Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1A Development questions

10a (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 )(2 − 3𝑖) = −13𝑖

2𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑖 2 = −13𝑖

2𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑦 (−1) = −13𝑖
2𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑖 + 3𝑦 = −13𝑖
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + (−3𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑖 = −13𝑖

Equating real and imaginary parts,

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 (1)
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −13 (2)
3 × (1) + 2 × (2) gives:
13𝑦 = −26
𝑦 = −2

(1) becomes:
2𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑥=3
Thus, 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = −2.

10b (1 + 4𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖) = 6 + 7𝑖

𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 + 4𝑥𝑖 + 4𝑦𝑖 2 = 6 + 7𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 + 4𝑥𝑖 − 4𝑦 = 6 + 7𝑖
(𝑥 − 4𝑦) + (4𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖 = 6 + 7𝑖

Equating real and imaginary parts,

𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 6 (1)
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 (2)
4 × (2) + (1) gives:
17𝑥 = 34
𝑥=2
(2) becomes:

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

8+𝑦=7
𝑦 = −1
Thus, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −1.

10c (1 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (2 − 3𝑖) 𝑦 = 10

(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑖 = 10

Equating real and imaginary parts,

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 (1)
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 (2)
(1) − (2) gives:
5𝑦 = 10
𝑦=2
(2) becomes:
𝑥−6 =0
𝑥=6
Thus, 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑦 = 2.

10d 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑖) + 𝑦 (2 − 𝑖) = 4 + 5𝑖
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 = 4 + 5𝑖

Equating real and imaginary parts,

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 (1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (2)
(1) + 2 × (2) gives:

5𝑥 = 14
14
𝑥=
5
(2) becomes:
28
−𝑦 =5
5

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

3
𝑦=
5
14 3
Thus 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = .
5 5

10e
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 4+𝑖
2 + 𝑖 2 + 3𝑖
𝑥 (2 + 3𝑖) + 𝑦(2 + 𝑖)
=4+𝑖
(2 + 𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)
2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖
=4+𝑖
4 + 6𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 3
2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖
=4+𝑖
1 + 8𝑖
2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖 = (4 + 𝑖)(1 + 8𝑖)
2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖 = 4 + 32𝑖 + 𝑖 − 8
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 = −4 + 33𝑖
Equating real and imaginary parts,
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4 or
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −2 (1)

3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 33 (2)
(2) − (1) gives:
2𝑥 = 35
35
𝑥=
2
(1) becomes:
35
+ 𝑦 = −2
2
39
𝑦=−
2
35 39
Thus, 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = − .
2 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

11a
1 2
+
1 + 𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
1 (1 − 𝑖 ) 2(1 − 2𝑖)
= +
(1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)
1−𝑖 2 − 4𝑖
= 2 2
+
1 −𝑖 1 − 4𝑖 2
1 − 𝑖 2 − 4𝑖
= +
1+1 1+4
1 𝑖 2 4
= − + − 𝑖
2 2 5 5
1 2 1 4
= ( + ) + (− − ) 𝑖
2 5 2 5
5 + 4 −5 − 8
= + 𝑖
10 10
9 13
= − 𝑖
10 10

11b

1 + 𝑖 √3 2
+
2 1 + 𝑖 √3
1 + 𝑖 √3 2 1 − 𝑖 √3
= + ×
2 1 + 𝑖 √3 1 − 𝑖 √3
1 + 𝑖√3 2 − 2√3𝑖
= +
2 1+3
1 + 𝑖√3 2 − 2√3𝑖
= +
2 4
1 + 𝑖 √3 + 1 − 𝑖 √3
=
2
2
=
2
=1

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

11c
3 + 2𝑖 3 − 2𝑖
+
2 − 5𝑖 2 + 5𝑖
(3 + 2𝑖)(2 + 5𝑖) + (3 − 2𝑖) (2 − 5𝑖)
=
(2 + 5𝑖 )(2 − 5𝑖)
6 + 15𝑖 + 4𝑖 − 10 + 6 − 15𝑖 − 4𝑖 − 10
=
4 + 25
12 − 20 + 19𝑖 − 19𝑖
=
29
8
=−
29

11d
−8 + 5𝑖 3 + 8𝑖
−
−2 − 4𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
−8 + 5𝑖 3 + 8𝑖
= −
−2(1 + 2𝑖) 1 + 2𝑖
−8 + 5𝑖 −2(3 + 8𝑖)
= −
−2(1 + 2𝑖) −2(1 + 2𝑖)
−8 + 5𝑖 + 2(3 + 8𝑖)
=
−2(1 + 2𝑖)
−8 + 5𝑖 + 6 + 16𝑖
=
−2(1 + 2𝑖)
−2 + 21𝑖
=
−2(1 + 2𝑖)
−2 + 21𝑖 1 − 2𝑖
= ×
−2(1 + 2𝑖) 1 − 2𝑖
−2 + 4𝑖 + 21𝑖 − 42𝑖 2
=
−2(1 − 4𝑖 2 )
−2 + 25𝑖 + 42
=
−2(5)
40 + 25𝑖
=
−10
5
= −4 − 𝑖
2
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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

12a ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧+𝑤
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎 + 𝑥 ) + (𝑏 + 𝑦 )𝑖
= (𝑎 + 𝑥 ) − (𝑏 + 𝑦 )𝑖
= (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) + (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)
= 𝑧̅ + 𝑤
̅

12b 𝑧−𝑤
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(−𝑎 + 𝑥 ) + (−𝑏 + 𝑦)𝑖
= (−𝑎 + 𝑥 ) − (−𝑏 + 𝑦)𝑖
= (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖) − (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)
= 𝑧̅ − 𝑤
̅

12c ̅̅̅̅
𝑧𝑤

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑖2

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑖2

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦

= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑥𝑎 − 𝑏𝑦) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 )𝑖

= (𝑥𝑎 − 𝑏𝑦) − (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 )𝑖

= 𝑥𝑎 − 𝑏𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎𝑦𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦

= 𝑥𝑎 − 𝑏𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎𝑦𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑖 2

= (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)(𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)
= 𝑧̅𝑤
̅

12d Consider the case where 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = 𝑦, we then have that 𝑧 = 𝑤. The result in
̅̅̅ = 𝑧̅𝑧 ̅ and hence ̅̅̅
part c then gives that 𝑧𝑧 𝑧 2 = (𝑧̅)2 .

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

12e
̅̅̅̅̅
1
( )
𝑧
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 𝑧̅
=( × )
𝑧 𝑧̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧̅
=( )
𝑧𝑧̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧̅
= ( 2)
|𝑧 |
1
= 𝑧̅̅
|𝑧 |2
1
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )
|𝑧 |2
1
= 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑧 |2
1
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )
|𝑧 |2
𝑧
=
|𝑧 |2
𝑧
=
𝑧𝑧̅
1
=
𝑧̅

12f
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧
( )
𝑤
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
=( )
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
=( )
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦𝑖2
=( )
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 )𝑖
=( )
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 )
=( 2 + 2 𝑖)
𝑎 + 𝑏2 𝑎 + 𝑏2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 )
= − 𝑖
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥𝑖
=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦𝑖 2
=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)
=
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
𝑧̅
=
𝑤
̅

13a 𝑧 + 𝑧̅

= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
= 2𝑎
Since 𝑎 is real, 2𝑎 and hence 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ must also be real.

13b 𝑧 − 𝑧̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )

= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
= 2𝑏𝑖
Since 𝑏 is real, 2𝑏𝑖 and hence 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ must be imaginary.

13c 𝑧 2 + (𝑧̅)2
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )2 + (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )

= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )2 + (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 2𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2
Since 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real, 2𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 and hence 𝑧 2 + (𝑧̅)2 must be real.

13d 𝑧𝑧̅

= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
= 𝑎2 − 𝑖 2 𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Since 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real, 𝑎2 ≥ 0 and 𝑏 2 ≥ 0 so 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 0. This in turn means that
𝑧𝑧̅ ≥ 0. Hence 𝑧𝑧̅ is real and positive.

14
𝑧
𝑧−𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
=
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
=
𝑎 + (𝑏 − 1)𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − (𝑏 − 1) 𝑖)
=
(𝑎 + (𝑏 − 1)𝑖)(𝑎 − (𝑏 − 1)𝑖)
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − (𝑏 − 1)𝑖)
=
𝑎2 − (𝑏 − 1)2 𝑖 2
𝑎2 − 𝑎(𝑏 − 1) 𝑖 + 𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 (𝑏 − 1)𝑖 2
=
𝑎2 + (𝑏 − 1)2
𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏(𝑏 − 1)
=
𝑎2 + (𝑏 − 1)2
𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏
=
𝑎2 + (𝑏 − 1) 2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 𝑎
= 2 2
− 2 𝑖
𝑎 + (𝑏 − 1) 𝑎 + (𝑏 − 1) 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I
𝑧
If is real, then the imaginary component must be equal to zero, this means
𝑧−𝑖
that
𝑎
=0
𝑎2 + (𝑏 − 1)2
𝑎=0
Hence, 𝑧 = 0 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑏𝑖. Thus 𝑧 is either imaginary or zero.

15 𝑧2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 2
𝑧̅ 2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 2
If 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ 2 then
𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 2
4𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 0
Hence 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 = 0. This means that either 𝑧 is purely real or purely imaginary.

16a 𝑧 −1
1
=
𝑧
1
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
=
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑥 2 − 𝑖 2𝑦 2
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

16b 𝑧 −2
= (𝑧 −1 )2
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 2
=( 2 )
𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖 2 𝑦 2
=
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦
=
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

16c
𝑧−1
𝑧+1
𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑖𝑦)
=
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑦 2
=
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1 + 2𝑖𝑦
=
(𝑥 + 1) 2 + 𝑦 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1B Development questions

5a Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of −3 − 4𝑖
𝑧 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −3 − 4𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −3 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = −4
2
𝑏=− (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

2 2
𝑎2 − (− ) = −3
𝑎
4
𝑎2 − = −3
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 4 = −3𝑎2
𝑎4 + 3𝑎2 − 4 = 0
(𝑎2 + 4)(𝑎2 − 1) = 0

Hence 𝑎 = ±1 (as 𝑎 is real)

When 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2 and 𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑖.
When 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2 and 𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖.

5b 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + (3 + 𝑖) = 0

3 2 9
(𝑧 − ) − + 3 + 𝑖 = 0
2 4
3 2 9 12 + 4𝑖
(𝑧 − ) − + =0
2 4 4
3 2 3 + 4𝑖
(𝑧 − ) + =0
2 4

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

3 2 3 + 4𝑖
(𝑧 − ) = −
2 4
3 2 −3 − 4𝑖
(𝑧 − ) =
2 4
3 √−3 − 4𝑖
𝑧− =±
2 2
3 √−3 − 4𝑖
𝑧= ±
2 2
Now, using the square roots found in part (a),
3 (1 − 2𝑖)
𝑧= ±
2 2
3 1
𝑧= ± ( − 𝑖)
2 2
𝑧 = 2 − 𝑖, 1 + 𝑖

6a Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of −8 + 6𝑖.

𝑧 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −8 + 6𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −8 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = 6
3
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

3 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = −8
𝑎
9
𝑎2 − = −8
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 9 = −8𝑎2
𝑎4 + 8𝑎2 − 9 = 0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

(𝑎2 + 9)(𝑎2 − 1) = 0
Hence 𝑎 = ±1 (as 𝑎 is real)
When 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑖.
When 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −3 and 𝑧 = −1 − 3𝑖.

