacleinthepathofsecularism?
(a) Communalparties
(b) Communalism
(c) Racism
(d) Alloftheabove.

20. Correctandrewritethefollowingstatements.
“RighttoreligiousfreedombelongstoPartFouroftheIndianConstitution”.
21. Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestions.
[Link]
[Link],[Link]

XI–PoliticalScience 251
 sense Nehru was quite different fromAtaturk of [Link], they
were religion and [Link] also not in favor ofsevering
[Link] totheirview,secularstate
powercaninterfereinthematterofreligionfor the improvement of
society. To enact laws for the elimination of caste
discrimination,dowryandsatiandNehruhimselfplayedanimportantrol
e in providing legal rights and social freedom to women.
21.1. Whatdoessecularism meanbyNehru?
(a) Thestatewillhaveitsown specialreligion.
(b) Allreligionswillhaveequalprotection bythestate.
(c) Thestatewill makelawsforreligion.
(d) Nonesuitable.
21.2 Whichreligion didNehrufollow?
(a) JawaharlalNehruusedtofollowHinduism.
(b) JawaharlalNehruJifollowedBuddhism.
(c) JawaharlalNehruused tofollowChristianity.
(d) JawaharlalNehrudidnotfollowanyreligionhimself.
21.3 NehruwasrelatedtoAtaturkofTurkey:-
(a) wasafollowerofAtaturk
(b) wasanassociate ofAtaturk
(c) haddifferentviewsthanAtaturk'sviews
(d) were opposedtoAtaturk.
21.4 Nehru’sviewsontherelationshipbetweenreligionandthestatewere–
(a) Nehrujiwasinfavorofseveringcompleterelationbetween
religion and state.
(b) Nehruji
wasnotinfavorofseveringcompleterelationbetween
religion and state.
(c) Nehrusawreligionandstatefromtwodifferentperspectives.
(d) Noneoftheabove

Filltheblanks:-

XI–PoliticalScience 260
22. Secularstateiscalledthatwhichisnotbasedon...........................

261 XI–PoliticalScience
23. Religiontoallpeopleinasecularstate isreceived.
24. AccordingtoArticle oftheIndianConstitution,allcitizens
arefreetofollowanyreligion.
25. In1976,byamending Indiawasdeclaredasasecularstatein
cleartermsbyaddingthewordseculartothePreambleoftheConstitution.
26. NehruJiwasthe ofIndiansecularism.
27. Writetrueor false infrontofeachofthefollowingstatements– (5×1)
(a) Indiaisatheocraticstate.
(b) Pakistanisareligionreligion.
(c) Jawaharis donein Indiawithdifferent castesand classes.
(d) In1928,thenewTurkishalphabetwasadoptedinmodifiedLatinform.
(e) Communalismimpedesthedevelopmentofsociety.

TwoMarksQuestions

1. Whatdoestheword‘Dharma’mean?

2. Givetwowaystomaintainsecularism.

3. WhatisthespecialtyofIndiansecularism?

4. Whatdoyouunderstandbythetheoreticaldistanceofthestate in
religion?

5. Writetwoshortcomingsofsecularism.

6. HowdidTurkeyadoptsecularisminthetwentiethcentury?

7. Explain themeaningofendreligiousdomination.

8. Whatisthebasicmantraofwesternsecularism?Howisthisan
example of domination?

XI–PoliticalScience 260
9. Issecularismallowedforaminoritycommunitytomakeitsown
educational institution? Give reasons.

FourMarksQuestions

1. WhatisthedifferencebetweenIndianconceptofsecularismand
Westernconcept?

2. Whatisthemeaningofcommunalism?Whatarethewaysto
prevent this?

3. Whatis thereasonforadoptingsecularism in India?

4. Whyisthesecularstatecriticized?

FiveMarksQuestions
1. Studythe givenpicturecarefullyandanswerthe questionsplease.
(2+2+1=5)

(i) WhatdidtheFrenchgovernmentbaneducationalinstitutions?
(ii) IsFranceaSecularState?

XI–PoliticalScience 262
 (iii) Whatisthedifferencebetweentheideaofsecularismbetween
France and India?

SixMarksQuestions

1. WhytodiscusscriticismofIndiansecularism?

2. TheemphasisofIndiansecularismisnoton
theseparationofreligionand states, but more than that, explain this
statement.

3. Issecularismjustifiedinthefollowingthings?
(i) Toprovidefinancialgrantforthepilgrimagesiteofminority
community?
(ii) Toconductreligiousritualsingovernmentoffices?

ANSWERS

OneMarkAnswers
1. (c)BothAandRare trueandR is thecorrectexplantionofA.
2. Secularism is an ideologyin which it is the duty ofthe government /
state to provide equal opportunities to all without discrimination
between differentreligions.

3. Asecular/secularstateisonewhichhasnoreligion/creedofitsownand
doesnotpressurizeitscitizenstofollowanyreligion/[Link]
es are neither religious, nor any religion. Establish a particular
religion.

