Example 1.17: Five bar truss with inclined support (p.

76)
Consider a five bar pin-jointed structure shown in Figure. All members have the same cross-sectional area and are of the
same material, E = 70 GPa and A = 10-3 m2 . The load P = 20 kN.

30
1
3

-3
0

Hm L

For numerical calculations use the N - mm units are convenient. The displacements will be in mm and the stresses in MPa.
The complete computations are as follows.

Specified nodal loads

Node

dof
u3

Value
20000.

Global equations at start of the element assembly process

ij 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
j
k0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 y i u1 y i 0 y
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
z
0 zzz jjj u2 zzz jjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz = jj
zz
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
zj z j
z
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 zzz jjj u4 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 { k v4 { k 0 {

Equations for element 1

E = 70000

A = 1000

Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

Global node number

1
3
y1 = 0

x2 = 5000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 5830.95

x
0
5000.

y
0
-3000.

y2 = -3000.

x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 0.857493
L

y2 - y1
ms =
= -0.514496
L

Substituting into the truss element equations we get

8827.13 -5296.28 -8827.13 5296.28 yi u1 y i 0. y

jij
zj z j z
jj -5296.28 3177.77 5296.28 -3177.77 zzzjjj v zzz jjj 0. zzz
jj
zzjj 1 zz jj zz
jj
zj z j z
jj -8827.13 5296.28 8827.13 -5296.28 zzzjjj u3 zzz = jjj 0. zzz
jj
zzjj zz jj zz
j
zj z j z
k 5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 3177.77 {k v3 { k 0. {

The element contributes to 81, 2, 5, 6< global degrees of freedom.

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have

ij 8827.13 -5296.28 0 0 -8827.13 5296.28 0 0 zy ij u1 zy ij 0 zy

zj z j
z
jj
jj -5296.28 3177.77 0 0 5296.28 -3177.77 0 0 zzz jjj v1 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
jjj
jj
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
z
zz
z
j
j
zj z j
jj
jj
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz = jj
z
jj
jj -8827.13 5296.28 0 0 8827.13 -5296.28 0 0 zz jj u zz jj 20000. zzz
zz jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
zj z j
z
jj
jj 5296.28 -3177.77 0 0 -5296.28 3177.77 0 0 zzz jjj v3 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
zj z j
z
jj
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0 zzzz jjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jjj
zj z j
z
j
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0 { k v4 { k 0 {
k

Equations for element 2

E = 70000

A = 1000

Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

Global node number

1
4
y1 = 0

x2 = 5000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 5830.95

x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 0.857493
L

x
0
5000.

y
0
3000.

y2 = 3000.

y2 - y1
ms =
= 0.514496
L

Substituting into the truss element equations we get

ij 8827.13 5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 yzij u1 yz ij 0. yz

jj
zj z j z
jj 5296.28 3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 zzzjjj v1 zzz jjj 0. zzz
jj
zj z j z
jj -8827.13 -5296.28 8827.13 5296.28 zzzjjj u zzz = jjj 0. zzz
jj
zzjj 4 zz jj zz
jj
zzjj zz jj zz
-5296.28
-3177.77
5296.28
3177.77
k
{k v4 { k 0. {

The element contributes to 81, 2, 7, 8< global degrees of freedom.

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have

0
0 0 -8827.13 5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 y i u1 y i 0 y
ij 17654.3
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj
0
6355.54 0 0 5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
z
z
z
j
j
jj
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0 zzz
jj
z
zz
z
j
j
zj z=j
jj
jj -8827.13 5296.28 0 0 8827.13 -5296.28
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
jj 5296.28 -3177.77 0 0 -5296.28 3177.77
0
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj -8827.13 -5296.28 0 0
0
0
8827.13 5296.28 zzzz jjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
j
0
0
5296.28 3177.77 { k v4 { k 0 {
k -5296.28 -3177.77 0 0

Equations for element 3

E = 70000

A = 1000

Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

Global node number

1
2
y1 = 0

x2 = 0

y
0
3000.

y2 = 3000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 3000.
x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 0
L

x
0
0

y2 - y1
ms =
= 1.
L

Substituting into the truss element equations we get

0.
ij 0.
jj
jj 0. 23333.3
jj
jj 0.
0.
jj
jj
k 0. -23333.3

0.
0. yi u1 y i 0. y
zzjj zz jj zz
0. -23333.3 zzzzjjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zj z = j z
0.
0. zzzzjjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zzjj zz jj zz
0. 23333.3 {k v2 { k 0. {

The element contributes to 81, 2, 3, 4< global degrees of freedom.