2
6b Δ = (−(7 − 𝑖)) − 4(1)(14 − 5𝑖)

= 49 − 14𝑖 + 𝑖 2 − 56 + 20𝑖
= 49 − 14𝑖 − 1 − 56 + 20𝑖
= −8 + 6𝑖
𝜆2 = −8 + 6𝑖
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −8 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
6 = 2𝑎𝑏
3
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

3 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = −8
𝑎
9
𝑎2 − = −8
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 9 = −8𝑎2
𝑎4 + 8𝑎2 − 9 = 0
(𝑎2 + 9)(𝑎2 − 1) = 0

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and 𝑎2 = 1

𝑎 = ±1
When 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and when 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −3.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝜆 = ±(1 + 3𝑖)
−𝑏 − 𝜆 −𝑏 + 𝜆
𝑧= or
2𝑎 2𝑎
−(−(7 − 𝑖)) ± (1 + 3𝑖)
𝑧=
2(1)
𝑧 = 4 + 𝑖 or 3 − 2𝑖

7a Using the method in Box 12 to solve 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖) = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−1)2 − 4(1)(1 + 𝑖)
= 1 − 4 (1 + 𝑖 )
= 1 − 4 − 4𝑖
= −3 − 4𝑖
2. 𝜆2 = −3 − 4𝑖 so, from 5, 𝜆 = ±(1 − 2𝑖)
−(−1)−(1−2𝑖) −(−1)+(1−2𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = or
2(1) 2(1)

2𝑖 2 − 2𝑖
𝑧= or
2(1) 2(1)
𝑧 = 𝑖 or 1 − 𝑖

7b Using the method in Box 12 to solve 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + (4 + 6𝑖) = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (3)2 − 4(1)(4 + 6𝑖)
= 9 − 16 − 24𝑖
= −7 − 24𝑖
2. 𝜆2 = −7 − 24𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of −7 − 24𝑖
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −7 − 24𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −7 (1)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Equating imaginary parts,

2𝑎𝑏 = −24
12
𝑏=− (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):
12 2
𝑎2 − (− ) = −7
𝑎
144
𝑎2 − = −7
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 144 = −7𝑎2
𝑎4 + 7𝑎2 − 144 = 0
(𝑎2 − 9)(𝑎2 + 16) = 0

𝑎 = ±3 (as 𝑎 is real)
From (2) when 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −4 and when 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = 4.
This gives 𝜆 = ±(3 − 4𝑖)

−(3)+(3−4𝑖) −(3)−(3−4𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = or
2(1) 2(1)

−4𝑖 −6 + 4𝑖
𝑧= or
2(1) 2(1)
𝑧 = −2𝑖 or −3 + 2𝑖

7c Using the method in Box 12 to solve 𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + (9 − 2𝑖) = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−6)2 − 4(1)(9 − 2𝑖)
= 36 − 36 + 8𝑖
= 8𝑖

2. 𝜆2 = 8𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of 8𝑖.
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 8𝑖.

Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = 8
4
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

2
4 2
𝑎 −( ) =0
𝑎
16
𝑎2 − =0
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 16 = 0
(𝑎2 − 4)(𝑎2 + 4) = 0

𝑎 = ±2 (as 𝑎 is real)
From (2) when 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2 and when 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −2.
This gives 𝜆 = ±2(1 + 𝑖).

−(6)+2(1+𝑖) −(6)−2(1+𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = or
2(1) 2(1)

−4+2𝑖 −8−2𝑖
𝑧=− or −
2(1) 2(1)

𝑧 = 2 − 𝑖 or 4 + 𝑖

7d Using the method in Box 12 to solve (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= 1 − 4(1 + 𝑖)(−5)
= 1 − (−20 − 20𝑖 )
= 21 + 20𝑖

2. 𝜆2 = 21 + 20𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of 21 + 20𝑖.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 21 + 20𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 21 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = 20
10
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):
10 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = 21
𝑎
100
𝑎2 − = 21
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 100 = 21𝑎2
𝑎4 − 21𝑎2 − 100 = 0
(𝑎2 − 25)(𝑎2 + 4) = 0
𝑎2 = 25 or −4
Hence 𝑎 = ±5
10
When 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = = 2.
5
10
When 𝑎 = −5, 𝑏 = = −2.
(−5)

−(1)+5+2𝑖 −(1)−(5+2𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = or
2(1+𝑖) 2(1+𝑖)

2+𝑖 −3−𝑖
𝑧= or
1+𝑖 1+𝑖
(2+𝑖)(1−𝑖) (−3−𝑖)(1−𝑖)
𝑧= or
(1−𝑖)(1+𝑖) (1−𝑖)(1+𝑖)

1
𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖 or (3 − 𝑖)
2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

7e Using the method in Box 12 to solve 𝑧 2 + (2 + 𝑖) − 13(1 − 𝑖) = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (2 + 𝑖)2 − 4(1)(−13(1 − 𝑖))
= 4 + 4𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 52(1 − 𝑖)
= 4 + 4𝑖 − 1 + 52 − 52𝑖
= 55 − 48𝑖

2. 𝜆2 = 55 − 48𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of 55 − 48𝑖.
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 55 − 48𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 55 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = −48
−24
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):
24 2
𝑎2 − (− ) = 55
𝑎
576
𝑎2 − = 55
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 576 = 55𝑎2
𝑎2 − 55𝑎2 − 576 = 0

−(−55) ± √(−55)2 − 4(1)(−576)

𝑎2 =
2
55 ± √5329
𝑎2 =
2
55 ± 73
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = 64 or −9

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Hence 𝑎 = ±8
−24
When 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = = −3.
8
−24
When 𝑎 = −8, 𝑏 = = 3.
−8

−(2+𝑖)+(8−3𝑖) −(2+𝑖)−(8−3𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = or
2(1) 2(1)

6−4𝑖 −10+2𝑖
𝑧= or
2(1) 2(1)

𝑧 = 3 − 2𝑖 or −5 + 𝑖

7f Using the method in Box 12 to solve 𝑖𝑧 2 − 2(1 + 𝑖) + 10 = 0:

1. Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= (−2(1 + 𝑖)) − 4(𝑖)(10)
= 4(1 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2 ) − 40𝑖
= 4(1 + 2𝑖 − 1) − 40𝑖
= 8𝑖 − 40𝑖
= −32𝑖

2. 𝜆2 = −32𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of −32𝑖
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Thus 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −32𝑖.
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = −32
−16
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

16 2
𝑎2 − (− ) = 0
𝑎

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

162
𝑎2 − 2 =0
𝑎
𝑎4 − 162 = 0
𝑎2 − 16)(𝑎2 + 16) = 0
Hence 𝑎 = ±4
16
When 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = − = −4.
4
−16
When 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = = 4.
−4

−2(1+𝑖)+(4−4𝑖) −2(1+𝑖)−(4−4𝑖)
3. Thus 𝑧 = − or −
2(𝑖) 2(𝑖)

2−6𝑖 −6+2𝑖
𝑧=− or
2𝑖 2𝑖

2𝑖−6𝑖2 −6𝑖+2𝑖2
𝑧=− or −
2𝑖2 2𝑖2
2𝑖+6 −6𝑖−2
𝑧=− or −
−2 −2

𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖 or −1 − 3𝑖

8a 𝑧 2 + 𝑤𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖) = 0
Since 𝑖 is a root of the equation,
𝑖 2 + 𝑤𝑖 + (1 + 𝑖) = 0
−1 + 𝑤𝑖 + (1 + 𝑖) = 0
𝑤𝑖 + 𝑖 = 0
𝑤𝑖 = −𝑖
𝑤 = −1

8b Since 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real, the conjugate 3 + 2𝑖 must also be a root of the equation.
𝑎
The sum of the roots is − , hence
1

3 + 2𝑖 + 3 − 2𝑖 = −𝑎
6 = −𝑎
𝑎 = −6

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑏
The products of the roots is = 𝑏, hence
1

(3 + 2𝑖 )(3 − 2𝑖) = 𝑏

9 − 4𝑖 2 = 𝑏
𝑏 = 9+4
𝑏 = 13

8c Since 1 − 2𝑖 is a root of the equation, we can find 𝑘 by substituting it into the

equation.
(1 − 2𝑖 )2 − (3 + 𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖) + 𝑘 = 0

1 − 4𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 − (3 − 6𝑖 + 𝑖 − 2𝑖 2 ) + 𝑘 = 0
1 − 4𝑖 − 4 − (3 − 5𝑖 + 2) + 𝑘 = 0
−3 − 4𝑖 − (5 − 5𝑖) + 𝑘 = 0
−8 + 𝑖 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑘 =8−𝑖
3+𝑖
Now, the sum of the roots is − (− ) = 3 + 𝑖, hence, if our second root is 𝛼
1

1 − 2𝑖 + 𝛼 = 3 + 𝑖
𝛼 = 2 + 3𝑖

9 𝑧𝑧̅ = 5
5
𝑧=
𝑧̅
5𝑧
𝑧2 =
𝑧̅
𝑧2 𝑧
=
5 𝑧̅
𝑧 1
= (3 + 4𝑖)
𝑧̅ 5
𝑧2 1
= (3 + 4𝑖)
5 5
𝑧 2 = 3 + 4𝑖
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Hence 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 3 + 4𝑖
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 3 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
2𝑎𝑏 = 4
2
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) in (1):

2 2
𝑎2 −( ) =3
𝑎
4
𝑎2 − =3
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 4 = 3𝑎2
𝑎4 − 3𝑎2 − 4 = 0
(𝑎2 − 4)(𝑎2 + 1) = 0

As 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 ≥ 0 and hence 𝑎 = ±2.

When 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1 and when 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −1. Thus ±(2 + 𝑖).

10a 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1 = 0
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃 + 1 = 0
(𝑧 − cos 𝜃 )2 − cos2 𝜃 + 1 = 0
(𝑧 − cos 𝜃 )2 + 1 − cos2 𝜃 = 0
(𝑧 − cos 𝜃 )2 + sin2 𝜃 = 0
(𝑧 − cos 𝜃 )2 = − sin2 𝜃
(𝑧 − cos 𝜃 ) = ±𝑖 sin 𝜃

𝑧 = cos 𝜃 ± 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = cis(±𝜃 )

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1 1
10b cos 𝜃 = (𝑧 + )
2 𝑧

Substituting 𝑧 = cis 𝜃 into the right-hand side of the equation gives

1 1
(𝑧 + )
2 𝑧
1 1
= (cis 𝜃 + )
2 cis 𝜃
1
= (cis 𝜃 + cis(−𝜃 )) (using De Moivres theorem)
2

1
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
2
1
= (2 cos 𝜃 )
2
= cos 𝜃
Substituting 𝑧 = cis(−𝜃) into the right-hand side of the equation gives
1 1
(𝑧 + )
2 𝑧
1 1
= (cis(−𝜃 ) + )
2 cis(−𝜃 )
1
= (cis(−𝜃 ) + cis 𝜃 ) (using De Moivres theorem)
2

1
= (cis(−𝜃 ) + cis 𝜃 )
2
1
= (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
2
1
= (2 cos 𝜃 )
2
= cos 𝜃
Hence the equation holds true for both results found in part a.

11a 𝑧 3 = −1
𝑧3 + 1 = 0
𝑧 3 + 13 = 0
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (1) + 12 ) = 0
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1) = 0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Hence one root is 𝑧 = −1, and using the quadratic formula, we find the roots of
𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0

−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(1)

𝑧=
2
1 ± √1 − 4
=
2
1 ± √3𝑖
=
2
1 √3
So, the roots are 𝑧 = −1, ± 𝑖.
2 2

11b 𝑧3 + 𝑖 = 0
𝑧3 − 𝑖3 = 0
(𝑧 − 𝑖)(𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖 2 ) = 0

𝑧 = 𝑖 or 𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝑧 − 1 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,

−𝑖 ± √𝑖 2 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑧=
2
−𝑖 ± √−1 + 4
=
2
−𝑖 ± √3
=
2
√3 1
Hence the roots are 𝑧 = 𝑖 or 𝑧 = ± − 𝑖.
2 2

12a Since 𝜔 is a root of the equation, it must satisfy the equation when
substituted into the above equation. Thus 𝑎𝜔 2 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝑐 = 0.

12b 𝑎𝜔 2 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝜔 2 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝜔 2 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝜔 = 0 (since 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑎 (𝜔 )2 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝜔 = 0

12c When a quadratic has real coefficients, for any complex root, the conjugate must
also be a root.

13a The conjugate 𝛼 must also be a root since the polynomial has complex coefficients.

13b The equation 𝑧 2 − 2Re(𝛼 )𝑧 + 𝛼𝛼̅ = 0 has real coefficients.

This is because 1 is real −2Re(𝑧) is real and 𝛼𝛼̅ = |𝑎 |2 is real.
Substituting 𝛼 into the left hand side of the equation gives
𝛼 2 − 2Re(𝛼 )𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼̅
= 𝛼 (𝛼 − 2Re(𝛼 ) + 𝛼̅)

= 𝛼(𝛼 + 𝛼̅ − 2Re(𝛼 ))

= 𝛼(2Re(𝛼 ) − 2Re(𝛼 ))

= 𝛼 (0)
=0

14ai 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 is shown by the curve that intersects the 𝑥-axis, and 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑏
is given by the curve in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

14aii Since the two graphs have two distinct points of intersection, we can infer that
the set of equations 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 and 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑏 will have two distinct sets of
solutions. Each set of solutions corresponds to a unique value of 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and
hence a distinct square root.