4. Yes, India is a secular / secular state. You can find its description
only in
[Link]

263 XI–PoliticalScience
 t to religious freedom.

5. ‘Ataturk’means“fatherofTurks”.

XI–PoliticalScience 264
6. MustafaKamalPashachangedhisnameto‘KamalAtaturk’.

7. ThetermsecularwasaddedtotheIndianConstitutionbythe42ndConsti
tution Amendment in 1976.

8. Freedomtopractice,practiceandpropagatereligionisgivenunderArtic
les 25 to 28 in the Indian Constitution.

9. [Link]
n nor does it make laws based on religion.

10. Using one religious community against another community and

nation is calledcommunalism.

11. CommunalriotsarecarriedoutbyanarchistelementsinIndia,thendem
ocracy of India is affected and this hinders social progress.

12. (d)SecularState

13. (B)25thto28th

14. (A)Whichisnot basedonanyreligion

15. (C)42nd

16. (D)All oftheabove

17. (c)JawaharlalNehru

18. (c)Advocatesfortherightsofminorities

19 (d)Alloftheabove

[Link].

21.1 Allreligionswillbeequallyprotectedbythestate.
21.2 JawaharlalNehrudidnotfollowanyreligionhimself.
21.3 differedfromAtaturk'sviews.

265 XI–PoliticalScience
21.4 NehruJiwasnotinfavorofseveringcompleterelationbetween
religion and state.

Filltheblanks:-
22. Religion

23. Freedom

24. Article25

25. 42ndConstitutionAmendment

26. Philosopher

27. (a)False (b)True (c)False (d)True (e)True

TwoMarksAnswers
1. Toperformduty
Therearemanyreligionsofreligion.

2. (i)Thestateisnotrelatedtoanyreligion.
(ii)Donotfavoranyreligion.

3. Therighttoequalityintheconstitutionwithoutanyreligiousdiscriminatio
n, respecting everyone as their religion, equality before the law,
regardless of religion.

4. Thestatehasnoreligionofitsown.

5. i) Politicsofvotebank.
ii) animpossibleproject.

6. i)Ban onmuslimswearingaspecialhat.
ii) Emphasisonwearingwesterndress.

XI–PoliticalScience 266
7. i) To get a particular community to be dominated or arbitrary
within a particular religion.
ii) Exploitationanddiscrimination ofwomenandDalit.

8. i)RelationbetweenreligionandRajyaSabhaisdifferent.
ii) Bothdonotinterfereineachother.
iii) The use of the internet,wearing western clothing, consuming
McDonald’s food and drinks, the prevalence of millions of
things is calleddominationism.

9. Yes, because according to Article 29, minorities have the right to

retain their specialty, script or culture. Article 31: Minorities and all
others can get education of their interest.

FourMarksAnswers
1. i) ReligioustoleranceinIndianotinWesterncountries.
ii) Protectionofminorities,notdiscriminationwithdiversitynotin the
west.

2. Togivemoreimportancetoyourreligion,considerotherreligion to be
inferior.
i) Toendrecognitionofdiscriminatorypoliticalparties.
ii) Punishingtheofficials.
iii) Changesin educationalmaterials.
iv) Prohibitthenewsthatcreatesdiscrimination.

3. Tomaintainfraternityequalityamongpeopleofdifferentlanguage,cast
e, religion.

4. i) Secularismisconsideredanimpossibleproject.
ii) Thepoliticsofvote bank getsaboost.

267 XI–PoliticalScience
 iii) Financial assistance to minorities and numbers opposing the
right to equality.

FiveMarksAnswers
1. i) Banningofwearingofturbans,wearingofburqas,religioussymbols.
ii) FranceistheEuropeanmodelofsecularism.
iii) Franceprohibitssymbolsofreligion,notIndia.
• YoucandopublicityofyourreligioninIndiabutnotinFrance.

SixMarksAnswers
1. Anti-
religion,fromtheWest,promotingminorityism,interventionist,vote
bank politics is an impossible project.

2. Toinstillafeelingoflove,fraternity,unityinpeople,topreserveintegrity,
to develop cultural language of minority people.

3. i) Yes,itisjustified,sothatminoritiescan spreadtheirreligion, and

respect the feelings of the economically backward.
ii) No, it is against secularism because rituals of a particular
religion in government office is against other religions.

XI–PoliticalScience 268
 PracticeQuestionPaper-3(2020-21)
Time:3HoursMaximum Marks80

GeneralInstructions:

• ThequestionpaperhasthreesectionsasA,B&C.
• Section'A'has24questions,attemptany20questions.
• Section'B'has24questions,attemptany20questions.
• Section*Chas12questions,attemptany10questions.
• [Link]
awarded for markingmore than oneoption.
• [Link].
• Markswillbe0.8(50x0.8=40MaximumMarks)awardedforone
rightoption.

SECTION:A

Attemptany20questions.