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have
0
ij 17654.3
jj
jj
0
29688.9
jj
jj
0
0
jj
jj
jj
0
-23333.3
jj
jj
jj -8827.13
5296.28
jj
jj 5296.28 -3177.77
jj
jj
jj -8827.13 -5296.28
jj
j
k -5296.28 -3177.77

0
0 -8827.13 5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 y i u1 y i 0 y
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 -23333.3 5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zj z j
z
0
0
0
0
0
0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 23333.3
0
0
0
0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz = jj
zz
0
0
8827.13 -5296.28
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
zj z j
z
0
0 -5296.28 3177.77
0
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0
0
0
0
8827.13 5296.28 zzzz jjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zj z j
z
0
0
0
0
5296.28 3177.77 { k v4 { k 0 {

Equations for element 4

E = 70000

A = 1000

Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

Global node number

2
4
y1 = 3000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 5000.
x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 1.
L

x2 = 5000.

x
0
5000.

y2 = 3000.

y2 - y1
ms =
= 0.
L

Substituting into the truss element equations we get

14000.
jij
jj
0.
jj
jj
jj -14000.
jj
j
0.
k

y
3000.
3000.

0. -14000. 0. yi u2 y i 0. y
zzjj zz jj zz
0.
0. 0. zzzzjjjj v2 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zj z = j z
0. 14000. 0. zzzzjjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zzjj zz jj zz
0.
0. 0. {k v4 { k 0. {

The element contributes to 83, 4, 7, 8< global degrees of freedom.

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have

0
0
0 -8827.13 5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 y i u1 y i 0 y
ij 17654.3
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj
0
29688.9
0
-23333.3
5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
jj
0
0
14000.
0
0
0
-14000.
0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj
0
-23333.3
0
23333.3
0
0
0
0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0 zzz
jj
zz jj zz = jj
zz
jj
jj -8827.13
5296.28
0
0
8827.13 -5296.28
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
jj
z
z
z
j
j
jj 5296.28 -3177.77
0
0 -5296.28 3177.77
0
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj -8827.13 -5296.28 -14000.
0
0
0
22827.1
5296.28 zzzz jjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
j
0
0
0
0
5296.28 3177.77 { k v4 { k 0 {
k -5296.28 -3177.77

Equations for element 5

E = 70000

A = 1000

Element node
1
2
x1 = 5000.

Global node number

3
4
y1 = -3000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 6000.
x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 0.
L

x
5000.
5000.

x2 = 5000.

y
-3000.
3000.
y2 = 3000.

y2 - y1
ms =
= 1.
L

Substituting into the truss element equations we get

0.
ij 0.
jj
jj 0. 11666.7
jj
jj 0.
0.
jj
jj
k 0. -11666.7

0.
0. yi u3 y i 0. y
zzjj zz jj zz
0. -11666.7 zzzzjjjj v3 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zj z = j z
0.
0. zzzzjjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0. zzzz
zzjj zz jj zz
0. 11666.7 {k v4 { k 0. {

The element contributes to 85, 6, 7, 8< global degrees of freedom.