14b Below we sketch each of the possible cases. In each case not that there are
always exactly two solutions.
𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 > 0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 < 0

𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 < 0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

15a Let the square root of −𝑖 be 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.

Using the result in Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 0
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2
𝑎 = ±𝑏 (1)
1
𝑎𝑏 = − (2)
2

Substituting (1) into (2):

1
±𝑎2 = −
2
1 1
Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and hence 𝑎2 = so 𝑎 = ± .
2 √2

Now, using (2):

1 1 1
When 𝑎 = ,𝑏 =− and hence 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑖).
√2 √2 √2
1 1 1
When 𝑎 = − ,𝑏 = and hence 𝑧 = − (1 − 𝑖).
√2 √2 √2

15b Let the square root of −6 + 8𝑖 be 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.

Using the result in Box 13,

𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −6 (1)
1
𝑎𝑏 = (8) (2)
2

Substituting (2) into (1):

4 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = −6
𝑎
16
𝑎2 − = −6
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 16 = −6𝑎2
𝑎4 + 6𝑎2 − 16 = 0
(𝑎2 − 2)(𝑎2 + 8) = 0

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and hence 𝑎2 = 2 so 𝑎 = ±√2.

Now, using (2):

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

When 𝑎 = √2, 𝑏 = 2√2 and hence 𝑧 = √2(1 + 2𝑖) .

When 𝑎 = −√2, 𝑏 = −2√2 and hence 𝑧 = −√2(1 + 2𝑖) .

15c Let the square root of 2 + 2𝑖 √3 be 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

Using the result in Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 2 (1)

𝑎𝑏 = √3 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):
2
2 √3
𝑎 −( ) =2
𝑎
3
𝑎2 − =2
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 3 = 2𝑎2
𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 + 3 = 0
(𝑎2 − 3)(𝑎2 + 1) = 0

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and hence 𝑎2 = 3 so 𝑎 = ±√3.

Now, using (2):

When 𝑎 = √3, 𝑏 = 1 and hence 𝑧 = (√3 + 𝑖).

When 𝑎 = −√3, 𝑏 = −1 and hence 𝑧 = −(√3 + 𝑖).

15d Let the square root of 10 − 24𝑖 be 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

Using the result in Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 10 (1)
𝑎𝑏 = −12 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):

−12 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = 10
𝑎
144
𝑎2 − = 10
𝑎2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑎4 − 144 = 10𝑎2
𝑎4 − 10𝑎2 − 144 = 0
(𝑎2 − 18)(𝑎2 + 8) = 0
𝑎2 = 18 or − 8

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and hence 𝑎2 = 18 so 𝑎 = ±3√2.

Now, using (2):

When 𝑎 = 3√2, 𝑏 = −2√2 and hence 𝑧 = √2(3 − 2𝑖).

When 𝑎 = −3√2, 𝑏 = 2√2 and hence 𝑧 = −√2(3 − 2𝑖).

15e Let the square root of 2 − 4𝑖 be 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.

Using the result in Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 2 (1)
𝑎𝑏 = −2 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):
−2 2
𝑎2 −( ) =2
𝑎
4
𝑎2 − =2
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 4 = 2𝑎2
𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 − 4 = 0

−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(−4)

𝑎2 =
2
2 ± √20
𝑎2 =
2
2 ± 2√5
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = 1 ± √5

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 > 0 and hence 𝑎2 = 1 + √5 so 𝑎 = ±√√5 + 1.

Now, using (2):

When 𝑎 = √√5 + 1,

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

2
𝑏=−
√√5 + 1
−2√√5 − 1
=
√(√5 − 1)(√5 + 1)

−2√√5 − 1
=
√5 − 1
−2√√5 − 1
=
2
= − √√5 − 1

and hence 𝑧 = (√√5 + 1 − 𝑖√√5 − 1)

When 𝑎 = −√√5 + 1,
2
𝑏 = −−
√√5 + 1
2√√5 − 1
=
√(√5 − 1)(√5 + 1)

2√√5 − 1
=
√5 − 1
2√√5 − 1
=
2

= √√5 − 1

and hence 𝑧 = −(√√5 + 1 − 𝑖√√5 − 1)

16a 𝑧 2 + (4 + 2𝑖)𝑧 + (1 + 2𝑖) = 0

Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (4 + 2𝑖) 2 − 4(1)(1 + 2𝑖)
= 16 + 16𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 − 4 − 8𝑖
= 16𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 − 8𝑖
= 8 + 8𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of Δ.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Using Box 13,

𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 8 (1)
𝑎𝑏 = 4 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):

4 2
𝑎2 − ( ) = 8
𝑎
16
𝑎2 − =8
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 16 = 8𝑎2
𝑎4 − 8𝑎2 − 16 = 0

−(−8) ± √(−8)2 − 4(1)(−16)

𝑎2 =
2
8 ± √128
𝑎2 =
2
8 ± 8 √2
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = 4 ± 4√2

Since 𝑎2 ≥ 0 as 𝑎 is real, it follows that 𝑎2 = 4 + 4√2. Thus

𝑎 = ±√4 + 4√2 = ±2√1 + √2

When 𝑎 = 2√1 + √2,

4
𝑏=
2√1 + √2
2
=
√ √2 + 1
2 √ √2 − 1
=
√√2 + 1√√2 − 1
2√√2 − 1
=
√2 − 1

= 2√√2 − 1

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

When 𝑎 = −2√1 + √2,

4
𝑏=−
2 √ 1 + √2
2
=−
√ √2 + 1
2 √ √2 − 1
=−
√ √2 + 1 √ √2 − 1
2 √ √2 − 1
=−
√2 − 1

= −2√√2 − 1

Hence 𝜆 = ± (2√√2 + 1 − 𝑖2√√2 − 1)

Hence the roots of the equation are

−𝑏 ± 𝜆
𝑧=
2𝑎

−(4 + 2𝑖 ) ± (2√√2 + 1 − 𝑖2√√2 − 1)

𝑧=
2(1)

𝑧 = −2 − 𝑖 ± (√√2 + 1 − 𝑖 √√2 − 1)

16b 𝑧 2 − 2(1 + 𝑖)𝑧 + (2 + 6𝑖) = 0

Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= (−2(1 + 𝑖)) − 4(1)(2 + 6𝑖)

= 4(1 + 2𝑖 − 1) − 8 − 24𝑖
= 8𝑖 − 8 − 24𝑖
= −8 − 16𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of Δ.

Using Box 13,

𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −8 (1)
𝑎𝑏 = −8 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

2
8 2
𝑎 − (− ) = −8
𝑎
64
𝑎2 − = −8
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 64 = −8𝑎2
𝑎4 + 8𝑎2 − 64 = 0

−8 ± √(−8)2 − 4(1)(−64)
𝑎2 =
2
−8 ± √320
𝑎2 =
2
−8 ± 8√5
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = −4 ± 4√5

Since 𝑎 is real 𝑎2 ≥ 0 it follows that 𝑎2 = −4 + 4√5 thus

𝑎 = ±2√−1 + √5

When 𝑎 = 2√−1 + √5,

−8
𝑏=
2√−1 + √5
4
=−
√√5 − 1
4√√5 + 1
=−
√√5 − 1√√5 + 1
4√√5 + 1
=−
√5 − 1
4√√5 + 1
=−
2
= −2√√5 + 1

When 𝑎 = −2√−1 + √5,

−8
𝑏=−
2√−1 + √5

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

4
=
√√5 − 1
4√√5 + 1
=
√√5 − 1√√5 + 1
4√√5 + 1
=
√5 − 1
4√√5 + 1
=
2

= 2√√5 + 1

Thus the roots of the equation are

−(−2(1 + 𝑖)) ± (2√√5 − 1 − 2√√5 + 1)

𝑧=
2

𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 ± (√√5 − 1 − 𝑖 √√5 + 1)

16c 𝑧 2 + 2(1 − 𝑖 √3)𝑧 + 2 + 2𝑖 √3 = 0

Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= (2(1 − 𝑖√3)) − 4(1)(2 + 2𝑖√3)

= 4(1 − 2𝑖√3 − 3) − 8 − 8𝑖√3

= 4(−2𝑖√3 − 2) − 8 − 8𝑖√3

= −8𝑖√3 − 8 − 8 − 8𝑖√3

= −16 − 16𝑖√3
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of Δ.
Using Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −16 (1)

𝑎𝑏 = −8√3 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1):
2
8 √3
𝑎2 − (− ) = −16
𝑎

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

192
𝑎2 − = −16
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 192 = −16𝑎2
𝑎4 + 16𝑎2 − 192 = 0

−(16) ± √(−16)2 − 4(1)(−192)

𝑎2 =
2
−(16) ± √1024
𝑎2 =
2
−16 ± 32
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = 8 (since 𝑎2 > 0)

𝑎 = ±2√2

When 𝑎 = 2√2,

8 √3
𝑏=−
2 √2
4 √3
=−
√2
4 √6
=−
2
= −2√6

When 𝑎 = −2√2,

8√3
𝑏 = − (− )
2√2
4√3
=
√2
4√6
=
2
= 2√6

So 𝜆 = ±(2√2 − 2√6𝑖)

Hence the roots of the equation are

−2(1 − 𝑖 √3) ± (2√2 − 2√6𝑖)

𝑧=
2(1)

= −1 + 𝑖√3 ± (√2 − 𝑖√6)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

16d 𝑧 2 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + (𝑖 − 1) = 0
Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (1 − 𝑖)2 − 4(1)(𝑖 − 1)
= (1 − 2𝑖 − 1) − 4𝑖 + 4
= 4 − 6𝑖
Let 𝜆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 be a square root of Δ.
Using Box 13,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 4 (1)
𝑎𝑏 = −3 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1):

−3 2
𝑎2 −( ) =4
𝑎
9
𝑎2 − =4
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 9 = 4𝑎2
𝑎4 − 4𝑎2 − 9 = 0

4 ± √42 − 4(1)(−9)
𝑎2 =
2(1)

4 ± √52
𝑎2 =
2
4 ± 2√13
𝑎2 =
2
𝑎2 = 2 ± √13

Since 𝑎2 ≥ 0, 𝑎2 = 2 + √13

𝑎 = ±√√13 + 2

When 𝑎 = √√13 + 2,
−3
𝑏=
√√13 + 2
−3√√13 − 2
=
√√13 − 2√√13 + 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

−3√√13 − 2
=
√13 − 4

= −√√13 − 2

When 𝑎 = −√√13 + 2,
−3
𝑏=−
√√13 − 2
−3√√13 − 2
=−
√√13 − 2√√13 + 2
3√√13 − 2
=
√13 − 4

= √√13 − 2

So 𝜆 = ± (√√13 + 2 − 𝑖√√13 − 2)

Hence the roots of the equation are

−(1 − 𝑖) ± (√√13 + 2 − 𝑖 √√13 − 2)

𝑧=
2(1)

1
= (−(1 − 𝑖) ± (√√13 + 2 − 𝑖√√13 − 2))
2

1
= (−1 + 𝑖 ± (√√13 + 2 − 𝑖 √√13 − 2))
2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1C Development questions

𝜋
6 𝑃 will be 2 units from the origin making an angle of with the 𝑥-axis. Taking the
6
conjugate of a complex number makes the imaginary part negative and leaves
the real part unaffected. Hence, we make the 𝑦-component of 𝑧 negative. This is
equivalent to reflecting 𝑃 about the 𝑥-axis to obtain 𝑄. Taking the negative of a
complex number is equivalent to a 180° rotation or a reflection about the 𝑥 and
then 𝑦-axes, hence this gives the position of 𝑅. Multiplying by 𝑖 is equivalent to a
𝜋 1 𝑧̅ 1
rotation by about the origin. Noting that = = |𝑧|2 𝑧̅, 𝑇 must have the same
2 𝑧 𝑧𝑧̅
1
angle as 𝑄. Since |𝑧 | > 1, |𝑧|2
< 1 and hence 𝑇 will be closer to the origin than 𝑄.

7 Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
−𝑧̅ = −(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
= −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Hence −𝑧̅ is equivalent to the transformation (𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, 𝑦) which is a
reflection of the point representing 𝑧 in the 𝑦-axis.

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 so 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦, −𝑧 = −𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 and −𝑧̅ = −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Consider the diagonal between −𝑧 and 𝑧. It has length

2
√(−𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 + (𝑦 − (−𝑦))

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

= √(2𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2
= 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

The midpoint is
−𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
( , ) = (0, 0)
2 2
Now, the diagonal between −𝑧̅ and 𝑧̅. It has length

2
√(−𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 + (𝑦 − (−𝑦))

= √(2𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2
= 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

The midpoint is
−𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
( , ) = (0, 0)
2 2
Thus, both diagonals have the same length, and as they have the same midpoint
they must bisect each other. Hence the points form a rectangle.

