HUMAN REPRODUCTION

1. Why does failure of testes to descend into scrotum produce sterility?

(C.B.S.E. 2006 Comptt.)

2. Sperms have a tail whereas eggs do not. Why so? (C.B.S.E. 2007)
3. Mention the function of trophoblast in human embryo. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
4. Name of embryonic stage that gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human female.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)
5. What stimulates pituitary to release the hormone responsible for parturition? Name the
hormone. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
6. List the changes the primary oocyte undergoes in the tertiary follicular stage in the human
ovary. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
7. Write the location and function of Sertoli cells in humans. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
8. When do the oogenesis and spermatogenesis initiate in human females and males
respectively? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
9. Mention the difference between spermiogenesis and spermiation.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
10. Where is acrosome present in humans? Write its functions. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
11. Explain the function of umbilical cord. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
12. How is the entry of only one sperm and not many ensured into an ovum during fertilization
in humans? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
13. Identify the given figure and the part labeled ‘A’ (C.B.S.E. 2012)
14. Mention the location and function of Leydig cells in humans. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
15. Mention the function of mitochondria in sperm. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
16. What is monospermy? How is polyspermy prevented in humans.
(C.B.S.E. 2007)

17. What is gynaecomastia ? What is its cause during neonatal period and during puberty?
(C.B.S.E. 2007
18. What is pregnancy hormone? Why is it so called? Name two sources of the hormone in a
human female. (C.B.S.E. 2007
19. Draw a labeled diagram of ovum and label its four parts. (C.B.S.E. 2007
20. Why is the human placenta referred to as haemochorial type? Explain.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

21. Draw a labeled diagram of a sectional view of human ovary showing various stages of
follicles growing in it. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
22. Where are fimbriae present in a human female reproductive system? Give their function.
(C.B.S.E. 2009)
23. Name the muscular and glandular layers of human uterus. Which one of these layers
undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle? Name the hormone essential for
maintenance of this layer.(C.B.S.E. 2009)
24. Where are Leydig cells present ? What is their role in reproduction?
(C.B.S.E. 2009)
25. Name the source of gonadotropins in human females. Explain the changes brought about
in the ovary by these hormones during menstrual cycle. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
26. Placenta acts as an endorine tissue. Justify. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

1
27. Mention the fate of corpus luteum and its effects on the uterus in the absence of
fertilization of the ovum in the human female. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
28. Spermatogenesis in human males is a hormone regulated process. Justify.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

29. Draw a labeled diagram of the reproductive system in human female.

(C.B.S.E. 2011)

30. Name the hormones produced only during pregnancy in human female. Mention their
source organ. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
31. (a) Where do the signals for parturition originate in humans?
(b) Why is it important to feed the new born babies on colostrum
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
32. (a) Oviducal fimbriae (b) Oxytocin
(c) Middle piece in human sperm (d) Seminal vesicle

(e) Acrosome of human sperm (C.B.S.E. 2012)

33. Give a schematic representation of of oogenesis in humans. Mention the number of

chromosomes at each stage. Correlate the life phases of the individual with the stages
of the process (C.B.S.E. 2008)
34. (a) Give a schematic representation of spermatogenesis in humans.
(b) At which stage of life does gametogenesis begin in human male and femalerespectively?
(c) Name the organs where gametogenesis gets completed in human male and female
respectively. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
35. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of a sectional view of human seminiferous tubule.
(b) Differentiate between gametogenesis in human males and females on the basis of (i) Time
of initiation of the process. Products formed at the end of the process.( C.B.S.E.
2008)
36. Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of human ovary showing different stages of oogenesis
alongwith corpus luteum. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
37. Where is morula formed in humans? Explain the process of its development from zygote.
(C.B.S.E. 2009)
38. (a) Draw a schematic diagram of human sperm and label the cellular componentsgive
the functions of any three parts.
(b) Where are the sperm heads found embedded after spermatogenesis? (C.B.S.E.
2009)
39. (a) When and how does placenta develop in human female?
(b) How is placenta connected to the embryo?
(c) Placenta acts as an endocrine gland. Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
40. When and where are primary oocytes formed in human female? Trace the development of
these oocytes till ovulation ( in menstrual cycle). How do gonadotropins influence this
developmental process? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
41. (a) Explain the events taking place at the time of fertilization of an ovum in a human
female.
(b) Trace the development of zygote upto its implantation in the uterus.
(c) Name and draw a labeled sectional view of the embryonic stage that gets
implanted. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
42. (a) Give a schematic representation showing the events of spermatogenesis in human male.

2
(b) Describe the structure of a human sperm. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
43. (a) Draw a diagrammatic labeled sectional view of a seminiferous tubule of a human
(b) Describe in sequence the process of spermatogenesis in humans.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

44. Describe the post-zygotic events leading to implantation and placenta formation in humans.
Mention any two functions of placenta. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
45. Explain the process of fertilization in human female. Trace the post-fertilization events in
sequential order upto implantation of the embryo.
(C.B.S.E.2010)
46. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of the human female reproductive system.
(b) Enumerate the events in the ovary of a human female during (i) Follicular phase (ii) Lufeal
phase of menstrual cycle. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
47. (a) Write the specific location and functions of the following cells in human males.
(i) Leydig cells (ii)Sertoli cells (iii) Primary spermatocyle

(b) Explain the role of two accessory glands in human male reproductive system.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

48. (a) When and where does spermatogenesis occur in a human male?
(b) Draw a diagram of a mature human male gamete. Label the following parts : acrosome,
nucleus, middle piece, tail.
(c) Mention the function of acrosome and middle piece.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

49. The following is the illustration of sequence of ovarian events (a-i) in human female?
DIAGRAM

(i) Identify the figure that illustrates ovulation and mention the stage of oogenesis it represents.

