ADD MATH MOCK PRACTICE
1. Solve 22𝑥+1 + 5(2)𝑥 − 3 = 0
SOLUTION
Solve 22𝑥+1 + 5(2)𝑥 − 3 = 0
⇒ 22𝑥 . 21 + 5(2)𝑥 − 3 = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 )2 . 2 + 5(2) 𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
⇒ 2𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 − 3 = 0
⇒ 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
⇒ 2𝑦(𝑦 + 3) − 1(𝑦 + 3) = 0
⇒ (2𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 3) = 0
⇒ 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 3 = 0
1
⇒𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −3
2
Recall: 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
1
Case 1: 2𝑥 = Case 2: 2𝑥 = −3
2
1
⇒2𝑥 = ⇒ No solution exists.
21
⇒ 2𝑥 = 2−1
⇒ 𝑥 = −1
⸫ 𝑥 = −1
Given that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24, find the value of 𝑝.
SOLUTION
Since (𝑥 + 2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(−2) = 0.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24
⇒ 𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 + 𝑝(−2)2 − 10(−2) − 24
= −8 + 4𝑝 + 20 − 24
= 4𝑝 − 12
⇒ 4𝑝 − 12 = 0
⇒ 4𝑝 = 12
⇒ 𝑝 = 3.
Hence, factorise 𝑓(𝑥) completely.
SOLUTION
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24 ≡ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4)
Solve log 3 (𝑥 + 2) + log 3 (10 − 𝑥 ) − 3 = 0
SOLUTION
log 3 (𝑥 + 2) + log 3 (10 − 𝑥 ) − 3 = 0
⇒ log 3 (𝑥 + 2) + log 3 (10 − 𝑥 ) = 3
⇒ log 3 (𝑥 + 2) + log 3 (10 − 𝑥 ) = 3 log 3 3
⇒ log 3 (𝑥 + 2) + log 3 (10 − 𝑥 ) = log 3 33
⇒ log 3 [(𝑥 + 2)(10 − 𝑥 )] = log 3 27
Since logs is a one-to-one function,
⇒ (𝑥 + 2)(10 − 𝑥 ) = 27
⇒ 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 20 − 2𝑥 = 27
⇒ −𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 7 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1. (both solutions are valid)
Solve log 5 (3𝑥 + 7) − log 5 (𝑥 − 9) = 1
SOLUTION
log 5 (3𝑥 + 7) − log 5 (𝑥 − 9) = 1
3𝑥 + 7
⇒ log 5 [ ] = log 5 5
𝑥−9
Since logs is a one-to-one function,
3𝑥+7
⇒ =5
𝑥−9
⇒ 5(𝑥 − 9) = 3𝑥 + 7
⇒ 5𝑥 − 45 = 3𝑥 + 7
⇒ 2𝑥 = 52
⇒ 𝑥 = 26
2. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6 in the form 𝑎(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 𝑘.
SOLUTION
We need to find the values of ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = −6
𝑏 −4
ℎ= = = −1
2𝑎 2(2)
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 (4 𝘹 2 𝘹 − 6) − (−4)2 −48 − 16 −64
𝑘= = = = = −8
4𝑎 4(2) 8 8
⸫ 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6 ≡ 2(𝑥 − 1)2 − 8
(b) Hence (i) State the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum.
We take the expression in the bracket and equate it to zero and then solve for 𝑥.
⸫ 𝑥−1=0
⇒𝑥=1
(ii) State the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥).
The value of 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
𝑓(𝑥)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −8
(iii) State the coordinates of the minimum point.
The minimum point is (−ℎ, 𝑘) = (1, −8)
Given that the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0 are α and β, find
the value of the following.
(𝒊) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2
SOLUTION
(i) 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝒃 = −𝟓, 𝒄 = 𝟏
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝑏 (−5) 5 𝑐 1
α+β = − = − = αβ = =
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 2
5 2 1
∴ 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = ( ) − 2 ( )
2 2
25
= −1
4
1
=5
4
2 2
(ii) +
𝛼 𝛽
SOLUTION
2 2
+
𝛼 𝛽
2𝛽+2𝛼
=
𝛼𝛽
2(𝛼+𝛽)
=
𝛼𝛽
5
2( )
= 1
2
( 2)
= 10
1 1 1 1
Given the series + 4 + 7 + +…………………..