1. Which among the following statement is not correct about

IndianConstitutionalAmendment.

(a) Allamendmentstotheconstitutionareinitiatedonlyinthe
Parliament.

(b) Provisionhasbeengiveninthearticle368toamendtheConstitution.

(c) Referendumisrequiredforratificationoftheamendment.

(d) PresidenthasnopowertosendConstitutionAmendmentbillback
forreconsideration.

269 XI–PoliticalScience
 2. WhowasthefirstPresidentofindependentIndia?

(a) PanditNehru (b) SardarPatel

(c) [Link] (d) [Link]

3. WhatwasthedurationofthesittingsoftheConstituentAssembly?

(a) 1year (b) 2years

(c) 2years11months (d) 3years

4. [Link] ofthe
ConstituentAssembly.

(a) UnionRightsCommittee (b) StateCommittee

(c) DraftingCommittee (d)FundamentalRightsCommittee

5. Which of the following principleshasnotbeenadaptedfrom

the Constitution of France?

(a) Freedom (b) Equality

(c)Fraternity (d)FundamentalRights

6. Payingwageslessthantheminimumwagesfixedbythegovernment
isaviolationofwhichfundamentalrightofthecitizens?

(a) RighttoEquality (b) RighttoFreedom

(c) RighttoEducation (d) RightAgainstExploitation

7. WhicharticledealswiththeprocessofConstitutionalamendment?

(a) Article361 (b) Article363

(c) Article365 (d) Article368

XI–PoliticalScience 268
8. By the use of ,anycitizencanchoosenottovoteforanyof the
contesting candidates.
(a)NOTA (c) QUOTA
(b)POTA (d) GOTA
9. Which of the following is known as the upper house of the Indian
Parliament?
(a) LokSabha (c) LegislativeAssembly
(b) RajyaSabha (d) ZilaParishad
10. BywhomtheElectionCommissionerofIndiaisappointed?
(i) TheChiefJusticeofIndia
(ii) PrimeMinister
(iii) LeaderofOpposition
(iv) PresidentofIndianontheadviceofCouncilofMinisters.
Choose the right answer -
(a) (i)and(ii) (b) (ii)and(iii)
(c) (i)and(iii) (d) Only(iv)
11. Whenwasthe74constitutionalamendmentpassedbytheParliament?
(a) 3990 (b) 1991
(c) 1992 (d) 1995
12. In order to strengthen the Panchayati Raj, subjectshavebeen
identified and listed in the 11th Schedule by the Constitutional
Amendment?
(a) 10 (b)15
(c)25 (d)29

XI–PoliticalScience 270
13. WhichinstitutionisatthetoplevelintheThreeTierPanchayatiRaj
System?

(a) GramPanchayat (b)MandalPanchayat

(c)ZillaPanchayat (d) GramSabha

14. bookwaswrittenbyMahatmaGandhi.

(a) TheRepublic (b) LongWalktoFreedom

(c) HindSwaraj (d) DiscoveryofIndia

15. WhendidtheConstituentAssemblyadoptedourConstitution?

(a) 15August1947 (b) 15November1947

(c) 26November1949 (d) 26January1950

16. Whichisconsideredtobethebestformofgovernance?

(a) Democracy (b)Monarchy

(c) Dictatorship (d)Militaryrule

17. Whichtype(s) of'Justice' ismentioned inthe Preambleofour

Constitution?

(i) Social (ii) Economic

(iii)Political

Choosethecorrectoption.

(a) only(i) (b) (i)and(ii)only

(c)(ii)and(iii)only (d) (i),(ii),(iii)allthree

271 XI–PoliticalScience
18. Whichdayiscelebratedon10thDecember?

(a) IndependenceDay (b) RepublicDay

(c)HumanRightsDay (d)EnvironmentDay

19. In 1948, oftheUnitedNationsadoptedandproclaimedthe

UniversalDeclarationof HumanRights.

(a) GeneralAssembly

(b) SecurityCouncil

(c) InternationalCourtofJustice

(d) TrusteeshipCouncil

20. Whichofthefollowingare'PoliticalRights'?

(i) VotingRight (ii) Contestingelections

(iii)Formingapoliticalparty (iv) Campaigninginelections

Choose the correct option.

(a) Only(i)&(ii) (b) Only(ii)&(iii)

(c) Only(i)(ii)&(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii),(iv)

21. Ifthereisadelayinthecompletionofanyofyourworkingovernment
office,thenbywhichrightyoucangetinformation?

(a) Righttoequality

(b) Righttofreedom

(c) RighttoConstitutionalRemedies

(d) Righttoinformation

XI–PoliticalScience 272
22. InwhichfielddoestheorganizationGreenpeacework?

(a) Environmentalprotection

(b) Businessrules

(c) Organizingsportscompetitions

(d) Railtraffic

23. Thepaceofdevelopmentofthecountriesofwhichcontinentwasbadly
affected due to colonial rule?

(i) Asia (ii) Africa

(iii) NorthAmerica

Choosethecorrectoption.