(ii) Name the ovarian hormone and pituitary hormone that has caused the above mentioned
event.
(iii) Explain the changes that occur in the uterus simultaneously in anticipation.
(iv) Write the difference between ‘c’ and ‘h’.
(v) Draw a labeled sketch of human ovum prior to fertilization.

OR
(i) Identify the figure that illustrates corpus luteum and name the pituitary hormone that
influences its formation.
(ii) Specify the endocrine function of corpus luteum. How does it influence uterus? Why is it
essential?
(iii) What is difference between ‘d’ and ‘e’ ?
(iv) Draw a labeled sketch of Graafian follicle. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
50. Study the illustration and answer the questions
DIAGRAM

(i) Identify ‘a’

(ii) Name and state the function of ‘c’
(iii) Identify ‘d’

3
(iv) Explain the role of hormones in the formation and release of ‘a’
(v) Draw a diagram of ‘b’ separately and label the parts : that helps its entry into
‘a’; that carries genetic material ; that helps in its movements.

(C.B.S.E.2012)

51. (a) How is 'oogenesis' markedly different from 'spermatogenesis' with respect to the growth
till puberty in the humans?
(b) Draw a sectional view of human ovary and label the different follicular stages,
ovum and Corpus luteum. 2014
[Link] and explain the role of the inner and middle walls of the human uterus. 2014
[Link] the ovarian and uterine events that occur during a menstrual cycle in a human
female under the influence of pituitary and ovarian hormones respectively. 2014 C.B.S.E.
BOARD QUESTIONS
1. Name and explain the role of inner and middle wall of human uterus?
Women are often blamed for producing female children. Consequently, they are illtreated and
ostracized. How will you address the issue scientifically?

2. A) How is oogenesis markedly different from spermatogenesis with respect to growth till
puberty?
3. B) Draw sectional view of human ovary. Label follicular stages, ovum, and corpus luteum.
4. Draw labeled diagram of sectional view of seminiferous tubule (label any six parts)
5. Explain ovarian and uterine events during menstrual cycle under the influence of pituitary
and ovarian hormones.
6. A) differentiate between: i)vas deferens and vas efferentia
ii) Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

b) Draw labeled diagram of male reproductive system.

CHAPTER-4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

1. Mention any two events that are inhibited by the intake of oral contraceptive pills to
prevent pregnancy in humans. (C.B.S.E. 2009 Comptt.

2. Why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method? (C.B.S.E. 2010)

3. A mother of one year old daughter wanted to space her second child. Her doctor suggested
Cu-T. Explain its contraceptive actions. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
4. (a) Expand IUD (b) Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive
to space children? (C.B.S.E. 2008)

5. Explain any two methods of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) that has helped
childless couples to bear children. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Comptt.)
6. How does Cu T act as an effective contraceptive for human females? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
7. Name the hormonal composition of oral contraception used by human females.
Explain how does it act as contraceptive? (C.B.S.E. 2009)

8. Why do some women use “ Saheli” pills? (C.B.S.E. 2009)

9. How are assisted reproductive technologies helpful to humans? How are ZIFT and GIFT
different from intrauterine transfers ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
10. Name any two copper releasing intra-uterine devices (IUDs). List two reasons that
make them effective contraceptives. (C.B.S.E. 2009 Comptt.)

4
11. How do copper and hormone releasing IUDs act as contraceptives ?Exlain.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

12. Explain the zygote intrafallopian transfer technique (ZIFT). How is intrauterine
transfer technique (IUT) different from it? (C.B.S.E. 2010)

13. What is amniocentesis ? Why has the government imposed a statutory ban inspite of
its importance in the medical field? (C.B.S.E. 2010)

14. Why is ‘Saheli’ a well accepted contraceptive pill? (C.B.S.E. 2010) 15. Why is CuT
considered a good contraceptive device to space children? (C.B.S.E.
2011)

16. Name an oral pill used as a contraceptive by human females. Explain how does it
prevent pregnancy? (C.B.S.E. 2011)

17. At the time of independence, the population of India was 350 million which exploded to over
1 billion by May 2000. List any two reasons for this rise in population and any two steps
taken by the government to check this population explosion. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
18. Explain how do the following act as contraciptives
(a)CuT(b)‘Saheli’ (C.B.S.E. 2012)

[Link] are often blamed for producing female children. Consequently, they are ill-treated and
ostracised. How will you address this issue scientifically if you were to conduct an awareness
programme to highlight the values involved? (C.B.S.E. 2014)

CHAPTER-5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

1. Who developed Punnet Square? (C.B.S.E. 2007)

2. Why do certain genes tend to be inherited together in a cell at the time of cell divisio
n. (C.B.S.E. 2008)

3. What is sex chromosome complement of male bird. (C.B.S.E.

4. Name one autosomal dominant and one autosomal recessive Mendeliandisorder in
humans. (C.B.S.E. 2010
5. Write the genotype of (i) An individual who is carrier of sickle-cell anaemia gene but
apparently unaffected (ii) An individual affected with the disease.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)
6. A human being suffering from Down’s syndrome show trisomy of 21 st chromosome.
Mention the cause of this chromosomal abnormality.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

7. Name the event during cell division cycle that results in gain or loss of chromosome.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

8. Name the phenomenon and cell responsible for the development of new individual without
fertilization as seen in honey bees. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
9. (a) A garden pea plant
(A) Produced inflated yellow pods and another plant.
(B) of the same species produced constricted green pods.