8b Geometry of opposites: Since 𝑧 and −𝑧 are rotations of each other by 𝜋 about the
origin the midpoint of the two points must be the origin. Similarly, the midpoint
of 𝑧̅ and −𝑧̅ must be the origin. Thus, the two diagonals bisect one another.

Geometry of conjugates: Since 𝑧 and 𝑧̅ are reflections of one another about the
real axis they must have the same length. Similarly, −𝑧 and −𝑧̅ must have a
common length. Hence it follows that both diagonals are of the same length.

Thus, the diagonals are equal and bisect one another so the points form a
rectangle.

9 Note that these results follow immediately from the result in the book as 𝑧 being
real and 𝑧 being imaginary are just special cases of 𝑧 being complex.

9a Consider 𝑥 where 𝑥 is real, this lies on the 𝑥-axis. Multiplying by 𝑖 gives 𝑖𝑥. This
lies on the 𝑦-axis. If 𝑥 > 0 then 𝑥 and 𝑖𝑥 are on the positive 𝑥- and 𝑦-axes

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I
𝜋
respectively. Hence this is a rotation by . If 𝑥 < 0 then 𝑥 and 𝑖𝑥 are on the
2
𝜋
negative 𝑥- and 𝑦-axes respectively. Hence this is a rotation by .
2

9b Consider 𝑖𝑥 where 𝑥 is real, this lies on the 𝑥-axis.

Multiplying by 𝑖 gives 𝑖 2 𝑥 = −𝑥 this lies on the 𝑦-axis.
If 𝑥 > 0 then 𝑖𝑥 and −𝑥 are on the positive 𝑦 and negative 𝑥-axes respectively.
𝜋
Hence this is a rotation by .
2

If 𝑥 < 0 then 𝑖𝑥 and −𝑥 are on the negative 𝑦 and positive 𝑥-axes respectively.
𝜋
Hence this is a rotation by .
2

10a
𝑏−0 𝑏
𝑚𝑂𝐴 = =
𝑎−0 𝑎
𝑤 = 𝑖 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )
= 𝑎𝑖 − 𝑏
= −𝑏 + 𝑎𝑖
𝑎−0
𝑚𝑂𝐵 =
−𝑏 − 0
𝑎
=−
𝑏
1
=−
𝑚𝑂𝐴
Hence it follows that 𝑂𝐴 ⊥ 𝑂𝐵.

10b 𝑂𝐴 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝑂𝐵 = √𝑎2 + (−𝑏 )2
= √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑂𝐴

10c It has a right angle and two sides are of the same length. Hence it is right-
isosceles triangle.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

11
1 1
− =𝑖
𝑧 𝑧̅
Multiplying through by 𝑧𝑧̅ (note that 𝑧 ≠ 0),
𝑧̅ − 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑧𝑧̅
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) = 𝑖 |𝑧 |2

−2𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖 |𝑧 |2
−2𝑦 = |𝑧 |2
−2𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 1
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 1
This is the circle with centre (0, −1) and radius 1 unit, omitting the origin.

𝑧−6
12 Re ( )=0
𝑧

6
Re (1 − ) = 0
𝑧
6𝑧̅
Re (1 − )=0
𝑧𝑧̅
6𝑧̅
Re (1 − )=0
|𝑧 |2
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
6
Re (1 − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) ) = 0
|𝑧 |2
6 6𝑦
Re (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑖 )=0
|𝑧 |2 |𝑧 |2
6
1− 𝑥=0
|𝑧 |2
6𝑥 = |𝑧 |2 (note 𝑧 ≠ 0)
6𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 9
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

This is the circle with centre (3, 0) and radius 3 units, omitting the origin.

13 (𝑧 − 2)(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 − 2) = 9
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧̅ − 2̅) = 9
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧̅ − 2) = 9
𝑧𝑧̅ − 2𝑧 − 2𝑧̅ + 4 = 9
|𝑧 |2 − 2(𝑧 + 𝑧̅) = 5
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 5
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 9
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 3

This is the equation of a circle with centre (2, 0) and radius √3 units.

2
14 𝑧𝑧̅ = (Re(𝑧 − 1 + 3𝑖))
2
|𝑧 |2 = (Re(𝑧 − 1 + 3𝑖))

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (Re(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 + 3𝑖 ))

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦 2
1
𝑥= (1 − 𝑦 2 )
2
This is the parabola with focus the origin and directrix 𝑥 = 1.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 44

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1D Development questions

𝜋
11 Since 0 < arg 𝑧 < , we know that 𝐴 must be in the first quadrant. Now,
2
𝜋
multiplication by 𝑖 represents a anticlockwise rotation around the origin and so
2
𝜋
multiplication by −𝑖 represents a clockwise rotation. Thus, 𝐵is found by
2
𝜋 𝜋
rotating 𝐴 radians around the origin. Multiplying by 2 cis ( ) 𝑧 doubles the
2 3
𝜋
distance of the point from the origin and rotates it by radians. Multiplying by
3
1 𝜋 𝜋
cis (− ) halves the distance from the origin and rotates the point radians
2 4 4
clockwise.

12a From Box 22,

|𝑤𝑧 | = |𝑤||𝑧 |

Replacing 𝑧 with 𝑧 ÷ 𝑤,
|𝑤 (𝑧 ÷ 𝑤)| = |𝑤||𝑧 ÷ 𝑤|
𝑧 𝑧
|𝑤 | = |𝑤| | |
𝑤 𝑤
𝑧
|𝑧 | = |𝑤| | |
𝑤
|𝑧 | 𝑧
=| |
|𝑤 | 𝑤

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

12b From Box 22,

arg(𝑧𝑤) = arg(𝑤) + arg(𝑧 )
Replacing 𝑧 with 𝑧 ÷ 𝑤,

arg((𝑧 ÷ 𝑤) 𝑤) = arg(𝑧 ÷ 𝑤) + arg(𝑤)

z 𝑧
arg ( 𝑤) = arg ( ) + arg(𝑤)
w 𝑤
𝑧
arg(z) = arg ( ) + arg(𝑤)
𝑤
𝑧
Hence arg ( ) = arg(z) − arg(𝑤).
𝑤

2 1
13a 𝑧1 = √ (√3) + (1)2 cis (tan−1 ) (first quadrant)
√3
1
= √4 cis (tan−1 )
√3
𝜋
= 2 cis
6
2 2 2√ 2
𝑧2 = √(2√2) + (2√2) cis (tan−1 ) (first quadrant)
2√ 2
= √16 cis (tan−1 1)
𝜋
= 4 cis
4

𝜋 𝜋
13b 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 2 cis × 4 cis
6 4
𝜋 𝜋
= (2 × 4) cis ( + )
6 4
𝜋 𝜋
= 8 cis ( + )
6 4
5𝜋
= 8 cis
12
𝜋
𝑧2 4 cis 4
=
𝑧1 2 cis 𝜋
6
4 𝜋 𝜋
= cis ( − )
2 4 6
𝜋
= 2 cis
12

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1
14 𝑧1 = √(−√3) + (1) 2 cis (tan−1 (− )) (second quadrant)
√3
𝜋
= √4 cis (𝜋 − )
6
5𝜋
= 2 cis
6
−1
𝑧2 = √(−1)2 + (−1)2 cis (tan −1 ( )) (third quadrant)
−1
3𝜋
= √2cis (− )
4
5𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 2 cis × √2cis (− )
6 4
5𝜋 3𝜋
= 2√2 cis ( − )
6 4
𝜋
= 2√2 cis
12
3𝜋
𝑧2 √2 cis (− 4 )
=
𝑧1 5𝜋
2 cis ( )
6
√2 3𝜋 5𝜋
= cis (− − )
2 4 6
√2 19𝜋
= cis (− )
2 12
√2 19𝜋
= cis (2𝜋 − )
2 12
√2 24𝜋 − 19𝜋
= cis ( )
2 12
√2 5𝜋
= cis
2 12

15a

(1 + 𝑖√3)
1+𝑖
(1 + 𝑖√3)(1 − 𝑖)
=
(1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)

1 − 𝑖 + 𝑖 √3 + 𝑖 2 √3
=
(1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)

1 − 𝑖 + 𝑖 √3 − √3
=
12 − 𝑖 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 47
Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

(√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 − 1)
=
2
1
= ((√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 − 1))
2

15b

1 + 𝑖 √3
1+𝑖
𝜋
2 cis
= 3
𝜋
√2 cis 4
2 𝜋 𝜋
= cis ( − )
√2 3 4
𝜋
= √2 cis
12

𝜋
15c √2 cis 12

1 + 𝑖 √3
=
1+𝑖
1
= ((√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 − 1))
2
𝜋 𝜋 1
Hence √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = ((√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 − 1))
12 12 2

Equating the real parts in the above equation,

𝜋 1
√2 cos = (√3 + 1)
12 2
Hence
𝜋 1
cos = (√3 + 1)
12 2√2

𝑧
16a |𝑧 | = | 1|
𝑧2
|𝑧1 |
=
|𝑧2 |
√1 + 52
=
√32 + 22

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

√1 + 25
=
√9 + 4
√26
=
√13
= √2

2
16b tan (tan−1 5 − tan−1 )
3

2
tan(tan−1 5) − tan (tan−1 )
= 3
2
1 + tan(tan−1 5) tan (tan−1 )
3
2
5−
= 3
2
1+ 5( )
3
13
= 3
13
3
= 1
arg 𝑧 = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
2
= tan −1 5 − tan −1
3
tan (arg 𝑧 )
2
= tan (tan−1 5 − tan−1 )
3
=1
arg 𝑧
= tan−1 1
𝜋
=
4

16c
π
𝑧 = √2 cis
4
𝜋 𝜋
= √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
1 1
= √2 ( + 𝑖 )
√2 √2
=1+𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

17a 𝑧𝑧̅ = (𝑟 cis 𝜃 )(𝑟 cis(−𝜃 ))

= 𝑟 2 cis(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
= 𝑟 2 cis 0
= 𝑟2
= |𝑧 |2

17b arg(𝑧 2 )
= arg((𝑟 cis 𝜃 )2 )
= arg(𝑟 2 cis(𝜃 + 𝜃 ))
= arg(𝑟 2 cis 2𝜃 )
= 2𝜃
= 2 arg(𝑟 cis 𝜃 )
= 2 arg(𝑧)

17c |𝑧 | = 1
𝑧𝑧̅ = 1
1
𝑧̅ = (as 𝑧 is non zero)
𝑧
𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1

18a Note that |𝑧 |2 is a real number and as such its argument must be zero, that is
arg(|𝑧 |2 ) = 0
arg 𝑧𝑧̅ = 0
arg 𝑧 + arg 𝑧̅ = 0
arg 𝑧̅ = − arg 𝑧

19a, b 𝑧 2 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )2

= cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 2 sin2 𝜃
= cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
= cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

𝑧 2 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )2
= (cis 𝜃 )2
= cis 2𝜃

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

= cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
Thus cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
Equating the real and imaginary coefficients in the above equation,
cos 2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

20a |𝑧 − 1| = 1

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1| = 1
|𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦| = 1
|𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦|2 = 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
|𝑧 |2 = 2𝑥

|𝑧|2 = 2Re(𝑧 )

20b |𝑧 − 1| = 1

|𝑧 − 1|2 = 1
(𝑧 − 1)̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧−1 =1
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧̅ − 1̅) = 1
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧̅ − 1) = 1

𝑧𝑧̅ − 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ + 1 = 1
𝑧𝑧̅ − 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ = 0
𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑧 + 𝑧̅
|𝑧 |2 = 𝑧 + 𝑧̅
|𝑧 |2 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
|𝑧 |2 = 2𝑥
|𝑧 |2 = 2Re(z)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

21a |2𝑧 − 1| = |𝑧 − 2|

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
|2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 1| = |(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 2|
|(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦| = |(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦 |
|(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦|2 = |(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦 |2
(2𝑥 − 1) 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 2) 2 + 𝑦 2
(2𝑥 − 1) 2 = (𝑥 − 2) 2

4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 2 = 3
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1

21b |2𝑧 − 1|2 = |𝑧 − 2|2

(2𝑧 − 1)̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2𝑧 − 1 = (𝑧 − 2) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧−2
(2𝑧 − 1)(2𝑧̅ − 1) = (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧̅ − 2)

4𝑧𝑧̅ − 2𝑧 − 2𝑧̅ + 1 = 𝑧𝑧̅ − 2𝑧 − 2𝑧̅ + 4

3𝑧𝑧̅ = 3
𝑧𝑧̅ = 1
|𝑧 |2 = 1

22a 𝑧 = 1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

|𝑧 | = |1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 |
= √(1 + cos 𝜃 )2 + (sin 𝜃 )2
= √1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
= √1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + 1
= √2 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝜃
= √2 + 2 cos 2 ( )
2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝜃
= √2 + 2 (2 cos2 − 1)
2

𝜃
= √4 cos2
2
𝜃
= 2 cos
2

arg 𝑧
= arg(1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
sin 𝜃
= tan−1 ( )
1 + cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
2 sin cos
= tan−1 ( 2 2 )
2 𝜃
1 + (2 cos − 1)
2
𝜃 𝜃
2 sin cos
= tan−1 ( 2 2)
𝜃
2 cos2
2
𝜃
sin
= tan−1 ( 2)
𝜃
cos
2
𝜃
= tan−1 (tan )
2
𝜃
=
2

22b
𝜃 𝜃
𝑧 = 2 cos cis
2 2
1
𝑧 −1 =
𝑧
1
=
𝜃 𝜃
2 cos cis
2 2
1 𝜃
= cis (− )
𝜃 2
2 cos
2
1 𝜃 𝜃
= (cos − 𝑖 sin )
𝜃 2 2
2 cos
2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1 𝜃
= (1 − 𝑖 tan )
2 2
1 1 𝜃
= − 𝑖 tan
2 2 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 54

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1E Development questions

𝜋
7 𝑤 can be obtained by rotating 𝑧 by radians. Hence it follows that 𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧.
2

Hence
𝑧2 + 𝑤2
= 𝑧 2 + (𝑖𝑧 )2
= 𝑧2 − 𝑧2
=0

8 𝐸 = 𝑂𝐸
= 𝐴𝐵
= 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
= 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
𝜋
𝐹 is a rotation from 𝐸, hence 𝐹 = 𝑖 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )
2

𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶
= 𝑂𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
= 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐹
= 𝑤2 + 𝑖(𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )
𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐹
= 𝑤1 + 𝑖 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )

9a 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 represents the vector 𝐵𝐴 and 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 represents the vector 𝐵𝐶.

𝜋
Since 𝐵𝐴 is radians anticlockwise of 𝐵𝐶 it follows that (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = 𝑖(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 ).
2

(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2 + (𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )2
2
= (𝑖(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )) + (𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )2

= −(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )2 + (𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )2
=0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Vectors 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 represent 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 repsectivly, and 𝐵𝐴 is the

𝜋
anticlockwise otation of 𝐵𝐶 through about 𝐵. So 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑖(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 ). Squaring
2
both sides gives the result.

9b 𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷
= 𝑧1 + 𝐵𝐶
= 𝑧1 + (𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )
= 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + 𝑧3

𝜋
10a 𝑂𝐶 is formed by taking the vector 𝑂𝐴, rotating it by (multiplying 𝜔 by 𝑖) and
2
then doubling the length of the rotated vector. This gives 2𝑖𝜔.

10b The diagonals of a rectangle bisect one another. Hence the point of intersection
will be at the midpoint of 𝐴 and 𝐶.
This is at
𝜔 + 2𝑖𝜔 1
= 𝜔 (1 + 2𝑖)
2 2

2𝜋
11 The angle subtended by the vertices will be radians (they divide a full rotation,
3
2𝜋, into 3 equal segments). Hence the other vertices are obtained by rotating by
2𝜋 2𝜋
and − .
3 3

This is equivalent to multiplying 1 + √3𝑖 by

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 √3
cis (± ) = cos (± ) + 𝑖 sin (± ) = (− ± 𝑖 )
3 3 3 2 2
So the other two vertices are given by

1 √3
(1 + √3𝑖) (− ± 𝑖 )
2 2
1
= − (1 + √3𝑖)(1 ± √3𝑖)
2
1 1
= − (1 − 3𝑖 2 ) or − (1 + 2√3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2 )
2 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

= −2 or 1 − 𝑖 √3

= −2 and 1 − √3𝑖

𝜋
12a This is done by simply rotating by ± about the origin. To do this, multiply 𝑧 by
2
±𝑖 to give
±𝑖𝑧
= ±𝑖(3 + 4𝑖)
= ±(3𝑖 − 4)
= ±(4 − 3𝑖)
Hence 𝑤 = −4 + 3𝑖 or 4 − 3𝑖 .

12b To make the right angle at 𝑧 itself we simply need to translate the two vectors
from part (a) by 𝑧. This gives
3 + 4𝑖 ± (4 − 3𝑖) = 7 + 𝑖 or −1 + 7𝑖
Hence 𝑤 = −1 + 7𝑖 or 7 + 𝑖

12c In this case the line 𝑂𝑊 and 𝑊𝑍 must be perpendicular, hence

𝑤 = ±𝑖(𝑤 − 𝑧)
𝑤 = 𝑖𝑤 − 𝑖𝑧 or 𝑤 = −𝑖𝑤 + 𝑖𝑧
(1 − 𝑖)𝑤 = −𝑖𝑧 or (1 + 𝑖)𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧
𝑖 𝑖
𝑤 = (− ) 𝑧 or 𝑤 = ( )𝑧
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

𝑖(1+𝑖) 𝑖(1−𝑖)
𝑤 = (− ) 𝑧 or 𝑤 = ( )𝑧
2 2

1−𝑖 1+𝑖
𝑤=( ) 𝑧 or 𝑤 = ( )𝑧
2 2
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
𝑤=( ) (3 + 4𝑖) or 𝑤 = ( ) (3 + 4𝑖)
2 2
1 1
𝑤= (3 + 4𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 4𝑖 2 ) or 𝑤 = (3 + 4𝑖 + 3𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 )
2 2
1 1
Hence 𝑤 = (7 + 𝑖) or (−1 + 7𝑖)
2 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 57

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

13 In order to be parallelogram, the opposite sides must be parallel and of equal

length. Another way of saying this is that they must be the same vector. Hence,
we must solve for the following equations:
𝑧4 − 𝑧3 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑧4 = 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
= −1 + 7𝑖 + 2 + 6𝑖 − (1 + 𝑖)
= 12𝑖

𝑧4 − 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧4 = 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
= −1 + 7𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 − (2 + 6𝑖)
= −2 + 2𝑖

𝑧4 − 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3
𝑧4 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧3
= 2 + 6𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 − (−1 + 7𝑖)
=4
Three possible values of 𝑧4 are −2 + 2𝑖, 12𝑖, 4.

14 Since 𝑧 has a modulus of 1, the quadrilateral formed by the points 𝑂, 1, 𝑧 and

1 + 𝑧 has all sides of equal length. The diagonal of a rhombus bisects the angle at
the corner of the rhombus. Thus, the line between O and (1 + 𝑧) bisects the angle
between the line from 0 to 1 and the line from 0 to z.
1
That is, Arg(𝑧 + 1) = Arg 𝑧 or 2 Arg(𝑧 + 1) = Arg 𝑧.
2

15a 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 represents 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑧4 − 𝑧3 represents 𝐶𝐷 hence 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷 so the opposite

sides are both equal in length and parallel. Thus, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

15b 𝑧1 − 𝑧3 represents 𝐴𝐶 whilst 𝑧4 − 𝑧2 represents 𝐷𝐵. Since 𝑧1 − 𝑧3 = 𝑖(𝑧4 − 𝑧2 ) it

follows that
arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧3 )
= arg 𝑖(𝑧4 − 𝑧2 )
= arg 𝑖 + arg(𝑧4 − 𝑧2 )
𝜋
= + arg(𝑧4 − 𝑧2 )
2
This means that 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐷𝐵 are perpendicular. Since the diagonals of the
parallelogram are perpendicular, it must be a square.

16
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝜋
= cis
𝑧3 − 𝑧1 3
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝜋
| | = |cis |
𝑧3 − 𝑧1 3
𝑧2 − 𝑧1
| |=1
𝑧3 − 𝑧1
|𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = |𝑧3 − 𝑧2 |
This means that the triangle is isosceles.
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 π
arg ( ) = arg (cis )
𝑧3 − 𝑧1 3
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧3 − 𝑧1 3
𝜋
The angle between the two equal sides is .
3

Hence the triangle is equilateral.

17
𝑧2 𝑧3
=
𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧2 𝑧3
arg ( ) = arg ( )
𝑧1 𝑧2
arg 𝑧2 − arg 𝑧1 = arg 𝑧3 − arg 𝑧2
Hence ∠𝑃2 𝑂𝑃1 = ∠𝑃3 𝑂𝑃2 .

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

So 𝑂𝑃2 bisects 𝑃1 𝑂𝑃3 .

𝜋 𝜋
18a 𝑖 = cis so 𝑧1 = 2 cis
2 2

2
𝑧2 = √1 + (√3) cis(tan−1 √3)
𝜋
= 2 cis
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 cis , 𝑧2 = 2 cis
2 3

18b

18c i arg(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )

= arg(2𝑖 + 1 + √3𝑖)

= arg(1 + (2 + √3)𝑖)

2 + √3
= tan−1 ( )
1

= tan−1 (2 + √3)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5𝜋
=
12

18c ii arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )

= arg(2𝑖 − 1 − √3𝑖)

= arg(−1 + (2 − √3)𝑖)

2 − √3
= tan−1 ( )
−1

= tan−1 (√3 − 2)
11𝜋
=
12

19a |𝑧 |2 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑖 2𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
= 𝑧𝑧̅

19b |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2

= (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧 1 − 𝑧2 )

= (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )(𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 ) + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧̅1 − 𝑧̅2 )

= 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧1 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 − 𝑧2 𝑧̅1 − 𝑧1 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2
= 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2
= 2(𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 )
= 2(|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 )

19c The sum of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to the sum of
the squares of its sides.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

20a |𝑧 − 𝑤| represents the length 𝑃𝑄, |𝑧| is the length of 𝑂𝑃 and |𝑤| is the length of
𝑂𝑄. The length of any one side of a triangle must be less than or equal to the sum
of the lengths of the other two sides of the triangle (this is the triangle
inequality) and hence |𝑧 − 𝑤| ≤ |𝑧 | + |𝑤|.

20b

20c This is a parallelogram as all opposing sides are parallel.

20d This implies that the diagonals are of equal length and thus 𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑄 is a square,
𝑤
this means that 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑂𝑄 are perpendicular hence is a multiple of 𝑖 and
𝑧
purely imaginary.
𝑧 𝜋 𝑤
arg = , so is purely imaginary.
𝑤 2 𝑧

21a
𝑧3 −𝑧1
If is real then
𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑧3 − 𝑧1
arg ( )=0
𝑧2 − 𝑧1
arg(𝑧3 − 𝑧1 ) − arg(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 0
So 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 are parallel and thus 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are collinear.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Since 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are collinear, it follows that the vectors 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

must be parallel. This means that 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 must be a scalar multiple of 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 .
𝑧3 −𝑧1 𝛼(𝑧2−𝑧1)
Hence 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 = 𝛼(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) where 𝛼 is real. Thus = = 𝛼 which is
𝑧2 −𝑧1 𝑧2−𝑧1
real, as required.

21b
19 + 29𝑖 − (5 + 8𝑖)
( )
(13 + 20𝑖 ) − (5 + 8𝑖)
14 + 21𝑖
=
8 + 12𝑖
7(2 + 3𝑖)
=
4(2 + 3𝑖)
7
=
4
𝑧3−𝑧1
Thus is real and hence it follows that the three points are collinear.
𝑧2−𝑧1

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1F Development questions

5a |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 2
|𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| = 2 is a circle with centre 2 − 𝑖 or (2, −1) and radius 2 units.

Alternatively, let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.

|(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 2
|(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 1)𝑖| ≤ 2

|(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 1)𝑖| 2 ≤ 4
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 ≤ 4

Im(𝑧 ) ≥ 0
𝑦≥0

5a i

5a ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5b Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
0 ≤ Re(𝑧 ) ≤ 2
0≤𝑥≤2

|𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖| ≤ 2
|𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖| = 2 is a circle with centre 1 − 𝑖 or (1, −1) and radius 2 units.