(a) Only(i) (b) Only(i)&(ii)

(c) Only(ii)&(iii) (d) All(i)(ii),(iii)

24. Whichofthefollowingpublishes'HumanDevelopmentReport'
annually?

(a) UNDP (b) UNICEF

(c) UNESCO (d) UNSC

(Section-B)

Attemptany20questions.

25. Whichofthefollowingisthebestdescriptionof FundamentalRights?

(a) Alltherightsanindividualshouldhave.

(b) Allrightsgiventocitizenbylaw.

273 XI–PoliticalScience
 (c) TherightsgivenandprotectedbytheConstitution.

(d) TherightsgivenbytheConstitutionthatcannoteverberestricted.

26. WhichRightisconsideredasthe'HeartandSoul'ofourConstitution?

(a) RighttoFreedom

(b) RighttoEquality

(c) RighttoConstitutionalRemedies

(d) RighttoFreedomofReligion

27. Fromwhichcountry'sConstitutiontheprovisionof'PowerofJudicial
Review' has been adopted?

(a) Ireland (b) America

(c) Canada (d) France

28. Inwhichyearthe'42ndConstitutionalAmendment'waspassed?

(a) 1970 (b) 1972

(c) 1976 (d) 1982

29. WhatisthenameofthenationallegislatureofIsrael?

(a) Congress (b) Duma

(c) Knesset (d) HouseofCommon

30. WhoappointstheDelimitationCommission?

(a) PrimeMinister (b) DefenseMinister

(c) President (d) SpeakerofLokSabha

XI–PoliticalScience 274
31. Inwhichyeartheageforvotingwasreducedfrom21yearsto18years
inIndia?

(a) 1985 (c) 1991

(b) 1989 (d) 1995

32. Choosethewrongstatement

(a) IndianConstitutionhasguaranteedfreedomtothepeople.

(b) Freedomisafundamentalrightoftheindividual.

(c) Thepoliciesofthegovernmentdonotaffectthecitizens.

(d) Politicsisanimportantpartofanysociety.

33. WhoamongthefollowingisaPhilosopher?

(i) Aristotle (ii) Socrates

(iii)Plato

Choosethecorrectoption.

(a)Only(i) (b) Only(i)and(ii)

(c) Only(ii)and(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii)

34. Assertion:Afterpartition,thenumberofmembersoftheConstituent
Assembly was reduced to 299.

Reason:DuetoPartition,theelectedmembersfromtheterritoriesof
PakistanwerenotmembersoftheConstituentAssemblyofIndia.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

275 XI–PoliticalScience
 (b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

35. Whatarethe'Rights'?

(i) Aclaimwhichisjustified.

(ii) AClaimwhicharerecognizedbythesociety.

(iii) Demandswhichareverynecessaryforthebesthuman
development.
Choosethecorrectoption.

(a) Only(i) (b) Only(i)and(ii)

(c) Only(ii)and(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii)

36. WhatismeantbyCivilLiberties?

(i) Freedomofexpressionofideas

(ii) RighttoDissent

Choosethecorrectoption,

(a) only(i) (b) only(ii)

(c) Both(i)and(ii) (d) Noneoftheabove

37. Citizens should always be aboutthecontrolsimposedon

theirrights.

(a)Indifferent (c) Inactive

(b)Aware (d) Detached

XI–PoliticalScience 276
38. InwhichstatedidtheChipkomovementstart?

(a) Gujarat (b) MadhyaPradesh

(c)Uttarakhand (d) Kerala

39. Inwhichcountrythemovementcalled'MovementforSurvivalofOgoni
People'started?

(a) Libya (c) Nigeria

(b) Brazil (d)Australia

40. Assertion:DirectivePrinciplesofPolicyarenon-JusticiableRights.

Reason : If the government does not implement any Directive

Principles of Policy, then we cannot go to court askingthe court to
instructthegovernmenttoimplementthatpolicy.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

(b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

41. Assertion:ThemembersofConstituentAssemblydidnotadoptthe
'Separate Electorates for India'.

Reason:Manymembersexpressedafearthatthissystemwillnot suit
our purposes.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

277 XI–PoliticalScience
 (b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

42. Assertion:Politicalprinciplesarerelevanttoallofus.

Reason : Political theory refines our thoughts and enables us

tocommunicateeffectively.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

(b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

43. Assertion:Rightsplaceanobligationuponthestatetoactincertain kind

of ways.

Reason:Eachrightsindicateswhatthestatemustdoaswellwhatit
mustnot do.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

(b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

XI–PoliticalScience 278
44. WorldWildlifeFundisrelatedtowhichofthefollowing?

(a) MilitaryOrganization

(b) SportsOrganization

(c) ProtectionofEnvironmentandWildlife

(d) GlobalBusiness

45. Assertion:ThepeopleofmanycountriesofAsiaandAfricahavelow
standard of living.

Reason:Education,medicalandotherfacilitiesareverypoorinthese countries
ofAsia andAfrica.