5
(b) A garden pea plant produced axial white flowers. Another of the same species produced
terminal violet flowers.
(c) A garden pea plant produced round green seeds. Another of the same species produced
wrinkled yellow seeds. (C.B.S.E. 2012) IDENTIFY THE DOMINANT TRAITS:
10. Name the respective pattern of inheritance where F1phenotype
(a) Does not resemble either of the two parents and is in between the two
(b) Resembles only one of the two parents. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
11. In a dihybrid cross, when would the proportion of the parental gene combinations be much
higher than non-parental type as experimentally shown by Morgan and his group (C.B.S.E.
2012)
12. Why is that the father never passes on the gene for haemophilia to his sons? Explain.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

13. Write the possible genotypes Mendel got when be crossed F 1 tall pea plants with dwarf pea
plants. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
14. Why in a test cross, did Mendel cross a tall pea plant with a dwarf pea plant only.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

FROM PREVIOUS BOARD EXAMINATION

15. Explain what do you know of criss-cross inheritance. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
16. What is autopolyploidy ? How does colchicine induce polyploidy? Name an autopolyploid
that has succeeded as a variety. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
17. At the time of independence, the population of India was 350 million which exploded to over
1 billion by May 2000. List any two reasons for this rise in population and any two steps
taken by the government to check this population explosion. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
18. Explain how do the following act as contraciptives
(a) CuT(b) ‘Saheli’ (C.B.S.E. 2012)
19. The male Fruitfly and female Fowl are heterogametic while the female Fruitfly and the male
Fowl are homogametic. Why are they called so?
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

20. Explain the pattern of inheritance of haemophilia in humans. Why is the possibility of a
human female becoming haemophilic extremely rare? Explain.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

21. A plant of Antirrhinum majus with red flowers was crossed with another plant of the same
species with white flowers. The plants of F 1 generation bore pink flowers. Explain the
pattern of inheritance with the help of a cross.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

22. A woman with blood group O married a man with AB group. Show the possible blood
groups of the progeny. List the alleles involved in this inheritance. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
23. A tall Pea plant with yellow seeds (heterozygous for both) is crossed with a dwarf Pea plant
with green seeds. Using a Punnet square work out the cross to show the phenotypes and
the genotypes of F1 generation. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
24. How does a test cross help in identifying the genotype of the organism? Explain.
(C.B.S.E.2010)

6
25. During his studies on genes in Drosophila that were sex-linked T.H. Morgan found
F2population phenotypic ratios deviated from expected [Link]. Explain the
conclusion he arrived at. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

26. When a tall Pea plant was selfed, it produced one-fourth of its progeny as dwarf.
Explain with the help of a cross. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

27. Why are F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios same in a cross between red flowered
Snapdragon and white flowered Snapdragon plants? Explain with the help of a cross.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

28. (i) Why are Grass hopper and Drosophila said to show male heterogamety? Explain.

(iii) Explain female heterogematy with the help of an example.

(C.B.S.E. 2010)

29. Explain the sex determination mechanism in humans. How is it different in birds.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

30. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in insects like Drosophila and Grass hopper.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)
31. Work out a cross between true breeding red and white flowered Dogflower (Snapdragon)
plants up to F2progeny. Explain the results of F1and F2 generations.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

32. How are dominance, codominance and incomplete dominance patterns of inheritance
different from one another? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
33. (a) Sickle cell anaemia in humans is a result of point mutation. Explain.
(a) Write the genotypes of both the parents who have produced a sickle celled
anaemic offspring. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
34. A Pea plant with purple flowers was crossed with plant having white flowers. The progeny
produced only purple flowers. On selfing, these plants produced 482 plants with purple
flowers and 162 plants with white flowers. What genetic mechanisms
accounts for these results ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

35. (a) Explain the phenomenon of multiple allelism and codominance taking ABO blood group
as an example.

(b) What is the phenotype of

(i) I Ai (ii)ii? (C.B.S.E. 2012)

36. Explain how does trisomy of 21st chromosome occur in humans. LIst any four characteristic
features in an individual suffering from it. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
37. Given below is the representation of amino acid composition of the relevant translated
portion of B chain of haemoglobin, related to the shape of human red blood cells.
DIAGRAM

7
 (a) Is this representation indicating a normal human or a sufferer from certain related
genetic disease? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) What difference would be notice in the phenotype of the normal and the sufferer
related to this gene?
(c) Who are likely to suffer more from the defect related to the gene represented the
males, the females or both males and females equally? And why?
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
38. (a) Explain sex determination in humans.
(b) How do human males with XXY abnormality suffer? (C.B.S.E. 2012)

39. Snapdragon shows incomplete dominance for flower colour. Work out a cross and explain
the phenomenon. How is this inheritance different from Mendelian pattern of inheritance ?
Explain.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
40. Name the phenomenon that leads to situation like ‘XO’ abnormality in humans. How do
humans with ‘XO’ abnormality suffer ? Explain.
C.B.S.E. 2012)

41. A true breeding Pea plant homozygous for axial violet flowers is crossed with another Pea
plant with terminal white flowers (aavv). (a) What would be the phenotype and genotype of
F1 and F2 generation? (b) Give the phenotypic ratio of F 2 generation. (c) List the
Mendal’sgeneralisations which can be derived from the above cross.(C.B.S.E. 2008)
42. A homozygous tall Pea plant with green seeds is crossed with a drarf Pea plant with yellow
seeds. (i) What would be the phenotype and genotype of F1? (ii) Work out the phenotypic
ratio of F2 generation with the help of Punnet square. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
43. AAnapdragon plant homozygous for red flowers when crossed with a white flowered plant
of the same species produced pink flowers in F 1 generation. (a) What is this phenotypic
expression called? (b) Work out the cross to show the F 2 generation when F1 was self
pollinated. Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of F 2 generation. (c) How do you
compare the F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios with those of Mendelian monohybrid
F2ratios.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

44. Inheritance pattern of flower colour in Garden Pea and Snapdragon differs. Why is this
difference observed? Explain showing the crosses uptoF2 generation. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
45. You are given a red flower bearing pea plant and a red flower bearing Snapdragon plant.
How would you find the genotypes of these two plants with respect to the colour of the
flower. Explain with the help of crosses. Comment upon the pattern of inheritance seen in
these two plants. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Hint. Red Pea plant can be homozygous or heterozygous. Red Snapdragon is homozygous).