3 3 3 310
(a) Show that the series is geometric
SOLUTION
𝑇2 1 1 1
(a) = ( 4) ÷ ( ) =
𝑇1 3 3 27
𝑇3 1 1 1
= ( 7) ÷ ( 4) =
𝑇2 3 3 27
𝑇4 1 1 1
= ( ) ÷ ( 7) =
𝑇3 310 3 27
1
There exists a common ratio of between successive terms and
27
therefore the series is geometric.
(b) Hence, find the sum to infinity of the series.
SOLUTION
1
𝑎 ( ) 9
3
(b) 𝑆∞ = ⇒ 𝑆∞ = 1 =
1−𝑟 (1− ) 26
27
3. The equation of a circle is given as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0
Find (i) the centre and radius of the circle
(ii) the equation of the normal to the circle at the point 𝑃(5,1)
SOLUTION
(i) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑓𝑥 + 2𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Comparing coefficients: 2𝑓 = −4. ⇒ 𝑓 = −2
2𝑔 = 6 ⇒ 𝑔 = 3
Centre is (−𝒇, −𝒈) ⇒ The centre is (𝟐, −𝟑)
Radius: 𝒓 = √𝒇𝟐 + 𝒈𝟐 − 𝒄 ⇒ 𝒓 = √(−𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟑)𝟐 − (−𝟏𝟐) = √𝟐𝟓
= 5 units.
⸫ Centre is (𝟐, −𝟑) and Radius is 5 units.
(ii) A sketch is useful here.
Next, we find the gradient of the radius (normal).
Using 𝑃(5, 1) and 𝐶 (2, −3)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 − 1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−5
−4 4
= =
−3 3
⸫ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
4
Using 𝑃(5, 1): ⇒ 1 = (5) + 𝑐
3
20
⇒1= +𝑐
3
20
⇒1− =𝑐
3
17
⇒ =𝑐
3
4 17
⸫ The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
3 3
The position vectors of P and Q relative to the origin O are 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞
respectively where 𝑝 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 and 𝑞 = 𝑖 + 11𝑗.
Find (a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄
SOLUTION
Now, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 = 𝑖 + 11𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
1
= (11 ) − (52)
= (−4
9
)
= −4𝑖 + 9𝑗
(b) A unit vector in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 .
SOLUTION
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑄
= √(−4)2 + (9)2
= √97 units
−4𝒊+9𝒋 1
⸫ The unit vector is = (−4𝒊 + 9𝒋)
√97 √97
̂𝑸
(c) 𝑷𝑶
A sketch will be useful here.
̂𝑸 = 𝜽
Let 𝑷𝑶
𝑎.𝑏 𝑝.𝑞
cos 𝜃 = =
|𝑎| |𝑏| |𝑝| |𝑞|
27
⇒ cos 𝜃 =
√52 +22 √12 +112
27 27
⇒ cos 𝜃 = =
√29 √122 √3538
27
⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ( )
√3538
⇒ 𝜃 = 630 (to the nearest degree)
SOLUTION
Area of the shaded region = Area of sector OAB – Area of ∆ OAB
1
The area of ∆ OAB = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2
1
= 𝘹 10 𝑐𝑚 𝘹 10 𝑐𝑚 𝘹 sin(0.5)
2
= 23.97 𝑐𝑚2 (use radians mode)
⸫ The area of the shaded region (segment) = (25 − 23.97)𝑐𝑚2
= 1.03 𝑐𝑚2
Consider the right-angled triangle ABC shown below.
By writing expressions for sin 𝐴 and cos 𝐴, derive the following
identity: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1
SOLUTION
𝑎 2
𝑎2
sin 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑐 2
𝑐2
cos 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 2
𝑏 𝑏
2 2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 +𝑐 2
⸫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = + =
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
From Pythagoras’ Theorem, 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2
2 2 𝑏2
⸫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = =1
𝑏2
4.