Alternatively,
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 + 𝑖| ≤ 2
|(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 1)| ≤ 2
|(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 1)|2 ≤ 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 ≤ 4

5b i

5b ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5c Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
|𝑧 − 𝑧̅| < 2
|(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)| < 2
|2𝑖𝑦 | < 2

2|𝑦| < 2
|𝑦 | < 1

−1 < 𝑦 < 1

|𝑧 − 1| ≥ 1
|𝑧 − 1| = 1 is a circle with centre (1, 0) and radius 1 unit.

5c i

5c ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5d Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Re(𝑧 ) ≤ 4
𝑥≤4

|𝑧 − 4 + 5𝑖| ≤ 3
|𝑧 − 4 + 5𝑖| = 3 is a circle with centre 4 − 5𝑖 or (4, −5) and radius 3 units.

5d i

5d ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5e |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| ≤ 2
|𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| = 2 is a circle with centre 1 + 𝑖 or (1, 1) and radius 2 units.

𝜋
0 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖) ≤
4
Vertex of angle at 1 + 𝑖 or (1, 1).

5e i

5e ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5f |𝑧 | ≤ 1
|𝑧 | = 1 is a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 1 unit.

𝜋
0 ≤ arg(𝑧 + 1) ≤
4
Vertex of angle at −1 + 0𝑖 or (−1, 0).

5f i

5f ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5g |𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖| ≤ 3
|𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖| = 3 is a circle with centre −1 + 2𝑖 or (−1, 2) and radius 3 units.

𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ arg 𝑧 ≤
3 4
Vertex of angle at (0, 0).

5g i

5g ii

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5h |𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| ≤ 5
|𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 5 is a circle with centre 3 + 𝑖 or (3, 1) and radius 5 units.

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
|𝑧 + 1| ≤ |𝑧 − 1|

|(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) + 1| ≤ |(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 1|

|(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦 | ≤ |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦|
|(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦 | ≤ |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦|
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 + 1)2 ≤ (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥≤0

5h i

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5h ii

6a (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )2 − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 2 = 16𝑖

𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) = 16𝑖

4𝑖𝑥𝑦 = 16𝑖
4𝑥𝑦 = 16
4
𝑦=
𝑥

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

6b (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )2 − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 2 = 12𝑖

𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) = 12𝑖

4𝑖𝑥𝑦 = 12𝑖
4𝑥𝑦 = 12
3
𝑦=
𝑥

7a |𝑧 − 3𝑖| = Im(𝑧 )
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 3𝑖| = 𝑦
|𝑥 + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 3)| = 𝑦

|𝑥 + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 3)|2 = 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
1 2
𝑦= (𝑥 + 9)
6

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

7b |𝑧 + 2| = −Re(𝑧 )
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2| = −𝑥
|(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦 | = −𝑥
|(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦 |2 = 𝑥 2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2
4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 0
1
𝑥 = − (1 + 𝑦 2 )
4

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

7c |𝑧 | = Re(𝑧 + 2)
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 | = Re(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2)

|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 | = Re((𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦)

|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 | = 𝑥 + 2
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 |2 = (𝑥 + 2)2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 4
1 2
𝑥= 𝑦 −1
4

7d |𝑧 − 𝑖| = Im(𝑧 + 𝑖)
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖| = Im(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖)
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖| = Im(𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1))
|𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)| = 𝑦 + 1
|𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)|2 = (𝑦 + 1)2

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2 = 4𝑦
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
4
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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

8a Im(𝑧 ) = |𝑧 |
Im(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 |
𝑦 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|
𝑦 2 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| 2
𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥2 = 0
𝑥=0
Since we have taken the square, we must check if this works in the case where
𝑦 < 0. We can show it does not by considering 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0. In this case,
Im(z) = −1 but |𝑧 | = 1. Thus, the solution is 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑦 ≥ 0.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

4
8b Re (1 − ) = 0
𝑧

4𝑧̅
Re (1 − )=0
𝑧𝑧̅
4𝑧̅
Re (1 − )=0
|𝑧 |2
4(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
Re (1 − )=0
|𝑧 |2
4𝑥 4𝑦
Re (1 − 2
+𝑖 2)=0
|𝑧 | |𝑧 |
4𝑥
1− =0
|𝑧 |2
4𝑥
1=
|𝑧 |2
4𝑥 = |𝑧 |2 (𝑧 ≠ 0)
4𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

Circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 2 units, omitting the origin.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1
8c Re (𝑧 − ) = 0
𝑧

1𝑧̅
Re (𝑧 − )=0
𝑧𝑧̅
𝑧̅
Re (𝑧 − )=0
|𝑧 |2
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
Re (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − )=0
|𝑧 |2
𝑥 𝑦
Re (𝑥 − + 𝑖 (𝑦 + )) = 0
|𝑧 |2 |𝑧 |2
𝑥
𝑥− =0
|𝑧 |2
𝑥
𝑥=
|𝑧 |2
𝑥 = 𝑥|𝑧 |2 (𝑧 ≠ 0)
1 = |𝑧 |2 (since 𝑧 ≠ 0)
1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 1 unit (omitting the origin).

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

9a
𝑧−2 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧 2
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 2) − arg 𝑧 =
2
Consider point 𝐴 = 2 + 0𝑖 = 2 and point 𝐵 = 0 + 0𝑖 = 0.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 =
2
Hence the chord 𝐴𝐵 forms the diameter of the circle so 𝐶 = 1 + 0𝑖 and radius is 1
unit.

9b
𝑧−1+𝑖 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧−1−𝑖 2
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖) − arg(𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖) =
2
Consider point 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑖 and point 𝐵 = 1 + 𝑖.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 =
2
Hence the chord 𝐴𝐵 forms the diameter of the circle so 𝐶 = 1 + 0𝑖 and radius is 1
unit.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

9c
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧+𝑖 4
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 𝑖) − arg(𝑧 + 𝑖) =
4
Consider point 𝐴 = 𝑖 and point 𝐵 = −𝑖.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋 𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = (angles at the centre and circumference)
4 2
𝜋
So ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = (base angles of isosceles triangle)
4
𝜋 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐶
Using Δ𝐴𝑂𝐶, tan = = so 𝑂𝐶 = 1.
4 𝑂𝐴 1
Hence 𝐶 = −1 + 0𝑖 and 𝐴𝐶 = √12 + 12 = √2 is its radius.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

9d
𝑧+1 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧−3 3
𝜋
arg(𝑧 + 1) − arg(𝑧 − 3) =
3
Consider point 𝐴 = −1 + 0𝑖 and point 𝐵 = 3 + 0𝑖.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋 2𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = (angles at the centre and circumference)
3 3
𝜋
So ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = (base angles of isosceles triangle)
6
Let 𝐷 be the point at 1 + 0𝑖 (midpoint of 𝐴𝐵).
𝜋 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 1 2
Using Δ𝐴𝐷𝐶, tan = = so 𝐶𝐷 = 2 × = .
6 𝐴𝐷 2 √3 √3

2 2 2 4
Hence 𝐶 = 1 − 𝑖 and 𝐴𝐶 = √22 + ( ) = is its radius.
√3 √3 √3

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

9e
𝑧 − 2𝑖 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧 + 2𝑖 6
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 2𝑖) − arg(𝑧 + 2𝑖) =
6
Consider point 𝐴 = 2𝑖 and point 𝐵 = −2𝑖.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋 𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = (angles at the centre and circumference)
6 3
𝜋
So ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = (base angles of isosceles triangle)
3
𝜋 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐶
Using Δ𝐴𝑂𝐶, tan = = so 𝑂𝐶 = 2 × √3 = 2√3.
3 𝑂𝐴 2

Hence 𝐶 = −2√3 + 0𝑖 and 𝐴𝐶 = √22 + (2√3)2 = 4 is its radius.

9f
𝑧 3𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧+4 4
3𝜋
arg(𝑧 ) − arg(𝑧 + 4) =
4
Consider point 𝐴 = 0 + 0𝑖 and point 𝐵 = −4 + 0𝑖.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
3𝜋 𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = (angles at the centre and circumference)
4 2
𝜋
So ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = (base angles of isosceles triangle)
4
Let 𝐷 be the point at −2 + 0𝑖 (midpoint of 𝐴𝐵).
𝜋 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
Using Δ𝐴𝐷𝐶, tan = = so 𝐶𝐷 = 2 × 1 = 2.
4 𝐴𝐷 2
Hence 𝐶 = −2 − 2𝑖 and 𝐴𝐶 = √22 + 22 = √8 is its radius.

10a

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I
𝜋
𝑧 lies somewhere on the red line (as arg 𝑧 = ). Now, |𝑧 − 2𝑖| ≥ 1 on and outside
3
the black circle which has centre 2𝑖 and radius 1. Hence, we can see that
|𝑧 − 2𝑖| ≥ 1.

10b To find the solution we must find the point where the line and the circle in the
above diagram touch.
The distance between the origin and the point where the line touches the circle is

√22 − 12 = √3 (using the Pythagorean theorem)

𝜋 𝜋
Since arg 𝑧 = and |𝑧 | = √3, 𝑧 = √3cis .
3 3

3√ 3
11a arg(𝑧 + 3) = tan −1
3
𝜋
arg(𝑧 + 3) =
3

11b 𝑧 will take on the minimum value when it is perpendicular to the line in the
5𝜋 𝜋 |𝑧| 𝜋 √3
argand diagram, hence arg 𝑧 = . cos = , thus |𝑧 | = 3 cos = 3 ( ).
6 6 3 6 2

3√ 3 5𝜋
Thus |𝑧 | = , arg 𝑧 = .
2 6

11c

3 √3 5𝜋
|𝑧 | = cis
2 6
3 √3 5𝜋 5𝜋
= (cos + 𝑖 sin )
2 6 6
9 3 √3
=− + 𝑖
4 4

12a |𝑧 − 1| = 2

Circle with centre at (1, 0) and radius 2 units.

Alternatively,
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1| = 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

|(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦 | = 2
|(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦 |2 = 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

The maximum and minimum values of |𝑧| are given by the maximum and
minimum distance of a point on the circle to the origin. From the diagram, the
farthest point is at 𝑧 = 3 whilst the closest is at 𝑧 = −1. Thus, the maximum and
minimum values for |𝑧| are 3 and 1 respectively.

12b Re(𝑧 ) ≤ 2
𝑥≤2

|𝑧 − 3| = 2

Circle with centre (3, 0) and radius 2 units.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

When 𝑥 = 2,
(2 − 3) 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

1 + 𝑦2 = 4
𝑦2 = 3

𝑦 = ±√3

So the point with distance on the arc furthest from the origin is (2, ±√3). Hence
2
|𝑧 | = √22 + (±√3) = √4 + 3 = √7 so the maximum value is √7. Observe from
the diagram that the minimum value is when the arc intersects the 𝑥-axis. This is
when |𝑧 | = 1.

So 1 ≤ |𝑧 | ≤ √7.

13a i Circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 1 unit.

13a ii As is shown in the diagram, the maximum value of arg 𝑧 occurs when the vector
1 𝜋
formed by 𝑧 is a tangent to the circle. This is when arg 𝑧 = sin−1 = .
2 6
𝜋 𝜋
Hence − ≤ arg 𝑧 ≤ .
6 6

13b This is simply part (a) shifted left by 2 units.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

14a |𝑤| = 10
𝜋
0 ≤ arg 𝑤 ≤
2
These two constraints give that 𝑤 lies on a circle of radius 10, centred at the
origin restricted to the first quadrant. 𝑧 is 𝑤 translated by 3 + 4𝑖, hence it is a
circle of radius 10, centred (3, 4) restricted to the upper right-hand quarter.

14b The maximum value of 𝑧 occurs when the vector for 𝑧 passes through the origin.
The distance from the origin to the centre of the circle is √42 + 32 = 5. The
distance from the centre to the outside of the circle is 10 units. Hence the
maximum value of |𝑧| is 15.

4
14c arg 𝑧 = tan−1
3

Hence the value of 𝑧 for which this occurs is

4
15 cis (tan−1 )
3
4 4
= 15 cos (tan−1 ) + 15𝑖 sin (tan−1 )
3 3
3 4
= 15 × + 15𝑖 ×
√32 + 42 √32 + 42
= 9 + 12𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

15a |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟
|𝑧 − 𝑧0 |2 = 𝑟 2

(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) = 𝑟 2
(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )(𝑧̅ − 𝑧̅0 ) = 𝑟 2

𝑧𝑧̅ − (𝑧𝑧̅0 + 𝑧̅𝑧0 ) + 𝑧0 𝑧̅0 − 𝑟 2 = 0

15b i 𝑧𝑧̅ − (𝑧 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

(−2) + 𝑧̅(−2)) + (−2)̅̅̅̅
−2 − 22 = 0

Hence using the above result

|𝑧 + 2| = 2

This is a circle with centre −2 + 0𝑖 or (−2, 0) and radius 2 units.