46. A particular garden pea plant produces only violet (a) Is it homozygous dominant for the trait
or heterozygous? (b) How would you ensure its genotype? Explain with the
help of crosses. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

47. (a) How does chromosomal disorder differ from a mendelian disorder? (b)
Name any two chromosomal aberration associated disorders.
(c) List the characteristics of the disorders mentioned above that help in their diagnosis.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

8
48. Explain the causes, inheritance pattern and symptoms of any two mendelian genetic
disorders. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
49. Write the symptoms of haemophilia and sickle-cell anaemia in humans. Explain how the
inheritance patterns of the two diseases differ from each other.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

50. (a) State the law of independent assortment.

(b) Using Punnet square, demonstrate the law of independent assortment in a dihybrid cross
involving two heterozygous parents. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

51. ABO blood grouping in human population exhibits four possible phenotypes from six
different genotypes. Explain different mechanisms of inheritance involved in exhibiting the
possibility of four phenotypes and six genotypes.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

52. (a) Why is haemophilia generally observed in human males? Explain the conditions under
which a human female can be haemophilic.
(b) A pregnant human female was advised to undergo MTP. It was diagnosed by her doctor that the
foetus she was carrying has developed from a zygote formed by an XX-egg fertilized by a Y-
carrying sperm. Why was she advised to undergo MTP?

(C.B.S.E.2011

53. (a) A true-breeching homozygous pea plant with green pods and axial flowers as dominant
characters, is crossed with recessive homozygous pea plant having yellow pods and terminal
flowers. Work out the corssuptoF2 generation giving the phenotypic ratios of F 1 and F2
generations respectively.
(b) State the Mendelian principle which can be derived from such a cross and not

from monohybrid cross. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

54. What is the inheritance pattern observed in the size of starch grains and seed shape in
PisumSativum. Work out the monohybrid cross showing the above traits. How does this
pattern of inheritance deviate from that of Mendelian law of dominance? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
55. (a) List the three different allelic forms of gene ‘I’ in humans. Explain the different
phenotypic expressions, controlled by these three forms.
(b) A woman with blood group ‘A’ marries a man with blood group ‘O’. Discuss the possibilities of
the inheritance of the blood groups in the following starting with “Yes” or “No” for
each.

(i) They produce children with blood group ‘A’ only.

(ii) They produce children some with ‘O’ boood group and some with ‘A’ blood
group. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
56. (a) A garden pea plant bearing terminal, violet flowers when crossed with another pea plant
bearing axial violet flowers, produced axial violet flowers and axial white flowers in the ratio
of 3:1. Work out the cross showing the genotypes of the parent pea plants and their
progeny.
(b) Name and state the law that can be derived from this cross and not from a

dihybrid cross. (C.B.S.E. 2012)

57. (a) Four children with four different blood groups are born to parents where the

9
 mother has blood group ‘A’ and the father has blood group ‘B’. Work out the cross
to show the genotypes of the parents and all four children.

(b) Explain the contribution of Alfred Sturtevant in chromosome mapping.

(C.B.S.E.2012)

55.A colour-blind child is born to a normal couple. Work out a cross to show how it is possible.
Mention the sex of this child.

OR

Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865, but it remained

unrecognised till 1900. Give three reasons for the delay in accepting his work.
(C.B.S.E.2014)

56. How does the gene 'I' control ABO blood groups in humans ? Write the effect the gene has on the
structure of red blood cells.

OR

Write the types of sex-determination mechanisms the following crosses show. Give an
example of each type. (i) Female XX with Male XO
(ii) Female ZW with Male ZZ (C.B.S.E.2014)
57.A cross was carried out between two pea plants showing the contrasting traits of height of the
plants. The result of the cross showed 50% parental characters.
(i) Work out the cross with the help of a Punnett square.
(ii) Name the type of the cross carried out. (C.B.S.E.2014)
58.A cross between a normal couple resulted in a son who was haemophilic and a normal daughter.
In course of time, when the daughter was married to a normal man, to their surprise, the grandson
was also haemophilic.
(a) Represent this cross in the form of a pedigree chart. Give the genotypes of the daughter and her
husband.
(b) Write the conclusion you draw of the inheritance pattern of this disease. (C.B.S.E.2014)
VIEW SOLUTION
59. Women are often blamed for producing female children. Consequently, they are illtreated and
ostracised. How will you address this issue scientifically if you were to conduct an awareness
programme to highlight the values involved? (C.B.S.E.2014)
60.A colour-blind child is born to a normal couple. Work out a cross to show how it is possible.
Mention the sex of this child.

OR

Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865, but it remained unrecognised till
1900. Give three reasons for the delay in accepting his work.
(C.B.S.E.2014)

61. How does the gene 'I' control ABO blood groups in humans ? Write the effect the gene has on the
structure of red blood cells.

10
 OR

Write the types of sex-determination mechanisms the following crosses show. Give an
example of each type. (i) Female XX with Male XO
(ii) Female ZW with Male ZZ (C.B.S.E.2014)

CHAPTER-6 MOLECULAR
BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. Mention two functions of codon AUG. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

2. Name the enzyme involved in the continuous replication of DNA strand. Mention the
polarity of template strand. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
3. Mention the role of the codons AUG and UGA during protein synthesis?
(C.B.S.E.11

4. Mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project

(C.B.S.E. 2011)

5. The length of a DNA molecule in a typical mammalian cell is calculated to be approximately

2.2 meters. How is the packaging of this long molecule done to accommodate it within the
nucleus of the cell. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
6. Explain the process of charging of tRNA. Why is it essential in translation?
(C.B.S.E.2008)

7. (a) Draw the structure of the initiator tRNA adaptor molecule.