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have

0
0
0 -8827.13
5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 y i u1 y i 0 y
ij 17654.3
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj
0
29688.9
0
-23333.3
5296.28
-3177.77
-5296.28 -3177.77 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
jj
0
0
14000.
0
0
0
-14000.
0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
z
jj
zz jj v2 zz jj 0 zzz
jj
0
-23333.3
0
23333.3
0
0
0
0
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj zz = jj
z
jj
zz jj u3 zz jj 20000. zzz
jj -8827.13
5296.28
0
0
8827.13
-5296.28
0
0
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
z
z
j
jj 5296.28 -3177.77
j
0
0 -5296.28 14844.4
0
-11666.7 zzz jjj v3 zzz jjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj -8827.13 -5296.28 -14000.
0
0
0
22827.1
5296.28 zzzz jjjj u4 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zj z j
z
j
0
0
0
-11666.7
5296.28 14844.4 { k v4 { k 0 {
k -5296.28 -3177.77

Essential boundary conditions

Node
2

dof
u2
v2

Value
0
0

Remove 83, 4< rows and columns.

After adjusting for essential boundary conditions we have

ij 17654.3
jj
jj
0
jj
jj -8827.13
jj
jj
jj 5296.28
jj
jj
jjj -8827.13
j
k -5296.28

0
-8827.13
5296.28 -8827.13 -5296.28 y i u1 y i 0 y
zz jj zz jj
zz
29688.9
5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 zzzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zj z j
z
5296.28 8827.13 -5296.28
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
zz jj zz = jj
zz
-3177.77 -5296.28 14844.4
0
-11666.7 zzz jjj v3 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz
zzz jjj zzz jjj
-5296.28
0
0
22827.1
5296.28 zzz jjj u4 zzz jjj 0 zzzz
zj z j
z
-3177.77
0
-11666.7
5296.28 14844.4 { k v4 { k 0 {

Multipoint constraint due to inclined support at node 1: u1 sinHp 6L + v1 cosHp 6L = 0. The augmented global equations with
the Lagrange multiplier are as follows.
ij 17654.3
jj
jj
0
jj
jj
jj -8827.13
jj
jj
jj 5296.28
jj
jj
jj -8827.13
jj
jj -5296.28
jj
jj
j
k 12

-5296.28 1 2 y
z i u1 y i 0 y
!!!!! z
zz j z j
z
5296.28 -3177.77 -5296.28 -3177.77 23 zzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
8827.13 -5296.28
0
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj 20000. zzzz
zj z j
z
-5296.28 14844.4
0
-11666.7
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0
0
22827.1
5296.28
0 zzz jjj u4 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0
-11666.7
5296.28 14844.4
0 zzz jjj v4 zzz jjj 0 zzz
zz jj zz jj
zz
zz l
0
{
k
{
k
0
0
0
0
0{
-8827.13

0
29688.9
5296.28
-3177.77
-5296.28
-3177.77
!!!!!

23

5296.28 -8827.13

Solving the final system of global equations we get

8u1 = 5.14286, v1 = -2.96923, u3 = 16.8629, v3 = 12.788, u4 = -1.42857, v4 = 11.7594, l = 80000.<

Solution for element 1

Nodal coordinates
Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

Global node number

1
3
y1 = 0

x2 = 5000.

L = "################################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 = 5830.95

x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs =
= 0.857493
L

x
0
5000.

y
0
-3000.

y2 = -3000.

y2 - y1
ms =
= -0.514496
L

0
yz
i 0.857493 -0.514496 0
Global to local transformation matrix, T = jj
z
0
0.857493 -0.514496 {
k0

ij u1 yz ij 5.14286 yz
z
jj zz jj
jj v1 zz jj -2.96923 zzz
zz
j
z
j
Element nodal displacements in global coordinates, d = jj zz = jj
jj u3 zz jj 16.8629 zzz
zz
jj zz jj
k v3 { k 12.788 {

i 5.93762 yz
Element nodal displacements in local coordinates, d b = T d = jj
z
k 7.88048 {
E = 70000

A = 1000

Axial strain, e = Hd2 -d1 LL = 0.000333197

Axial stress, s = Ee = 23.3238

Axial force = sA = 23323.8

In a similar manner we can compute the solutions over the remaining elements.

1
2
3
4
5

Stress
23.3238
23.3238
69.282
-20.
-12.

Axial force
23323.8
23323.8
69282.
-20000.
-12000.