GROUP 3 REVIEWER IN
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Leader : Rochel Mendoza
Members:
Mandap, Jessa Mae D.
Marbella, Anthonette D.
Matabang, Gemmy R.
Morales, Angelica Trisha Mae S.
Navarro, Kristine Joy
Nerizon, Jenerine M.
Nevado, Cindy
Nigos, Jonalyn May P.
Orienza, Shane
Panlilio, Andrew P.
Paraan, Angelica P.
Parizal, Cassandra Gwen L.
Parizal, Jeffrich M.
GROUP 1: MULTIPERSPECTIVITY
MULTIPERSPECTIVITY is a way of interpreting history by looking at different perspectives of the past. There is no single
objective narrative of historical events. Instead, multiple coexisting perspectives of the past could be equally valid and also
equally partial.
1872- there are two historic events: CAVITE MUTINY and The Martyrdom of the Three Priest
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora- also known as GOMBURZA, three priest and executed by garrote on
Feb. 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan, Philippines.
The Cavity Mutiny- Jose Montero y Vidal's account of the Cavite Mutiny, while presented as historical, is criticized for its
biased portrayal as an attempt to overthrow the Spanish government. Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo's official report,
which corroborates Vidal's account, further implicated the native clergy involved in the secularization movement.
Central Government in Madrid - announced its intention to deprive the friars in these islands of powers of intervention in
matters of civil government and of the direction and management of the university.
José Montero y Vidal was a Spanish historian who interpreted that the mutiny was an attempt to remove and overthrow
the Spanish colonizers in the Philippines. His account, corroborated with the account of Governor-General Rafael
Izquierdo, the governor-general of the Philippines at the time of the mutiny.
General La Torre- created a junta composed of high officials including some friars and six Spanish officials. At the same
time there was created by the government in Madrid a committee to investigate the same problems submitted to the
Manila committee. When the two finished work, it was found that they came to the same conclusions. Here is the
summary of the reforms they considered necessary to introduce
Central Government in Madrid- had announced its intention to "deprive the friars" in these islands of powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and of the direction and management of the university it was due to these facts
and promises that the Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their country, while the friars, on the
other hand, feared that their power in the colony would soon be a complete thing of the past...
The Spanish revolution-
which overthrew a secular throne; the propaganda carried on by an unbridled priest against monarchical principles,
attentatory [sic] of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned majesty, the democratic and pamphlets, the speeches
and preachings of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain.
Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo-- implicated the native clergy, who were active in the secularization movement. These
two accounts corroborated each other.
who were executed by garrote on February 17, 1872- Gomburza, alternatively stylized as GOMBURZA or GomBurza,
refers to three Filipino Catholic priests, Mariano Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed by garrote
on February 17, 1872
Guillermo, Mangsakay- he served as the cabeza (local leader) of the Caloocan barrio.
General Emilio Aguinaldo - he established a government and gained control of much of Luzon by June 1898.
May 1- this date where United States went war with Spain.
William McKinley – this US president was interested in the Philippines because of its commercial potential.
1899 to 1902 - the Philippine-American War spanning from what year?
The Cavite Mutiny
1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdrom of the three priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA
Jose Montero y Vidal The documentation of Spanish historian who centered on how the event was an attempt to
overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines
Rafael Izquierdo Governor-General who implicated the native clergy, who were active in the secularization movement.
These two accounts corroborated each other.
D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora The Indios have no word in their language to describe this different form of
government, whose head in Tagalog would be called "hari" but it turns out that they would place at the head of the
government a priest.
Two accounts underscore the reason for the "revolution": the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite
arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in Polos y Servicios, or forced labor
Analysis of the official report of governor Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite mutiny in 1872
Izquierdo, in a biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines, to install a
new "hari" in the persons of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
Excerpts from Plauchut's Account of the Cavite Munity
➤Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection
➤Removal of surcharges on foreign importations
➤ Reduction of export fees
➤Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real estate enjoy freedom of worship, and operate commercial
transports flying the Spanish flag.
➤Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Minister of Oversea Affairs in Madrid on the necessary reforms to be
implemented.