(b) Why is tRNA called an adaptor molecule? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
8. Given below is part of the template strand of a structural gene: TAC CAT TAG GAT (a)
Write its transcribed mRNA strand with its polarity.
(b) Explain the mechanism involved in initiation of transcription of this strand.
(C.B.S.E.2008)
9. How is the translation of mRNA terminated? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2009)]
10. Draw a labeled schematic sketch of replication fork of DNA. Explain the role of the enzymes
involved in DNA replication. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

11
11. Explain the dual function of AUG codon. give the sequence of bases it is transcribed from
and its anticodon. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
12. What are satellite DNAs in a genome? Explain their role in DNA finger printing. (C.B.S.E.
2009)
13. (a) Draw a schematic representation of a transcription unit and show the following in it.
(i) Direction in which the transcription occurs (ii) Polarity of the two strands involved (iii) Template
strand (iv) Terminator

(b) Mention the function of promoter in transcription. (C.B.S.E.2009)

14. (a) In human genome which one of the chromosomes has the most genes and which one has
the fewest?
(b) Scientists have identified about 1.4 million single nucleotide polymorphs in human genome.
How is the information of their existence going to help the
scientists. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
15. Name the category of codons UGA belongs to. Mention another codon of the same
category. Explain their role in protein synthesis. (C.B.S.E. 2009) 16. Differentiate between a
template strand and a coding strand of DNA.
(C.B.S.E.2009)

17. Describe the initiation process of transcription in bacteria. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

18. Describe the elongation process of transcription in bacteria. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
19. Describe the termination process of transcription in bacteria. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
20. Mention the role of ribosomes in peptide bond formation. How does ATP facilitate it?
(C.B.S.E. 2010)
21. In a series of experiments with Streptococcus and mice, F. Griffith concluded that Rstrain
bacteria had been transformed. Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
22. Draw a schematic representation of a nucleotide. Label the following : (i) The components
of a nucleotide (ii) 5’ end (iii) N-glycosidic linkage (iv) phosphodiester linkage (C.B.S.E. 2010)
23. How do histones acquire positive change? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
24. Base sequence in one of the strands of DNA is TAG CAT GAT. (i) Give the base
sequences of its complementary strand.
(ii) How are these base pairs held together in a DNA molecule?
(iii) Explain the base complementarity rule. Name the scientist who framed this rule.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)
25. Write the full form of VNTR. How is VNTR different from probe?
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

26. (i) Name the enzyme that catalyses the transcription of hn RNA
(ii) Why does hn RNA need to undergo changes? List the changes hn RNA undergoes and where in
the cell such changes take place. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

27. Unambiguous, universal and degenerate are some of the terms used for genetic code.
Explain the salient features of each one of them.
(C.B.S.E.2011)
28. Answer the following questions based on Meselson and Stahl’s experiment.
(a) Write the name of the chemical substance used a source of nitrogen in the experiment by
them.
(b) Why did the scientists synthesise the light and the heavy DNA molecules in the organism
used in the experiment.

12
(c) How did the scientists make it possible to distinguish the heavy DNA molecule from the light
DNA moledule? Explain.
(d) Write the conclusion the scientists arrived at after completing the experiment. (C.B.S.E.
2011)
29. Draw a neat labeled sketch of replicating fork of DNA. (C.B.S.E.2012)
30. Draw a schematic diagram of a part of double stranded dinucleotide DNA chain having all
the four nitrogenous bases and showing the correct polarity.
(C.B.S.E.2012)

31. Draw a labeled schematic diagram of a transcription unit. (C.B.S.E.2012)

32. Draw the structure of a tRNA charged with methionine. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
33. Draw a schematic diagram of lac operon in its ‘switched off’ position. Label
(i) The Structural genes (ii) Repressor bound to its correct position
(iii) Promoter gene (iv) Regulator gene (C.B.S.E. 2012)

34. It is established that RNA is the first genetic material. Explain giving three reasons.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

35. (a) Name the enzyme responsible for transcription of tRNA and the amino acid to which
initiator tRNA gets linked with.
(b) Explain the role of initiator tRNA in initiation of protein synthesis.

(C.B.S.E. 2012

36. (a) Construct a complete transcription unit with promoter and terminator on the basis of
hypothetical template strand given below :
A T G C A T G C A T E

(b) Write the RNA strand transcribed from the above transcription unit along with its polarity.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

37. How are structural genes activated / inactivated in lac operon in E. coli. Explain. (C.B.S.E.
2012)
38. List the salient features of double helix structure of DNA. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
39. State the functions of the following in a prokaryote:
(i) tRNA (ii) rRNA (C.B.S.E. 2012)
40. Why is DNA considered a better hereditary material than RNA?
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
41. How is hnRNA processed to from mRNA? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
42. How are the DNA fragments separated and isolated for DNA finger printing ?
Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
43. State the conditions when genetic code is said to be
(i) Degenerate (ii) Unambiguous and specific (iii) Universal (C.B.S.E.2012) 44. Explain the
process of translation / transcription in a bacterium.
(C.B.S.E.2012)
45. Forensic department was given three blood samples. Write the steps of the procedure
carried to get the DNA fingerprinting done for the above samples.
C.B.S.E.2012)
46. (a) Draw a neat labeled diagram of a nucleosome.
(b) Mention what enables histones to acquire a positive charge.