15b ii 𝑧𝑧̅ − (𝑧 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

(1 + 𝑖) + 𝑧̅(1 + 𝑖) ) + (1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) − 2 + 1 = 0

𝑧𝑧̅ − (𝑧 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(1 + 𝑖) + 𝑧̅(1 + 𝑖)) + (1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) − 1 = 0

|𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖)| = 1
This is a circle with centre 1 + 𝑖 or (1, 1) and radius 1 unit.

1 1
15b iii + = 1
𝑧 𝑧̅

𝑧𝑧̅ 𝑧𝑧̅
+ = 𝑧𝑧̅
𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 𝑧𝑧̅
𝑧𝑧̅ − (𝑧 + 𝑧̅) + (1)(1) − 1 = 0
|𝑧 − 1| = 1

This is a circle with centre 1 + 0𝑖 or (1, 0) and radius 1 unit.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

16a The line through 1 and 𝑖, omitting 𝑖.

𝑧−1
𝑧−𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖
(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑥 + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 1)
((𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑖(𝑦 − 1))
=
(𝑥 + 𝑖 (𝑦 − 1))(𝑥 − 𝑖 (𝑦 − 1))

𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖(−(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1) + 𝑥𝑦 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1)

=
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1) 2
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1) + 𝑖(−𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥𝑦)
=
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1) + 𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)
=
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
If the fraction is real, then the imaginary part must be equal to zero, hence
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥+𝑦−1 =0 (𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1) 2 ≠ 0)
𝑥+𝑦 = 1 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (1, 0)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

16b The circle with diameter joining 1 and 𝑖, omitting these two points.
Using the above equation, if the fraction is to be purely imaginary, it follows that
the real component is equal to zero.
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1)
=0
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦
=0
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦 = 0 (𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1) 2 ≠ 0)

1 2 1 2 1 1
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − ) = +
2 2 4 4
1 2 1 2 1
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − ) = (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (1, 0), (0, 1)
2 2 2

𝑧+𝑖
17a arg ( )=0
𝑧−1

<solution to come>

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑧+𝑖
17b arg ( )=𝜋
𝑧−1

<solution to come>

18a |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 1 is a circle with centre (2, 1) and radius 1 unit.

Observe that the vector passing through the origin and the centre of the circle
intersects the circle at the maximum and minimum values. The distance to the

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

centre of the circle is √22 + 12 = √5. The distance from the centre of the circle to
the circumference is 1 unit. Hence the minimum value of |𝑧| is √5 − 1 and the
maximum is √5 + 1.
To consider the maximum and minimum values of |𝑧 − 3𝑖| now consider the
vector passing through the point (0, 3) and the centre of the circle. The distance
between these two points is √(3 − 1) 2 + 22 = 2√2. Hence the minimum value of
|𝑧 − 3𝑖| is 2√2 − 1 and the maximum is 2√2 + 1.

18b The curve representing |𝑧 | = 3 is a circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius 3 units.

To consider the maximum and minimum values of |𝑧 + 5 − 𝑖| consider a line

passing through the point (−5, 1) and the centre of the circle. The distance
between these two points is √(−5)2 + 12 = √26. Hence the minimum value of
|𝑧 + 5 − 𝑖| is √26 − 3 and the maximum is √26 + 3.

18c i Like before, |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 represents a circle of centre 𝑧0 and radius 𝑟. The

distance to the centre of the circle from the origin is |𝑧|, thus the minimum
distance from the origin to the circle circumference is ||𝑧0 | − 𝑟| and the
maximum distance is ||𝑧0 | − 𝑟|. Hence ||𝑧0 | − 𝑟| ≤ |𝑧 | ≤ |𝑧0 | + 𝑟.

18c ii Like before, |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 represents a circle of centre 𝑧0 and radius 𝑟. The

distance to the centre of the circle from the origin is |𝑧|, thus the minimum
distance from 𝑧1 to the circle circumference is ||𝑧0 − 𝑧1 | − 𝑟| and the maximum
distance is ||𝑧0 − 𝑧1 | + 𝑟|. Hence, ||𝑧0 − 𝑧1 | − 𝑟| ≤ |𝑧 − 𝑧1 | ≤ |𝑧0 − 𝑧1 | + 𝑟.

18d In each case we let 𝑤 = 𝑟 and |𝑧| be |𝑧| or |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | and observe that the above
inequalities are produced.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1G Development questions

6a The coefficients of 𝑄(𝑥) are real, so complex zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.

6b 𝛼+𝛽+𝛿+𝛾=6
2𝑖 − 2𝑖 + 𝛿 + 𝛾 = 6
𝛿+𝛾 =6

𝛼𝛽𝛿𝛾 = 16
(2𝑖)(−2𝑖) 𝛿𝛾 = 16
4𝛿𝛾 = 16
𝛿𝛾 = 4
4
𝛿=
𝛾

4
+𝛾=6
𝛾
4 + 𝛾 2 = 6𝛾
𝛾 2 − 6𝛾 + 4 = 0

6 ± √62 − 4(1)(4)
𝛾=
2(1)
6 ± √20
=
2
6 ± 2√5
=
2
= 3 ± √5

6c i (𝑥 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 2𝑖)(𝑥 − 3 − √5)(𝑥 − 3 + √5)

6c ii (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 − 3 − √5)(𝑥 − 3 + √5)

6c iii (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

7a Since all the coefficients are real, and since 1 + 3𝑖 is a root, its complex conjugate,
1 − 3𝑖 must also be a root. The sum of the roots is
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿 =− = −(−3)
𝑎
1 + 3𝑖 + 1 − 3𝑖 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = 3
2+𝛾+𝛿 =3
𝛾+𝛿=1 (1)

The product of the roots is

𝑑
𝛼𝛽𝛿𝛾 = = −60
𝑎
(1 − 3𝑖 )(1 + 3𝑖) 𝛿𝛾 = −60

10𝛿𝛾 = −60
𝛿𝛾 = −6
6
𝛿=− (2)
𝛾

Substituting (2) into (1):

6
𝛾− =1
𝛾
𝛾2 − 6 = 𝛾
𝛾2 − 𝛾 − 6 = 0
(𝛾 − 3)(𝛾 + 2) = 0

𝛾 = −2 or 3
Hence 𝑥 = 1 ± 3𝑖, 3 or −2.

7b Since all the coefficients are real, and since 1 − 𝑖 is a root, its complex conjugate,
1 + 𝑖 must also be a root. The sum of the roots is
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿 =− = −(−6)
𝑎
1−𝑖+1+𝑖+𝛾+𝛿 =6
2+𝛾+𝛿 =6
𝛾+𝛿=4 (1)

The product of the roots is

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑑
𝛼𝛽𝛿𝛾 = = 10
𝑎
(1 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖)𝛿𝛾 = 10
2𝛿𝛾 = 10
𝛿𝛾 = 5
5
𝛿= (2)
𝛾

Substituting (2) into (1):

5
𝛾+ =4
𝛾
𝛾 2 + 5 = 4𝛾
𝛾 2 − 4𝛾 + 5 = 0

−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(5)

𝛾=
2
4 ± √−4
=
2
4 ± 2𝑖
=
2
=2±𝑖
Hence 𝑥 = 2 ± 𝑖, 1 ± 𝑖.

8a 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9
𝑃′ (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3
𝑃′ (3) = 4(3)3 − 15(3)2 + 8(3) + 3 = 0
Hence, 𝑥 = 3 is a double root.

8b The sum of the roots of the equation is

𝑏 −5
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿 =− =−
𝑎 1
3+3+𝛾+𝛿 = 5
𝛾 + 𝛿 = −1 (1)
𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = 9

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

(3)(3)𝛾𝛿 = 9

𝛾𝛿 = 1
1
𝛿= (2)
𝛾

Substituting (2) into (1):

1
𝛾+ = −1
𝛾
𝛾 2 + 1 = −𝛾
𝛾2 + 𝛾 + 1 = 0

−1 ± √12 − 4(1)(1)
𝛾=
2(1)

−1 ± √−3
=
2
−1 ± 3𝑖
=
2
1 √3 1 √3
Hence 𝑥 = 3, − + 𝑖, − − 𝑖.
2 2 2 2

9a Since 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑎 + 2𝑖𝑏 are roots, and since the coefficients of the equation are
real, their complex conjugates, 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑎 − 2𝑖𝑏 must also be roots.
The sum of the roots is
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿 =−
𝑎
−12
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 + 2𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 2𝑖𝑏 = −
1
4𝑎 = 12
𝑎=3

9b The product of the roots is

𝑑
𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 =
𝑎
𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = 130
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 + 2𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 2𝑖𝑏 ) = 130

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 + 2𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 2𝑖𝑏 ) = 130

(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 ) = 130

Since 𝑎 = 3
(32 + 𝑏 2 )(32 + 4𝑏 2 ) = 130
(9 + 𝑏 2 )(9 + 4𝑏 2 ) = 130

81 + 36𝑏 2 + 9𝑏 2 + 4𝑏 4 = 130
4𝑏 4 + 45𝑏 2 − 49 = 0
4(𝑏 2 )2 + 45𝑏 2 − 49 = 0
(4𝑏 2 + 49)(𝑏 2 − 1) = 0
49
𝑏2 = − or 𝑏 2 = 1
4

Since 𝑏 is real, 𝑏 2 ≥ 0, thus 𝑏 2 = 1.

Hence 𝑏 = ±1
Since 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 = 1.

9c The roots are 3 ± 𝑖, 3 ± 2𝑖, hence as a product of roots, the polynomial is

(3 − 𝑖)(3 + 𝑖)(3 − 2𝑖)(3 + 2𝑖)
which is
(𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10)(𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 13)

10a 𝑃(2𝑖) = (2𝑖) 3 + 𝑘(2𝑖) 2 + 6

= −8𝑖 − 4𝑘 + 6
= (6 − 4𝑘) − 8𝑖

10b 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 4)𝑄 (𝑥 ) − 4𝑥 − 6
𝑃 (2𝑖) = ((2𝑖) 2 + 4) 𝑄(2𝑖) − 4(2𝑖) − 6
= (−4 + 4)𝑄(2𝑖) − 8𝑖 − 6
= 0 − 8𝑖 − 6
= −8𝑖 − 6

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Equating this to the result in part a gives,

(6 − 4𝑘) − 8𝑖 = −8𝑖 − 6
4𝑘 − 6 = 6
4𝑘 = 12
𝑘=3

11a 𝑃(−𝑖) = (−𝑖)3 − (−𝑖)2 + 𝑚 (−𝑖) + 𝑛

= 𝑖 + 1 − 𝑖𝑚 + 𝑛
= (1 + 𝑛) + 𝑖(1 − 𝑚)

11b 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑄(𝑥) + 6𝑥 − 3

𝑃(−𝑖) = ((−𝑖)2 + 1)𝑄(−𝑖) + 6(−𝑖) − 3
= (−1 + 1)𝑄(−𝑖) − 6𝑖 − 3
= −6𝑖 − 3
Equating this to the result in part a gives,
(1 + 𝑛) + 𝑖(1 − 𝑚) = −6𝑖 − 3
Equating real parts,
1 + 𝑛 = −3
𝑛 = −4
Equating imaginary parts,
1 − 𝑚 = −6
𝑚=7
Hence 𝑚 = 7, 𝑛 = −4.

12a By the remainder theorem the remainder is

𝑃 (−2𝑖) = (−2𝑖) 3 + (−2𝑖) 2 + 6(−2𝑖) − 3
= 8𝑖 − 4 − 12𝑖 − 3
= −7 − 4𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

12b i By the remainder theorem the remainder is

𝑃 (2𝑖) = (2𝑖) 3 + (2𝑖)2 + 6(2𝑖) − 3
= −8𝑖 − 4 + 12𝑖 − 3
= −7 + 4𝑖

12b ii Since we are dividing by a degree 2 polynomial, the remainder will be of degree
1, hence
𝑃 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 4)𝑄 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑃 (2𝑖) = ((2𝑖) 2 + 4) 𝑄(𝑥 ) + 𝑎 (2𝑖) + 𝑏
−7 + 4𝑖 = (−4 + 4)𝑄 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎(2𝑖) + 𝑏
−7 + 4𝑖 = (0)𝑄 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎(2𝑖) + 𝑏
−7 + 4𝑖 = 2𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏 (1)

𝑃 (−2𝑖) = ((−2𝑖) 2 + 4) 𝑄(𝑥 ) + 𝑎 (−2𝑖) + 𝑏

−7 − 4𝑖 = (−4 + 4)𝑄 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎(−2𝑖) + 𝑏
−7 − 4𝑖 = (0)𝑄 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎(−2𝑖) + 𝑏
−7 − 4𝑖 = −2𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏 (2)
Adding (1) and (2):
−14 = 2𝑏
𝑏 = −7
Subtracting (2) from (1):
8𝑖 = 4𝑎𝑖
𝑎=2
Hence the remainder is 2𝑥 − 7.