(i ) 4 sin 2𝜃 + 3 cos 4𝜃
SOLUTION
(i) 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 4 sin 2𝜃 + 3 cos 4𝜃
𝒅
Recall: (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙) = −𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
⸫ = (𝟒) 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 − (𝟑) 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝜽
𝒅𝜽
= 𝟖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝜽
(𝒊𝒊) (1 + 7𝑥)3 (𝑥 + 2)
SOLUTION
Let 𝑦 = (1 + 7𝑥)3 (𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = (1 + 7𝑥)3 . ⇒ = 21(1 + 7𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2. ⇒ =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
⸫ = 𝑣 +𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 + 2). 21(1 + 7𝑥)2 + (1 + 7𝑥 )3 (1)
= (1 + 7𝑥 )2 [21(𝑥 + 2) + (1 + 7𝑥 )]
= (1 + 7𝑥 )2 (21𝑥 + 42 + 1 + 7𝑥 )
= (1 + 7𝑥 )2 (43 + 28𝑥 )
Find the stationary points on the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 and
classify them.
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑦
For stationary points, = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 16 − 12 − 24 + 4 = −16. ⸫ (2, −16)
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2 − 3 + 12 + 4 = 11 ⸫ (−1, 11)
So, the two stationary points on the curve are (2, −16) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1, 11).
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ = 12𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ = 12(2) − 6 = 18 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥=2
⸫ (2, −16) is a minimum turning point.
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ = 12𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ = 12(−1) − 6 = −18 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 = −1
⸫ (−1, 11) is a maximum turning point
A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, 𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠,
from a fixed point O on the line is given by 𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 + 24𝑡,
where 𝑡 is the time in seconds.
Find, for the particle,
(a) its velocity when the time is 6 seconds.
SOLUTION
𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 + 24𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑉=
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑉 = 6𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 + 24
∴ 𝑉 = 6(6)2 − 30(6) + 24
= 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
(b) the values of 𝑡 when the particle is at instantaneous rest.
SOLUTION
Instantaneous rest ⇒ velocity is zero.
When 𝑉 = 0
⇒ 6𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 + 24 = 0
⇒ 𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 4 = 0
⇒ (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 4) = 0
𝑡 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 4
(𝒊) ∫(𝑡 4 −2𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 − 2) 𝑑𝑡
SOLUTION
∫(𝑡 4 −2𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 − 2) 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 2𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 5𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 5 2𝑡 4 5𝑡 3 3𝑡 2
= − + + − 2𝑡 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2
𝑡 5 𝑡 4 5𝑡 3 3𝑡 2
= − + + − 2𝑡 + 𝐶
5 2 3 2
(𝒊𝒊) ∫(3 cos 4𝑥 − 4 sin 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION’
∫(3 cos 4𝑥 − 4 sin 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥
=3. + 4. +𝐶
4 3
3 4
= sin 4𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶
4 3
A curve passes through the point 𝑃(3, −7) and is such that
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 − 1.
𝑑𝑥
Determine the equation of the curve.
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 − 1. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 3
⇒𝑦= −𝑥+𝑐
3
4(3)3
At 𝑃(3, −7): −7 = −3+𝑐
3
−7 − 33 = 𝑐
−40 = 𝑐
4𝑥 3
⸫ The equation of the curve is 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 40
3
Alternatively: 3𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 120
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the
lines 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2.
SOLUTION
𝑏 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 1
2
𝑥3
= [ + 2𝑥]
3 1
(2)3 (1)3
=[ + 2(2)] − [ + 2(1)]
3 3
8 1
= ( + 4) − ( + 2)
3 3
2 1
= (6 ) − (2 )
3 3
1
= 4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area enclosed by the
𝑥
straight line 𝑦 = , the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5 is rotated
3
through 2π radians about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
SOLUTION
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
5
𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3
5
𝑥2
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 9
𝜋 5 2
⇒ 𝑉 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9 0
5
𝜋 𝑥3
⇒𝑉= [ ]
9 3 0
𝜋 125
⇒𝑉= [( ) − (0)]
9 3
125𝜋
⇒𝑉= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
27
A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, 𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠,
from a fixed point O on the line is given by 𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 + 24𝑡,
where 𝑡 is the time in seconds.
Calculate the velocity of the particle when the acceleration is zero.