13
 (C.B.S.E.2012)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:

1. What is semiconservative DNA replication? How was it experimentally proved and by whom?
(C.B.S.E. 2008)
2. (a) Why is DNA more stable genetic material than RNA? Explain.
(b) Unambiguous degenerate and universal are some of the salient features of the genetic code.
Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
3. Draw a labeled schematic structure of a transcription unit. Explain the function of each
component of the unit in the process of transcription.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)
4. (a) Who proposed the concept of lac operon?
(b) Draw a labeled schematic representation of a lac operon.
(c) Explain how does this operon get switched ‘on’ and ‘off’ (C.B.S.E. 2008)
5. Describe the experiment of Frederick Griffith on bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia.
Mention the important conclusion(s). (C.B.S.E. 2008 Comptt.)
6. Who proposed that DNA replication is semiconservative? How did Meselson and Stahl prove
it experimentally? (C.B.S.E. 2008 Comptt.)
7. (a) What did Meselson and Stahl observe when
(i) They cultured [Link] in a medium containing 15NH4 CI for a few generations and centrifuged
the contents?
(ii) They transferred one such bacterium to the normal medium of NH 4 CI and cultured for two
generations?
(b) What did Meselson and Stahl conclude from this experiment? Explain with the help of
diagrams.
(c) Which is the first genetic material? Give reasons in support of your answer.
(C.B.S.E. 2009)

8. (a) How did Griffith explain the transformation of R-strain (non-virulent) bacteria into S-
Strain (virulent)?
(b) Explain how did Avery, MacLeod and McCarty determine the biochemical nature of the
molecule responsible for transforming
R-Strain bacteria into S-Strain bacteria. (C.B.S.E. 2009 Comptt.)
9. How did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase arrive at the conclusion that DNA is the genetic
material? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
10. Where do transcription and translation occur in bacteria and eukaryotes respectively?
Explain the complexities in transcription and translation in eukaryotes that are not seen in
bacteria. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
11. (i) Describe the role of RNA polymerases in transcription in bacteria and in eukaryotes.
(ii) Name the scientist who postulated the role of an “ adapter” in protein synthesis. Name the
adapter molecule. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

12. (i) DNA polymorphism is the basis of DNA finger printing technique. Explain.
(ii) Mention the causes of DNA polymorphism. (C.B.S.E. 2010)

13. (a) State the arrangement of different genes that in bacteria is referred to as ‘ operon’
(b) Draw a schematic labeled illustration of lac operon in a ‘switched on’ state.
(c) Describe the role of lactose in lac operon. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
14. (a) Explain the process of aminoacylation of tRNA. Mention its role in

14
 translation. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

(b) How do ribosomes in the cells act as factories for protein synthesis?
(c) Describe ‘initiation’ and ‘termination’ phases of protein synthesis.

15. (a) Write the scientific name of the bacterium used by Fredrick Griffith in his
experiment.
(b) How did he prove that some ‘transforming principle’ is responsible for transformation of
non-virulent strains of bacteria into the virulent form?
(c) (i) State the biochemical nature of ‘transforming principle.
(ii) Name the scientists who proved it. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

16. The average length of a DNA double helix in a typical mammalian cell is approximately 2.2 m
and the dimension of a nucleus is about 10-6 m.
(a) How is it possible that long DNA polymers are packed with in a very small nucleus?
(b) Differentiate between euchromatin and heterochromatin.
(c) Mention the role of non-histone chromosomal protein. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
17. State the aim and describe Meselson and Stahl’s experiment. (C.B.S.E. 2012) 18. Name the
scientists who proved experimentally that DNA is the genetic material. Describe their
experiment. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
19. Describe Frederick Griffith’s experiment on Streptococcus pneumomiae. Discuss the
conclusion he arrived at. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
20. (a) Describe the process of synthesis of fully functional mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. (C.B.S.E.
2012)
(b) How is this process of mRNA synthesis different from that in prokaryotes

21. Describe Hershey Chase experiment. Write the conclusion they arrived at after the
experiment. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
22. Answer the following questions based on Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment.
(a) Why did the scientists use 15NH4CI and 14NH4CI as sources of nitrogen in the culture medium
for growing [Link].?
(b) Name the molecule(s) that 15N got incorporated into.
(c) How did they distinguish between 15N labeled molecules from 14N ones?
(d) Mention the significance of taking [Link] samples at definite intervals for observations.
(e) Write the observations made by them from the samples taken at the end of 20 minutes and
40 minutes respectively.
(f) Write the conclusion drawn by them at the end of their experiment. (CBSE2012)

23(a) Explain the process of DNA replication with the help of a schematic diagram. (b) In which phase
of the cell cycle does replication occur in Eukaryotes? What would happen if cell-division is not
followed after DNA replication. (C.B.S.E.2014) 24 (i) Name the scientist who suggested that the
genetic code should be made of a combination of three nucleotides.
(ii) Explain the basis on which he arrived at this conclusion. (C.B.S.E.2014)
24.(a) Explain the process of DNA replication with the help of a schematic diagram. (b) In
which phase of the cell cycle does replication occur in Eukaryotes? What would happen if
cell-division is not followed after DNA replication. (C.B.S.E.2014) 25.(i) Name the scientist
who suggested that the genetic code should be made of a combination of three nucleotides.
(ii) Explain the basis on which he arrived at this conclusion. (2014)

15
 CHAPTER-8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

1. What is vaccine? Give an example of a vaccine produced by recombinant technology

(C.B.S.E. 2006)
2. Why are stimulants and hallucinogens categorized as psychotropic drugs? Give example of
each of two types mentioned. (C.B.S.E. 2006)
3. A person has been diagnosed as HIV positive. (i) Name the test which the person
underwent. (ii) Write full name of pathogen involved and describe its structure. (iii) Which
particular cells of this person are likely to get destroyed.
(C.B.S.E. 2006)

4. What is the other name of filarial? Give the scientific name of causative germ of
elephantiasis. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
5. Name and explain the type of barrier of innate immunity where some cells release
interferons when infected. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
6. What are oncogenes ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
7. List any four danger signals of cancer. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
8. Why is blood group identification not required for transfusing serum?
(C.B.S.E. 2007)

9. What are second generation vaccines? (C.B.S.E. 2007)

10. Describe the structure of immunoglobin antibody. Draw a diagram showing the formation of
antigen-antibody complex and label the parts.
(C.B.S.E. 2007)