(a) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectandtheReasonis
thecorrectexplanationof theAssertion.

(b) BoththeAssertionandtheReasonarecorrectbuttheReasonis
notthecorrectexplanationoftheAssertion.

(c) TheAssertionisincorrectbuttheReasoniscorrect.

(d) TheAssertioniscorrectbuttheReasonisincorrect.

46. Which of the following is a characteristic of an ideal development

project0

(i) Durable (ii) Justifiable

(iii)DemocraticParticipationCh

oose the correct option.

(a)Only(i) (b) Only(i)and(ii)

(c) Only(ii)and(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii)

279 XI–PoliticalScience
47. InIndianConstitution'CulturalandEducationalRights'isaFundamental
right. What isincluded in this right:

(i) Protectionoflanguage,cultureofminorities

(ii) Rightofminoritiesto establisheducationalinstitutions

(iii) Freedomtomanagereligiousaffairs

Choose the correct option.

(a) Only(i) (b) Only(i)and(ii)

(c) Only(ii)and(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii)

48. Whenwasthe'Righttoproperty'removedfromthelistofFundamental
rights?

(a) 1975 .(b) 1978

(c) 1980 (d) 1985

(Section-C)

Attemptany10questions.

49. Studythepicturegivenbelowandanswerthequestion:

XI–PoliticalScience 280
 Whatisthepersonstandinginthemiddleofthepicturetryingtodo?
(a) Helpingtoplaythetune.
(b) Ignoringtheviewsofbothsides.
(c) Tryingtobalancebetweendifferentvisionsandideologies.
(d) Enjoyingthemusic.
[Link] song?
(a) VandeMataram (b)JanaGanaMana
(c) Both(a)and((b)above (d) Noneoftheabove
50. Studythecartoongivenbelowandanswerthequestion:

WhydoesNetajilookworredinthisCartoon?
(a) TheElectionCommissionhasstartedusingmoreeffectivelythe
powersitalwayshadintheconstitution.
(b) Duetolackoffinance.
(c) Duetonotgettingthesymbolofownchoice.
(d) Noneoftheabove.

281 XI–PoliticalScience
 This question is for visually impaired candidates only What is the
minimumageofacandidateforcontestingtheRajyaSabhaelection?

(a) 18years (b) 21years

(c) 25years (d) 30years

51. Studythepicturegivenbelowandanswerthequestion:

WhatdoestheFlagsymbolizes?

(a) Expectationsofpeopleaboutlocalgovernment.

(b) Expectationsofpeopleaboutemployment.

(c) Expectationsofpeopleabouteducation.

(d) Expectationsofpeopleabouttrade.

The following question is for visually impaired candidates only It is

necessary for the state government to appoint a State finance
commission once in every years.

(a) 2 (b) 4

(c) 5 (d) 7

Readthegivenpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestions:

Asearlyas the Constitution forIndia Bill(1895),the first non-officialattempt

atdraftingaConstitutionforIndia,theauthordeclaredthateverycitizen,i.e.
anyoneborninIndia,had arightto takepart inthe affairsofthecountryand
[Link](1928)reaffirmsthis
conceptionofeithersexwhohasattainedtheageof21years,isentitledto vote
for House of Representatives.

XI–PoliticalScience 282
52. InwhichyeartheConstitutionofIndiaBillcame?

(a) 1885 (b) 1890

(c) 1895 (d) 1899

53. InwhichyeardidtheMotilalNehruReportcameoutwithreferenceto the

concept of citizenship?

(a) 1920 (b) 1925

(c) 1928 (d) 1930

54. WhatwasthevotingageproposedintheMotilalNehruReportforthe Lok

Sabha?

(a) 15years (b) 18years

(c) 20years (d) 21years

55. Atpresent,whatistheminimum agetovoteingeneralelectionsin India?

(a) 15years (b) 18years

(c) 21years (d) 24years

Readthegivenpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestions:

Asourworldchanges,wemaydiscovernewdimensionsof freedomas
[Link]
ismakingiteasierforactivisttonetworkwithoneanotheroftheworldfor
protectingtribal cultures or forests but it also enables terrorist and
criminals
[Link],internetcommerceisallsettoincreaseinthefuture.
Thismeansthatinformationwegiveaboutourselvesonlinetobuygoods
orservicesmust [Link] (Citizensofinternet) do
not like governmentcontrol, theyrecognise that some formof regulation
isnecessarytosafeguardindividualsecurityandprivacy.

283 XI–PoliticalScience
56. WhichwordisusedinEnglishlanguageforinternetusers?

(a) Writer (b) Reader

(c)Netizens (d) Gamer

57. Internetcommerceisallsetto inthefuture.

(a)Increase (c) Stable

(b)Decrease (d) Nochange

58. Internetismakingit fortheactivisttonetworkwithoneanother

oftheworldforprotectingtribalculturesorforests.