➤ Changes in primary and secondary education.
➤Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines, rendering unnecessary the sending home of short-
term civil officials every time there is a change of ministry
➤Study of direct-tax system.
➤Abolition of the tobacco monopoly.
March of 1871 In Manila a Society of Arts and Trades to be opened in March of 1871 to repress the growth of liberal
teachings, General Izquierdo suspended the opening of the school the day previous to the scheduled inauguration.
Account of the cry
Guillermo, mangsakay On August 26th, a significant meeting took place at Apolonio Samson's residence in
Balintawak, where he served as the cabeza (local leader) of the Caloocan barrio. The attendees included prominent
figures such as Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Bricco Pantas, Teodor Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. These individuals were all influential leaders within the Kalipunan
and formed the organization's board of directors.
Pio, Valenzuela This passage describes the early activities of the Katipunan, a Filipino revolutionary society, in August
1896. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and the author
sought refuge in Balintawak. On August 22, 1896, around 500 Katipunan members gathered at Apolonio Samson's
house and yard in Kangkong. Notable attendees included Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo
Santiago, Alvarez In August 1896, a group of over 500 Katipuneros, led by the Supremo Andres Bonifacio, gathered in
Kangkong at the house of Brother Apolonio Sanen. They were armed with various weapons, including revolvers and a
hunting rifle. Concerned about potential enemy interception of couriers carrying important letters, Bonifacio decided to
relocate to a site called Bahay Toro
GROUP 2: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Prehistory - The period before the advent of the written record.
Austronesian- A family of languages spoken in an area extending from Madagascar in the west to the Pacific Islands in
the east, the same family of language that ancestors of Filipinos spoke.
Patronage politics - A system of politics where political support is bought with material rewards such as appointment to
political positions, access to jobs and services, and general corruption.
Reductive - The presentation of historical knowledge in an overly simplified and crude form.
Puppet
government - A government endowed with the outward symbols of authority, but another power exercises direction and
control.
History has been taught to many of us in our elementary and high school days is that focused on rote memorization. We
were made to remember names, dates, places, and events with little regard for what these facts tell us about the past.
PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES
-The peopling of the Philippines is a subject of ongoing research and debate.
-New archaeological discoveries continually reshape our understanding of early human settlement.
EARLY EVIDENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
1. Tabon Cave, Palawan (1962)
- Excavation of a skullcap dated to 16,500 years ago.
2. Callao Cave, Cagayan (2007-2019)
- Discovery of a metatarsal bone dated to 67,000 years ago
- Later discoveries led to identifying a new species: Horno luzonensis.
3. Earlier Theory: Waves of Migration (H. Otley Beyer)
- Proposed multiple "waves" of settlers:
- Java men Australoid-Sakai Indonesians A & B
- Central Asians Malays. Popularized the Aeta-Indones-Malay sequence in schools.
- Criticized for lack of solid evidence and overly simplistic ideas.
4. The Austronesian Expansion
»Linguistic Evidence:
- Austronesian languages studied by Robert Blust and Lawrence Reid.
- Taiwan seen as the "homeland" because of language diversity.
5. Archaeological Correlation
»Peter Bellwood's Out of Taiwan Hypothesis:
- Austronesian's southern China. originated from Neolithic
- Migrated to Taiwan, then to the Philippines (Batanes and Luzon), Indonesia, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands.
6. Alternative Model: Nusantao Hypothesis
- Proposed by Wilhelm Solheim.
- Argued that Austronesians originated from Island Southeast Asia (Celebes Sea region)
- Focused on maritime trade networks (like the Badjao and Samal)
- Criticized the Out of Taiwan theory for ignoring ocean currents andclimatechallenges
-LEGACIES OF COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES -
I. COLONIAL POWERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE
A. Spain (1565-1898)
Positive interpretations (by Phelan, Zafra, Joaquin, Constantino):
•Brought Catholicism and religious values
•Introduced Spanish culture, cuisine, names, and centralized institutions
Critical views:
•Excluded poor from language and education
•Imposed class divide (elite vs. indios)
•Forced religion, suppressed native culture
B. United States (1899-1946)
Positive interpretations (Agoncillo, Abueva):
•Introduced democracy, education, and modern institutions
•Promoted health, sanitation, and English as a global language
Critical views:
•Replaced Spain as colonizer
•Kept elite rule and politics
•Exploited resources; left post-WWII ruins
C. Britain and Japan
Short occupations with little impact, but added trauma and disunity.