11. Write down the terms in expanded form.

(i) AMIS (ii) CMIS (iii) NACO (C.B.S.E. 2007)
12. (i) How and at what stage does Plasmodium enter into human body?
(i) With the help of flow chart only show the stages of asexual reproduction in the life of the
parasite in the infected human.
(ii) Why does the victim show symptoms of high fever? (C.B.S.E. 2008) 13. Why do
sports persons often fall victim to cocaine addiction? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
14. (a) Name the infective stages of Plasmodium which Anopheles mosquito takes in along the
blood meal from an infected person.
(b) Why does the infection cause fever in humans?
(c) Give a flow chart of the part of life cycle of this parasite passed in the insect.
(C.B.S.E.2008)

15. (a) Name the respective forms in which the malarial parasite gains entry into (i) Human and
(ii) Body of female Anopheles.
(b) Name the hosts where the sexual and the asexual reproduction of malarial parasite
respectively.
(c) Name the toxin responsible for the appearance of symptoms of malaria in humans. Why do
these symptoms occur periodically? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
16. Name the type of cells the AIDS virus first enters into after getting inside the human body.
Explain the sequence of events that the virus undergoes within these cells to
increase its progeny. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

16
17. Name one plant and the addictive drug extracted from its latex. How does this drug affect
the human body? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
18. (a) Explain the property that prevents normal cells becoming cancerous.
(b) All normal cells have inherent characteristics of becoming cancerous.
Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
19. List the specific symptoms of pneumonia. Name the causative organism.
(C.B.S.E. 2009)

20. How does spleen act as a lymphoid organ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
21. What is colostrum? Why is it important to be given to new born infants?
(C.B.S.E. 2009)

22. (a) Name the virus that causes AIDS in humans.

(b) Explain the sequence of events that flows when this virus attacks to cause
immunodeficiency in humans. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
23. How is innate immunity different form the immunity that you acquire through vaccines?
Describe any two ways by which innate immunity can be accomplished. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
24. (a) Name the lymphoid organ in humans where all the blood cells are produced.
(b) Where do the lymphocytes produced by the lymphoid organ mentioned above migrate and
how do they affect immunity. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
25. Name the specific symptoms of typhoid. Name its causative agent.
(C.B.S.E. 2009)

26. Write the name of any two opiate narcotics and their harmful effects.
(H.S.E.B. 2009)

27. An antibody is represented by H2L2 . Explain (C.B.S.E. 2009 Comptt. 2010)

28. Name the host and the site where the following occur in the life cycle of a malarial parasite
(a) Formation of gametocytes.
(b) Fusion of gametes. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
29. Name the type of human cell HIV attacks at its entry into the body. Explain the events that
occur in the cell which further lead to cause immunodeficiency syndrome.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)
30. Define the term ‘health’. Mention any two ways of maintaining it.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

31. Why does a doctor administer tetanus antitoxin and not a tetanus vaccine to a child injured
in a road side accident with a bleeding wound? Explain.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

32. Name an opioid drug and its source plant. How does the drug affect the human body?
(C.B.S.E. 2010)
32. Mention the name of the causal organism, symptoms and the mode of transmission of the
disease amoebiasis. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
33. (a) All human beings have cellular oncogences but only a few suffer from cancer diseases.
Give reason.
(b) How is malignant tumour different from benign tumour?
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

17
34. Name two types of immune system in human body. Why are cell mediated and humoral
immune so called? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
35. Write the scientific names of the causal organisms of elephantiasis and ringworm in human.
Mention the body parts affected by them.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

36. Write the source and the effect of the following drugs on the human body. (i)
Morphine (ii)……….. (iii) Marijuana. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

37. How do cellular barriers and cytokine barriers provide innate immunity?
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

38. State the functions of primary and secondary lymphoid organs in humans.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

39. (a) Name the stage of Plasmodium that gains entry into human body.
(b) Trace the stages of Plasmodium in the body of female Anopheles after its entry.
(c) Explain the cause of periodic recurrence of chill and high fever during malarial attack
humans. (C.B.S.E. 2011) 40. Trace the events that occur in the human body to cause
immunodeficiency when HIV gains entry the body. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
41. Differenctiate between benign and malignant tumours. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
42. (i) Write the scientific names of the two species of filarial worms causing
filariasis.

(ii) How do they affect the body of infected persons?

(iii) How does the disease spread? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
43. List the two types of immunity a human body is born with. Explain the differences between
the types. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
44. Why is tabacoo smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema
(oxygen deficiency in body)? (C.B.S.E. 2011)

45. (a) Name a drug used (i) as an effective sedative and pain killer (ii) for helping patients cope
with mental illness like depression but often misuse.
(b) How does the moderate and high dosage of cocaine affect the human body?
(C.B.S.E. 2011)

46. Explain the role of the following in providing defence against infection in human body
(i) Histamines (ii) Interferons (iii) B-cells. (C.B.S.E. 2012) 47. (a) Highlight
the role of thymus as a lymphoid organ.

(b) Name the cells that are released from the above mentioned gland. Mentioned gland.
Mention how they help immunity. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
48. Name the plant source of the drug popularly called “ smack.” How does it affect the body
abuser ? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
49. (a) Name the protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery in humans. (b)
Mention two diagnostic symptoms of the disease.
(c) How is this disease transmitted to others? (C.B.S.E. 2012)

50. Name the parasite that causes filariasis / ascariasis in humans. Mention its two diagnostic
symtoms. How is this disease transmitted to others?
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

18
51. Name the plant source of ganga. How it affects the body of abuser?
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

52. Name two special types of lymphocytes in humans. How do they differ in their roles in …….
response? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
53. Name the bacterium that causes typhoid. Mention two diagnostic symptoms. How is this
disease transmitted to others? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
54. (a) Name the group of viruses responsible for causing AIDS in humans. Why are these
viruses to named?
(b) List any two ways of transmission of HIV infection in humans, other than sexual contact.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