(a) Easier (b) Difficult

(c)Tough (d) Impossible

59. Whichofthefollowingisasocialmediaplatform?

(i) WhatsApp (ii)Facebook

(iii)InstagramChoosethecorrectoption.

(a)Only(i) (b) Only(i)and(ii)

(c) Only(ii)and(iii) (d) All(i),(ii),(iii)

60. Whichofthefollowingisimportantwhileusinginternet?

(a) Individual'sSecurity (b)Individual'sPrivacy

(c) (a)and(b)both (d) Noneoftheabove

XI–PoliticalScience 284
 PracticeQuestionPaper-2(2021-22)
Time:3HoursMaximum Marks80

GeneralInstructions:
1. Thequestionpaperhas3sectionsA,BandC.
2. SectionAhas 8 questions of 2 marks [Link] to these
questions should he completed within 50 words each.
3. Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks [Link] to these
[Link] to
map question should he attempted accordingly.
4. Section Chas 2 questions of 6 marks [Link] these
questions should he completed within 170 words each.

SECTION:A

1. WhatisthenameofourNationalLegislature?Writethenameoftwo
houses 2 it has.

OR
WhichhousesareknownasUpperHouseandLowerHouseinIndian
2Parliament?

2. MentionanyonefunctionofParliament. 2

3. WhatisanExecutive? 2

4. Whatis'pocketveto'?

5. WritethefullformofUPSCandIAS.

6. Whowrotethebookstitled'LongwalktoFreedom'and'Freedomfrom
Fear'?

285 XI–PoliticalScience
7. WhatisFeminism?

8. Whatdoesitmenatogiveeachpersonhis/herdue?

INDIA-POLITICALANDADJACENTCOUNTRIES m
fo3fTCn?Wt
%

Inthegivenmapof Indiafourstateswhichhave bicamerallegislature are

shown withA, B, C and D. Identifythese and write in the table
mentioned as below-

[Link]. ConcernedAlphabet NameofState

XI–PoliticalScience 286
9. ThisQuestionsisonlyforBlindCandidates(inplaceofQ9).

WritethenameofanyfourStateshavingBicameralLegislature.

10. Thereisaviewthatabsoluteeconomicequalityisneitherpossiblenor
[Link] arguedthatthemost asocietycan doisto tryandreduce
thegaps betweentherichestandpoorest members of [Link] you
agree?

11. Brieflyexplain'JohnRawl'stheoryofJustice'. 4

Section-C

12. Which subjects come under Appellate and Advisory jurisdiction of

SupremeCourt?

OR

DrawthediagramdescribingthestructureofJudiciary.

13. Whatisthedifferencebetweenthenegativeandpositiveconception
ofliberty?

OR

Whatismeantbyfreedomofexpression?Whatinyourviewwouldbe
aWritewithreasonablerestrictiononthisfreedom?Writewithexample.

287 XI–PoliticalScience
 PRACTICEPAPER

OnemarksQuestions:
1. Whydoweneedaconstitution?

2. WhatisfullformofFPPS?

3. Whoallotssymboltopoliticalparties?

4. WhichtypesofelectoralsystemisusedinRajyaSabhaelection?

5. Whatisuniversaladultfranchise?

6. WhyindependentstatusisgiventoelectioncommissionofIndia?

7. Writetypesofexecutives?

8. WhichtypesofexecutivesisadoptedinIndia?

9. WhatisdiscretionarypowerofpresidentofIndia?

10. DoespresidenthaveanyroleinchoosingprimeministerofIndia?

11. HowpermanentexecutiveisappointedinIndia?

12. Why12membersarenominatedinRajyaSabha?

13. Whichbilliscalledprivatebillinparliament?

14. Howjudgesareappointedinsupremecourt?

15. Whosolvesamatterifcontroversyarisesamongstates?

16. Whatisjudicialactivism?

17. WritenameofmatteronwhichPILhasfilledrecentlyinSupremeCourt?

XI–PoliticalScience 288
18. Whatdoyouunderstandbyfederalism?

19. ConceptoffederalisminIndiaisadoptedfromwhichcountry?

20. Whatdoyouunderstandbyconcurrentlist?

21. WherewasfirstmunicipalcorporationconstitutedinIndia?

22. WhoisactualheadofexecutiveinIndia?

23. WhatwasthemainsloganoftheFrenchrevolution?

24. Whowrote'OnLiberty'?

25. Whichconstitutionalamendmentgavelegalstatustolocalgovernment?

26. MentionthepartsofIndianparliament?

27. WherecanwefinddirectdemocracyinIndia?

28. Whowrote'longwalktofreedom'?

29. Whatispositiveliberty?

30. Whatdoyouunderstandbyfeminism?

31. Whatisthedifferencebetweenlegalrightandfundamentalrights?

32. Explainnationandnationalism

33. Whatissecularism?

34. Writetwobeliefsofnationalism?

35. whodemandeddemocraticrightsfirst?