SOLUTION
𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 + 24𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑉=
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑉 = 6𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 + 24
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑎 = 12𝑡 − 30
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 0, 12𝑡 − 30 = 0
12𝑡 = 30
30 5
⇒𝑡= =
12 2
The stem and leaf diagram below shows the ages of 20 people in an office.
Find
(a) the range of the ages
(b) the modal age
(c) the median age
(d) the quartiles
(e) the semi-interquartile range
SOLUTION
(a) Range = Highest age – Lowest age
= 55 – 18
= 37
(b) The modal age is the age with the highest frequency.
The modal age is 27.
(c) There are 20 scores so if we divide 20 into 2, we will get 10.
_____________________________ _______________________________
1 10 11 20
The median will lie between 10th and 11th score.
10th score is 29
11th score is 30
29+30
⸫ median = = 29.5
2
ALTERNATIVELY
1 1
The position of the median is the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ value = (20 + 1)𝑡ℎ value
2 2
1
= (21)𝑡ℎ value = 10.5th value
2
10th score is 29
11th score is 30
29+30
⸫ median = = 29.5
2
(d) There are 20 scores so if we divide 20 into 2, we will get 10.
_____________________________ _______________________________
1 10 11 20
The lower Quartile (𝑄1 ) will lie halfway through the first half of the distribution.
So, the lower quartile will lie between the 5th and 6th score.
5th score is 23
6th score is 26
23+26
⸫ 𝑄1 = = 24.5
2
The Upper Quartile (𝑄3 ) will lie halfway through the second half of the
distribution.
So, the upper quartile will lie between the 15th and 16th score.
15th score is 38
16th score is 41
38+41
⸫ 𝑄3 = = 39.5
2
Form part (c), 𝑄2 = 29.5
⸫ 𝑄1 = 24.5, 𝑄2 = 29.5, 𝑄3 = 39.5
ALTERNATIVELY
1 1
The position of 𝑄1 is the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ value = (20 + 1)𝑡ℎ value
4 4
1
= (21)𝑠𝑡 value = 5.25th value.
4
5th score is 23
6th score is 26
23+26
⸫ 𝑄1 = = 24.5
2
3 3
The position of 𝑄3 is the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ value = (20 + 1)𝑡ℎ value
4 4
3
= (21)𝑠𝑡 value = 15.75th value
4
15th score is 38
16th score is 41
38+41
⸫ 𝑄3 = = 39.5
2
𝑸𝟑 −𝑸𝟏 𝟑𝟗.𝟓−𝟐𝟒.𝟓
(e) the semi-interquartile range = = = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
Construct a box and whisker plot to illustrate the data and comment on the shape of
the distribution.
The right hand whisker is longer than the left hand whisker and the median is
closer to 𝑄1 . This indicates the presence of extreme values at the positive end of
the distribution. The distribution is positively skewed.
A bag contains 5 red counters and 3 blue counters. A counter is drawn at random
from the bag and is not replaced. A second counter is then drawn.
(a) Draw a probability tree diagram to illustrate the possible outcomes.
(b) Hence, find the probability that
(i) both counters are blue
𝑃(𝐵1 ∩ 𝐵2 ) = 𝑃(𝐵1 ) 𝘹 𝑃(𝐵2 ) (these are independent events)
3 2
= 𝘹
8 7
3
=
28
(ii) one counter is red and the other is blue
𝑃(𝑅1 ∩ 𝐵2 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑃(𝐵1 ∩ 𝑅2 )
5 3 3 5
=( 𝘹 )+( 𝘹 )
8 7 8 7
15 15
= +
56 56
30 15
= =
56 28
A and B are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.4475, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.35,
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.15.
(a) Find 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
= 0.15 +0.35−0.4475
= 0.0525
(b) Find 𝑃(𝐴 | 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩𝐵) 0.0525
𝑃(𝐴 | 𝐵) = = = 0.15
𝑃(𝐵) 0.35
(c) Are A and B independent events? Justify your answer.
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.0525
𝑃(𝐴) 𝘹 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.15 𝘹 0.35 = 0.0525
Since 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) 𝙭 𝑷(𝑩), then events A and B are independent.
Alternatively, since 𝑷(𝑨 | 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) = 0.15, then events A and B are
independent.