VERNIER CALLIPER

Principle: A scale cannot measure objects which are smaller than 1mm but a vernier calliper can measure
objects up to 1mm. Vernier calliper has two scales the main scale and the vernier scale. Together this
arrangement is used to measure very small lengths like 0.1mm.

Here the main scale has the least count of 1mm and vernier scale has the least count of 0.9mm. Therefore 10
unit of the main scale is 10mm whereas 10 unit of vernier scale is 0.9mm. Hence, the difference between the
1 unit of main scale and 1 unit of vernier scale is 0.1mm.

Vernier Calliper Least Count:

The difference between the value of one main scale division and the value of one Vernier scale division is
known as the least count of the Vernier.

Least count of vernier calliper is the smallest value that we can measure from this device. Least count of
vernier calliper is the value of one main scale division divided by the total number of divisions on the vernier
scale.
Let’s assume if the value of one main scale division is 1mm and the total number of divisions on vernier
scale 10mm then the least count will be 0.1mm. Thus, least count is defined as the smallest distance that can
be measured from an instrument.

Vernier Calliper Zero Error:

Zero error in the vernier calliper is a mathematical error due to which, the zero of the vernier scale does not
coincide with the zero of the main scale. In other words, if the zero mark on the vernier scale doesn’t coincide
with the zero mark on the main scale, then the error that occurs is called zero error. They are of 2 types.

VIVEK KUMAR PANDEY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM, RANCHI 1

 1. Positive zero error
2. Negative zero error

No Zero Error:

In no zero error, when we bring two jaws together. We see zero of the Main scale is coinciding with the zero
of the vernier scale. they are exactly in a straight line so this vernier calliper is free from zero error.

Positive Zero Error:

In positive zero error, Let’s bring these jaws together. we see, the zero of vernier scale is ahead of main
scale zero. Or we can say zero of vernier scale is at the right side of main scale zero.

In both cases either it is ahead of main scale zero or it is the right side of main scale zero. this is called as
positive zero error.
Negative Zero Error:
In negative zero error, we will bring the two jaws together. Here we can see zero of vernier scale is the
back side of main scale zero. Or to the left of main scale zero.

VIVEK KUMAR PANDEY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM, RANCHI 2

So, if vernier scale zero is either backside or to the left of main scale zero, in both cases, zero error is the
negative zero error.

VIVEK KUMAR PANDEY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM, RANCHI 3

 SCREW GAUGE

Screw Gauge is a mechanical tool that is used to measure the diameter or radius or thickness of a thin metal
sheet with utmost precision. There are two scales known as Pitch Scale which is generally the main scale
and also is engraved on the barrel with upright lines.
Another one is the Circular scale which is engraved horizontally on the thimble. Pitch range determines the
range in millimetre (mm) travelled by the spindle per transformation. One change by the round range
amounts to the fifty percent of a millimetre of displacement of the screw is called a micrometre screw gauge.
The readings of screw gauge are more precise and accurate as compared to Vernier Callipers.

Parts of Screw Gauge:

It includes a U-shaped steel structure with a fixed stud.

• The right moveable Ratchet is a cylinder kind whose other end is called the spindle.
• A static straight scale or the main scale (usually in mm) is noted on a cylindrical tube.
• The second scale (moveable) is called a circular scale or a capped range (with 50 or 100 parts) which
is made use of a cap called thimble fitted over a cylindrical tube.
• The round scale is made as though one total turning of the cap relocate horizontally by 1 mm on the
main scale if circular scale cap relocates horizontally by 1 mm on the major scale if circular scale
division is 100 and also 0.5 mm in the main scale if the circular scale division is 50.

Least Count of Screw Gauge:

The least count of a screw gauge can also be found by the formula:

The least count of screw gauges is 0.01mm or 0.001cm.

VIVEK KUMAR PANDEY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM, RANCHI 4

Zero Error:

To find the zero error, shut the void between the pin and the stud of the screw gauge by rotating the ratchet
in the clockwise direction. If zero of circular range coincides with the index line, then the zero error will
certainly be zero. Zero error will be positive if zero of circular scale is behind the index line. In this instance,
multiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has actually not crossed the index line with the
least count of screw gauge to fine zero error.
Zero error will certainly be negative if zero of circular scale has actually crossed the index line. In this
situation, increase the number of divisions of the circular scale that has crossed the index line with the least
count of screw scale to find the zero error.

Working:

The size of a provided object can be found as follows:

• Shut the space in between the spindle and the stud of the screw gauge by turning the ratchet in the
clockwise direction.
• Note the main scale along with circular scale reading to locate zero error as well as for this reason
no modification of the screw gauge.
• Open the void in between stud and pin of the screw scale by turning the ratchet in the anti-clockwise
direction. Place the object in the void. Turn the ratchet to ensure that the object is pressed carefully
between the studs and also the spindle.
• Note main scale as well as circular scale readings to find the size of the object.
• Apply zero error to get the correct diameter of the object.

VIVEK KUMAR PANDEY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM, RANCHI 5