TwoMarksQuestions:

1. Writedifferenttypeoflegislature?

2. WhatistheroleofpreambleinIndianconstitution?

289 XI–PoliticalScience
3. Whatdoyouunderstandbythetermnation?

4. WhyIndianconstitutioniscalledfederalconstitution?

5. Whatdoyoumeanbyequalitybeforelaw?

6. JustifythestatementthatIndiaisasecularcountry.

7. Whatdoyouunderstandbyconstitutionalremedies?

8. Writetwosocio-economicrights?

9. Explaintheterm'swaraj'.

10. Definenegativeliberty.

1. AssertionandReasonbasedQuestion.
Assertion:Electioncommissionerworkswithoutanypressure.
Reason:Electioncommissionercanonlyberemovedbypariament from
their post.
(A) BothAandRaretrueandRiscorrectexplanationofA
(B) BothAandRaretruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanationofA
(C) AistruebutRisfalse
(D) AisfalsebutRistrue
2. Assertion(A):Politicalscienceandpoliticsaretwodifferentideologies.
Reason(R):Politicalscienceoriginatedbeforepoliticsitsbasedon
moralitywhereaspoliticsbasedonopportunityandconviences.
(A) AandRbotharefalse
(B) [Link]
(C) AistruebutRisfalse
(D) AandRbotharetruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanationof'A'.

XI–PoliticalScience 290
3. Assertion(A):Rightsarenecessaryfortheprotectionoflibertyand
dignity of an individual.
Reason(R):Indianconstitutionprovidesrighttocitizenship
A—Ais false and R is true
B—AandRbotharetrueandRisthecorrectexplantionofA C—Ais
true and R is false
D—Allabovearetrue
4. Assertion(A):Equalitybeforethelawisnotapplicabletothepresident
ofIndia.
Reason(R):ThepresidentofIndiaenjoysspecialpowersand privileges under
the constitution.
(A) BothA&RaretrueandRisthecorrectexplantionofA
(B) AistrueandRisfalse
(C) AandRbotharetruebutRisnotthecorrectexplnationofA

(D) Botharefalse

FourMarksQuestion

1. Whatarethequalificationofforbecomingmemberofparliament?

2. Writefederalfeaturesofindianconstitution.

3. Politicsoffectsourdailylifeexplain.

4. Writediffrencebetweennegativeandpositivefreedoms.

5. Howcanwepromoteequalityinourcountrysuggestfoursteps.

6. Howcanwedearwiththemovementofselfdetermination?

7. Writecriticismofindiansecularism?

8. Describethewritsissuedbysupremecourse.

291 XI–PoliticalScience
9. Whatistheimportanceoflocalgovernance.

10. Justicedelayedisjusticedeviedexplainthemeaningofthissentences.

SixMarksQuesion
1. [Link].

2. Describeany6suggestionofimprovetheindianelectionsystem?

3. Explainthepowersofpresident.

4. Whydoweneedtwohousesoftheparliament?

5. Writejurisdictionofthesupremecourt.

6. Whatdoyouunderstandbylocalgovernment?Howithasstrengthend
ourdemocracy.

7. Whyshouldwereadpoliticaltheory,explain.

8. Whatdoyouunderstandbyfreedomofexpression?Atwhatextent
freedom of expression should begiven.

9. ExplainRawl'stheoryofjustice.

10. Whatisrelationshipbetweenrightandduties,explain.

Note:Pleaserefertosupportmaterialformorequestions.

XI–PoliticalScience 292
 SAMPLEQUESTIONPAPER(2022-23)
Time:3HoursMaximum Marks80

Instructions:

i) Allquestionsarecompulsory.
ii) Questionnumbers1-12aremultiplechoicequestionsofonemark
each.
iii) Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these
questions should not exceed50wordseach.
iv) Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks [Link] to these
questions shouldnotexceed100 words each.
v) Question numbers 24-26 are passage,cartoon and map-based
[Link].
vi) Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks [Link] to these
questions should notexceed 170words.

SectionA

1. WhichofthefollowingprovisionsoftheIndianConstitutionwaspassed
without virtually anydebate?
(a) introductionofUniversalSuffrage
(b) FundamentalRights
(c) DirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicies
(d) ParliamentaryDemocracy

293 XI–PoliticalScience
 2. ThemembersoftheConstituentAssemblywere:
(a) Directlyelected
(b) NominatedbyCongressandMuslimLeague
(c) Indirectlyelected
(d) AppointedbytheGovernor-GeneralandGovernors
3. Theauthoritythatissuesthenotificationforelectionsis:
(a) PrimeMinister
(b) President
(c) Governor
(d) ChiefElectionCommissioner
4. After thepollinghas finished, thevotesare counted under the
supervisionof
(a) ElectionCommission
(b) PollingOfficer
(c) ReturningOfficersandObservers
(d) Delimitationofficer
5. The members of parliament are free to raise any matter,
whichaccording to them is important, during
(a) Adjournmentmotion
(b) Questionhour
(c) No-confidencemotion
(d) Zerohour
6. Confidenceorno-confidencemotioncanbemovedonlyin
(a) RajyaSabha