55. Name any two organisms that are responsible for ringworms in humans. Mention two
diagnostic symptoms. Name the specific parts of the human body which these
organisms thrive and explain why? (C.B.S.E. 2012)

56. Name the cells that act as HIV factory in humans when infected by HIV. Explain the events
that occur in the infected cell. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
57. Name the explain the two types of immune responses in humans.
(C.B.S.E.2012)

58. Describes the role of lymph nodes in providing immunity. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
59. Name the plant source of cocaine. How does it affect human body.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

60. Name the different types of cells providing cellular barriers responsible for innate immunity
in humans. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
61. Trace the life cycle of malarial parasite in the human body when bitten by an infected female
Anopheles. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
62. How does AIDS virus enter the human body? Describe its life cycle. Why does this
infection shatter the immunity of the victim? (C.B.S.E. 2012)

64. What is the basis of classifying cancer? Name and explain the different categories of cancer.
Mention any two approaches for cancer treatment.
(C.B.S.E. 2006)
65. (i) Name the two type of lymphocytes involved in the specific immune system. (ii) Mention
the two types of specific immunity they generate. (iii) Why is specific immunity considered
to be unique in its function? Write any three special features of it. (C.B.S.E.2006
66. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. Give any one example where
passive immunization is needed. (C.B.S.E. 2007)
67. Differentiate between B-Cell and T-Cell of the immune system. How do the B-Cell respond
to antigens? (C.B.S.E. 2007)
68. Explain briefly the various types of disorders arising from improper immune system.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

69.(a) Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. Explain 'Contact inhibition' and
'Metastasis' with respect to the disease. (b) Name the group of genes that have been identified in
normal cells that could lead to cancer. How do these genes cause cancer?
(c) Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs.

19
(d) Why are cancer patients often given α-interferon as part of the treatment? (2014)

[Link] any two types of cells that act as 'cellular barriers' to provide innate immunity in humans.
(2014)

71.(a) Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. Explain 'Contact inhibition' and 'Metastasis' with
respect to the disease.

(b) Name the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells that could lead to cancer. How
do these genes cause cancer?
(c) Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs.
Why are cancer patients often given α-interferon as part of the treatment?(2014)

CHAPTER-10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. What is the biochemical reaction of yeast fermentation of molasses for alcoholic

fermentation? (C.B.S.E. 2007)
2. What protects nitrogenase? (C.B.S.E. 2007)
3. What is economic value of Spirulina? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
4. Name the group of organisms and the substrate they act on to produce biogas. (C.B.S.E.
2009)
5. Name the organism commercially used for the production of single cell protein. (C.B.S.E.
2009)
6. Which of the following is a fee living bacterium that can fix nitrogen in the soil?
Spirulina, Azospirillum, Sonalika. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

7. Milk starts to coagulate when lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are added to warm milk as starter.
Mention any other two benefits LAB provides. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
8. Which of the following is a cyanobacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen?
Azospirillum, Ocillatoria, Spirulina. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

9. Which of the following produces single cell proteins?

Sonalika, Spirulina, Saccharomyces. (C.B.S.E. 20090

10. Write the scientific name of the microbe used for fermented malted cereals and fruit juices.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)
11. Mention the source orgsnisms of gene cry I Ac and its target pest.
(C.B.S.E.2011)

12. Mention the role of cyanobacteria as biofertilizers. (C.B.S.E. 20120)

13. Why should biological control of pests and pathogens be preferred to the convential use of
chemical pesticides? Explain hoe the following microbes act as biocontrolagents : (a) Bacillus
thuringiensis (b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
(C.B.S.E. 2008)

14. During the secondary treatment of the primary effluent, how does the significant decrease in
BOD occur? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
15. (a) How does activated sludge get produced during sewage treatment?
(b) Explain how this sludge is used in biogas production. (C.B.S.E. 2009)

20
16. (a) Baculoviruses are excellent candidates for integrated pest management in an ecological
sensitive area. Explain giving two reasons.
(b) What is organic farming? Why is it suggested to switch over to organic farming?
(C.B.S.E. 2009)
17. How does addition of a small amount of curd to fresh milk help in formation of curd?
Mention a nutritional quality that gets added to the curd. (C.B.S.E.2010)
18. Mention the product and its use produced by each of the microbe listed below: (i)
Streptococcus (ii)( Lactobacillus (iii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
(C.B.S.E. 2010)

19. How do plants benefit from having mycorrhizal symbiotic association?

(C.B.S.E. 2010)

20. Describe how biogas is obtained from an activated sludge. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
21. An organic farmer relies on natural predation for controlling plant pests and diseases. Justify
giving reasons. Why this is considered to be holistic approach.(C.B.S.E. 2010)
22. (a) Why do farmers prefer biofertilizers to chemical fertilizers these days? Explain.
(b) How do Anabaena and mycorrhiza act as biofertilisers? (C.B.S.E.2011)
23. Name the enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. Explain its importance in medical
science. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
24. Name the genus to which baculoviruses belong. Describe their roleinthe integrated pest
management programmes. (C.B.S.E. 2011)

21
 Why are some molecules called bioactive molecules? Give two examples of such
molecules. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
26. Give the scientific name of the microbes from which cyclosporine A and statin are obtained.
Write one medical use of each one of these drugs.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)
27. Explain the different steps involved in sewage treatment before it can be released into natural
water bodies. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
28. Why is Rhizobium categorized as a ‘symbiotic”? (C.B.S.E.2012)
29. Name the source of streptokinase/cyclosporine – A/Statin. How does the bioactive moledule
function in our body. (C.B.S.E.2012)
30. How do mycorrhizae act as biofertilizer? Explain. Name a genus of fungi that forms a
mycorrhizal association with plants. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
31. Mention the importance of lactic acid bacteria to humans other than converting milk into curd.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)
32. How do methanogens help in producing biogas? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
33. Name the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water. Explain
their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water.
(C.B.S.E. 2012)

22
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