II. LASTING LEGACIES OF COLONIALISM
Political: Growth of dynasties, patronage, and elite control.
Cultural: Colonial mindset, inferiority, and Westernized identity.
Social and Economic: Social gaps and lasting impact on natives, Muslims, and governance.
III. THE NEED FOR A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Problem with Textbooks:
•Glorify resistance, downplay colonizers
•Ignore deep societal wounds and systemic issues
Call to Action:
• Promote historical
thinking and historical awareness
• Reframe historical interpretations to serve the Filipino people’s interests, not colonial narratives
THE PUPPET GOVERNMENT OF WARTIME PHILIPPINES
The “Puppet” President – Jose P. Laurel
Jose P. Laurel was president during the Japanese occupation under the Second Philippine Republic.
Many Filipinos believed his government was controlled by the Japanese.
Laurel tried to balance Filipino and Japanese interests, but Japan still prioritized its own goals.
He protested against Japanese abuses, but was forced to declare war on the U.S. under pressure.
When the Americans returned, he fled and later dissolved the Second Republic.
After the war, his collaboration with Japan became controversial.
He defended his actions as a way to protect Filipinos during wartime.
President Laurel and the Second Republic:
1943 Constitution
▸ Similar to 1935 Constitution but controversial due to Japanese-imposed changes
▸ Laurel defended these changes
KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
▸ Replaced political parties
▸ Japanese-sponsored group
▸ Laurel promoted national unity, courage, and determination through this
Laurel's Presidency
▸ Seen as collaborating with Japan
▸ He was a lawyer for some Japanese
▸ His son studied in a Japanese Military Academy
Declaration of War
▸ Forced by Japan to declare war on the United States
▸ Lacked public support
Economic and Social Effects
▸ Economy collapsed
▸ Led to hardships and hunger
▸ Rise of guerrilla movements
▸ Government image ruined by corruption and mismanagement
THE PHILIPPINE SECOND REPUBLIC: A PUPPET GOVERNMENT?
▸The “Puppet” Label: The Philippine Second Republic under Japanese occupation is often labelled a “puppet
government,” implying complete Japanese control. However, the reality was more nuanced.
Japanese Promises
- Japan promised Philippine independence, initially viewed by some Filipinos as a way to mitigate the negative effects of
the occupation.
- Used to garner cooperation from Filipino leaders.
Filipino Collaboration
- Filipino leaders, including Jose P. Laurel, engaged with the Japanese, hoping to influence the direction of the occupation
and potentially soften its impact.
The 1943 Constitution
- The creation involved Japanese influence, but Filipino leaders also played a role in shaping its contents. Laurel's
involvement is significant.
Guerrilla Resistance
- Despite collaboration, significant guerrilla resistance against the Japanese continued throughout this period. Jose P.
Laurel: Collaboration and Survival
The Collaboration Argument
- Some historians argue that Filipino elites, including Laurel, collaborated with the Japanese to ensure their survival and
the survival of the oligarchy, viewing it as a strategic move to preserve their power and eventually regain independence.
Laurel's Defense
- Laurel's strongest defense is that he followed instructions from Quezon and MacArthur (though MacArthur denied this).
Other Filipino officials acted similarly based on their own judgment.
Neither Puppet Nor Martyr
- Scholars generally agree that Laurel was neither a completely subservient puppet nor a selfless martyr. His actions
were more complex and motivated by a mix of survival, belief in his goals, and political maneuvering.
Post-War Career:
Laurel's post-war political career
- including his run for president and senate, further complicates the narrative of his wartime actions.
International law
- dictates that under military occupation, inhabitants of a conquered territory owe temporary allegiance to the conquering
power in exchange for protection. Illustrated by the situation in the Philippines during World War II.