XI–PoliticalScience 294
 (b) LokSabha
(c) PlanningCommission
(d) EstimateCommittee
7. ThelongesttenureasthePrimeMinisterofIndiaisenjoyedby
(a) JawaharLaiNehru
(b) CharanSingh
(c) [Link]
(d) LaiBahadurShastri
8. ThePresidentcanberemovedby:
(a) TheRajyaSabha
(b) TheLokSabha
(c) TheElectoralCollege
(d) Impeachment
9. ThenumberofJudgesoftheSupremeCourtisfixedby:
(a) Pariiament
(b) Primefv'inister
(c) Presicent
(d) Cabinet
10. governmentisaboutthegovernmentclosesttothecommon
people.
(a) Local
(b) Union
(c) state
(d) Provincial

295 XI–PoliticalScience
11. IdentifytheauthorofHindSwaraj.

(a) [Link]

(b) [Link]

(c )Mahatma Gandhi

(d)Gokhle

12. AmbedkarandGandhibothchampionedthecauseofuntouchables, but

theycould not agree on

(a) Reservationsintheprivatesector

(b) Reservations

(c) Roleofjudiciary

(d) Roleofcottageindustry

SectionB

13. Whatdoyouunderstandbyabsolutefreedom?

14. Whatdoyoumeanbyproportionatejustice?

15. Whatdoyoumeanbyuniversalrights?

16. Whatisapartheid?Discussitsimpactoncitizenship.

17. Whatdoyoumeanbypluralism?

18. WritethemainfeaturesoftheWesternViewofSecularism

SectionC

19. Whytheconstraintsarenecessaryforfreedom?

XI–PoliticalScience 296
20. Explaintheareaofpoliticaltheory

21. Whataretheessentialsofthepositiveaspectofequality?

22. Howdoesthereservationhelpinsocialjustice?

23. NametheFundamentalRightswhicharegivenintheIndian
Constitution.

SectionD

24. Readthepassage(NCERTTextbook,page70)givenbelowcarefully
andanswerthequestionsthatfollows:

TheElectionCommissionhasverylimitedstaff [Link]
[Link],
oncetheelectionprocesshasbegun,thecommissionhascontrol
overtheadministrationasfaraselectionrelatedworkisconcerned.
Duringtheelectionprocess,theadministrativeofficersoftheState
andcentralgovernmentsareassignedelectionrelateddutyand,in
thisrespect,[Link]
ECcantransfertheofficers,orstoptheirtransfers;itcantakeaction
againstthemforfailingtoactinanon-partisanmanner.

Questions:

1. HowdoestheElectionCommissionconducttheelections?

2. Duringelectionprocess,whoareassignedelectionrelatedduty?

3. WhatarethepowersofElectionCommission?

4. Howelectioncommissionappointsstaff?

297 XI–PoliticalScience
25. Read the cartoon (NCERTTextbook, page 108) given below and
answerthe questionsthatfollow:

3April 1955
TheParliamentisthebossand theministers arelookingveryhumble
[Link] the Parliamentispowertosanctionmoneyto
differentministries.

1. Whatdoesthecartoonrepresent?
2. HowdoesParliamentcontroloverexecutivefinancially?
3. WhatarethefinancialpowersoftheParliament?
4. Whichhousecanpassmoneybill?
26. Readthepassage(NCERTTextbook,page95)givenbelowcarefully
andanswerthequestionsthatfollows:
[Link]
[Link],employeesofthe
local governments, and technical and managerial staffrunning public
[Link]
[Link]
alsowantedthemembersofthecivilservicesorbureaucracytobe

XI–PoliticalScience 298
 impartiallyselectedOn thebasisof merit. So,theUnionPublicService
Commission has been entrusted with the task of conducting the
processofrecruitment ofthe civil servantsfor the governmentofIndia.
SimilarpublicservicecommissionsareprovidedfortheStatesalso.
Members of the Public Service Commissions are appointed for a
[Link]
made bya judge of the SupremeCourt.
Questions:
1. Whatdoyoumeanbybureaucracy?
2. WhatdoestheIndianbureaucracyconsistof?
3. Howarethepublicservantsappointed?
4. Howcanthepublicservantsberemoved?
Section-E
27. Howisjudicialactivismrelatedtotheprotectionoffundamentalrights?
Hasithelpedinexpandingthescopeoffundamentalrights?
28. ListfourfeaturesoftheIndianConstitutionthatgivegreaterpowerto
thecentralgovernmentthantheStategovernment.
29. CriticallyexaminetheIndiansecularism?
30. WhatisthetheoryofNationalselfdetermination?

299 XI–PoliticalScience