5
13a 𝑃(𝑖𝑤 ) = (𝑖𝑤) 8 − (𝑖𝑤)4 + 1
2

5
= (𝑖 8 𝑤 8 ) − (𝑖 4 𝑤 4 ) + 1
2
5
= 𝑤8 − 𝑤4 + 1
2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

= 𝑃 (𝑤 )
=0 (since 𝑤 is a root)

1 1 8 5 1 4
𝑃( )=( ) − ( ) +1
𝑤 𝑤 2 𝑤
1 5
= − +1
𝑤 8 2𝑤 4
1 5
= 8
(1 − 𝑤 4 + 𝑤 8 )
𝑤 2
1 5
= 8
(𝑤 8 − 𝑤 4 + 1)
𝑤 2
1
= 𝑃 (𝑤 )
𝑤8
1
= (0) (since 𝑤 is a root)
𝑤8
=0
1
Hence 𝑤 and are both roots of the equation.
𝑤

13b Factorising the equation (treating it as a quadratic with 𝑧 4 as the variable) gives
1 4
𝑃 (𝑧 ) = (𝑧 4 − 2)(2𝑧 4 − 1) so one root is 𝑧 = √2.
2

13c 𝑧 8 equation, so, 8 roots exist.

𝑧4 − 2 = 0
4
𝑧 = ± √2
From parts(a) and (b),
4 1 𝑖
±𝑖 √2; ± 4 and ± 4 are also the roots of the equation
√2 √2

14a 𝑃(𝑥) had minimum value 𝐵, when 𝑥 = 0. We know that this is a minimum as
since 𝐴 > 0 for all real 𝑥 it will be the case that 𝑥 4 + 𝐴𝑥 2 ≥ 0.
Since 𝐵 > 0, it follows that 𝑃(𝑥 ) > 0 for all real values of 𝑥.

14b −𝑖𝑐, −𝑖𝑑; the coefficients of 𝑃(𝑥) are real, so zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

14c Since 𝑖𝑐 is a root,

𝑃 (𝑖𝑐) = 0
(𝑖𝑐) 4 + 𝐴(𝑖𝑐) 2 + 𝐵 = 0

𝑐 4 − 𝐴𝑐 2 + 𝐵 = 0
Similarly, since 𝑖𝑑 is a root,
𝑑4 − 𝐴𝑑2 + 𝐵 = 0
Adding these two equations together gives
𝑐 4 − 𝐴𝑐 2 + 𝐵 + 𝑑4 − 𝐴𝑑2 + 𝐵 = 0
𝑐 4 + 𝑑4 = 𝐴(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 ) − 2𝐵
Now, the product of the pairs of the roots will be
𝑐
(𝑖𝑐)(−𝑖𝑐) + (𝑖𝑑)(−𝑖𝑑) + (𝑖𝑐)(𝑖𝑑) + (−𝑖𝑐)(𝑖𝑑) + (𝑖𝑐)(−𝑖𝑑) + (−𝑖𝑐)(−𝑖𝑑) =
𝑎
𝐴
𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 =
1
𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 = 𝐴
Hence
𝑐 4 + 𝑑4 = 𝐴2 − 2𝐵

15a They form a conjugate pair, since 𝑃(𝑥) has real coefficients.

15b 𝑃′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑐
Since the graph has turning points, there must be real values of 𝑥 such that
𝑃′ (𝑥 ) = 0. That is for
3𝑥 2 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = −3𝑥 2
Since 𝑥 and 𝑐 are real in this case, it follows that 𝑐 < 0

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

15c

15d The sum of the products of the roots will be

(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) + 𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ) + 𝑘 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) = 𝑐

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑘𝑎 = 𝑐
2𝑘𝑎 = 𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1
𝑘= (𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
2𝑎
Now since 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 0 it follows that −𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ≤ 0 and hence from part (b),
𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ≤ 0. Thus 2𝑘𝑎 < 0. Since 𝑘 < 0 it follows that 𝑎 > 0 as required.

15e Roots of the equation are: 𝑘, 𝑎 ± 𝑖𝑏

Sum of the roots:
0 = 𝑘 + (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ) + (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
𝑘 = −2𝑎 (1)
Sum of products of two roots:
𝑐 = 𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ) + 𝑘 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) + (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= 2𝑘𝑎 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Substituting (1):
𝑐 = 2(−2𝑎) + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑏 2 − 3𝑎2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑏 2 = 𝑐 + 3𝑎2 (2)
Product of the roots:
−𝑑 = 𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 )
Substituting (1):
−𝑑 = (−2𝑎)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑑 = 2𝑎 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
Substituting (2):
𝑑 = 2𝑎 (𝑎2 + 3𝑎2 + 𝑐)
= 8𝑎3 + 2𝑎𝑐

16a The minimum stationary point is at 𝑥 = 1. 𝑓(1) = 𝑘 − 2 > 0. Hence the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) has only one 𝑥-intercept which lies to the left of the maximum stationary
point at 𝑥 = −1.

16b 𝑓(𝑥) has real coefficients.

16c Let 𝛼 be the third root of the equation, the sum of the roots is
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 + 𝛼 = 0
Hence the third root is
𝛼 = −2𝑎
The sum of the products of pairs gives:
−2𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ) − 2𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) = −3
−4𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = −3
𝑏 2 = 3𝑎2 − 3
𝑏 2 = 3(𝑎2 − 1)

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

16d The product of the roots is

−2𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ) = −2702

−2𝑎 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = −2702

−2𝑎(𝑎2 + 3(𝑎2 − 1)) = −2702

−2𝑎 (4𝑎2 − 1) = −2702

−8𝑎3 + 2𝑎 = −2702
8𝑎3 − 2𝑎 + 2702 = 0
4𝑎3 − 𝑎 + 1351 = 0
Since 𝑎 is an integer, it must also be a factor of 1351. The smallest factor greater
than 1 is 7. Substituting 7 into the equation solves it, hence 𝑎 = −2 × 7 = −14
and 𝑏 2 = 3(72 − 1) = 144 so 𝑏 = ±12.
Thus the roots of the equation are −14, 7 ± 12𝑖.

2𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
17 𝑃 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0 + 1 + + +⋯+
2! 3! 𝑛!

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑃 ′ (𝑥 ) = 1+ 𝑥 + + ⋯+
2! (𝑛 − 1) !
Double roots will occur if any root occurs at maxima or minima. That is,
𝑃 (𝑎) = 0 for 𝑎 such that 𝑃′ (𝑎) = 0
𝑃 (𝑋 ) − 𝑃 ′ (𝑋 ) = 0
For this case:
𝑥𝑛
𝑃 (𝑋 ) − 𝑃 ′ (𝑋 ) = ,
𝑛!
so the only point where double roots can occur is 𝑥 = 0,
but 𝑃 (𝑋 = 0) = 1, hence no double roots.

18a 𝑃(−1 + 2𝑖)

= (−1 + 2𝑖)4 + 4(−1 + 2𝑖) 3 + 14(−1 + 2𝑖) 2 + 20(−1 + 2𝑖) + 25
= −7 + 24𝑖 + 44 − 8𝑖 − 42 − 56𝑖 − 20 + 40𝑖 + 25
=0
𝑃′ (𝑥 ) = 4𝑧 3 + 12𝑧 2 + 28𝑧 + 20

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑃′ (−1 + 2𝑖)
= 4(−1 + 2𝑖) 3 + 12(−1 + 2𝑖)2 + 28(−1 + 2𝑖) + 20
= 44 − 8𝑖 − 36 − 48𝑖 − 28 + 56𝑖 + 20
=0

18b −1 + 2𝑖 is a double zero of 𝑃(𝑧).

18c The coefficients of 𝑃(𝑧) are real and −1 + 2𝑖 counts as two of the zeroes of 𝑃(𝑧)
so its conjugate −1 − 2𝑖 must also count as two zeroes.

18d 𝑃(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖) 2 (𝑧 + 1 + 2𝑖) 2

= (𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5) 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

Solutions to Exercise 1H Chapter Review

1a 6𝑧 − 𝑤
̅

= 6(3 − 𝑖) − ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(17 + 𝑖)
= 18 − 6𝑖 − (17 − 𝑖)
= 1 − 5𝑖

1b 𝑧3
= (3 − 𝑖 )3
= (3 − 𝑖)(3 − 𝑖) 2
= (3 − 𝑖)(9 − 6𝑖 + 𝑖 2 )
= (3 − 𝑖)(8 − 6𝑖)

= 24 − 18𝑖 − 8𝑖 + 6𝑖 2
= 18 − 26𝑖

1c
𝑤
𝑧
17 + 𝑖
=
3−𝑖
(17 + 𝑖)(3 + 𝑖)
=
(3 − 𝑖)(3 + 𝑖)
51 + 20𝑖 + 𝑖 2
=
9 − 𝑖2
51 + 20𝑖 − 1
=
9+1
50 + 20𝑖
=
10
= 5 + 2𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

2a 𝑧 2 + 100
= 𝑧 2 − 100𝑖 2
= 𝑧 2 − (10𝑖 )2
= (𝑧 + 10𝑖)(𝑧 − 10𝑖 )

2b 𝑧 2 + 10𝑧 + 34
Using the quadratic formula,

−10 ± √102 − 4(1)(34)

𝑧=
2(1)

−10 ± √−36
=
2
−10 ± 6𝑖
=
2
= −5 ± 3𝑖

Hence, the equation can be written as

(𝑧 − (−5 − 3𝑖))(𝑧 − (−5 + 3𝑖))

= (𝑧 + 5 + 3𝑖)(𝑧 + 5 − 3𝑖)

3a 𝑧 2 − 8𝑧 + 25 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,

−(−8) ± √(−8)2 − 4(1)(25)

𝑧=
2×1
8 ± √64 − 100
=
2
8 ± √−36
=
2
8 ± 6𝑖
=
2
= 4 ± 3𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

3b 16𝑧 2 + 16𝑧 + 13 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,

−16 ± √162 − 4(16)(13)

𝑧=
2(16)

−16 ± √162 − 4(16)(13)

=
2(16)

−16 ± √256 − 832

=
32
−16 ± √−576
=
32
−16 ± 24𝑖
=
32
1 3
=− ± 𝑖
2 4

4a Let 𝑧 be a square root of 5 − 12𝑖, then

𝑧 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Since 𝑧 2 = 5 − 12𝑖
5 − 12𝑖 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Equating real parts,
5 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
−12 = 2𝑎𝑏
6
𝑏=− (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

6 2
5= 𝑎2 − (− )
𝑎
36
5 = 𝑎2 −
𝑎2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5𝑎2 = 𝑎4 − 36
𝑎4 − 5𝑎2 − 36 = 0
(𝑎2 − 9)(𝑎2 + 4) = 0

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 ≥ 0, hence 𝑎2 − 9 = 0. Thus (𝑎 − 3)(𝑎 + 3) = 0 so 𝑎 = ±3.

When 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −2 and when 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = 2 so the roots are 𝑧 = ±(3 − 2𝑖).

4b Let 𝑧 be a square root of 7 + 6√2𝑖, then

𝑧 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖

Since 𝑧 2 = 7 + 6√2𝑖

7 + 6√2𝑖 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Equating real parts,
7 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,

6√2 = 2𝑎𝑏

3√2
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):
2
3√2
7= 𝑎2 −( )
𝑎
18
7 = 𝑎2 −
𝑎2
7𝑎2 = 𝑎4 − 18
𝑎4 − 7𝑎2 − 18 = 0
(𝑎2 − 9)(𝑎2 + 2) = 0

Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 ≥ 0, hence 𝑎2 − 9 = 0. Thus (𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 − 3) = 0 so 𝑎 = ±3.

3
When 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = √2 and when 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = −√2
2

so the roots are 𝑧 = ±(3 + √2𝑖).

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

5a 𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + (7 + 𝑖) = 0
25 25
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + )− + (7 + 𝑖 ) = 0
4 4
5 2 3
(𝑧 − ) + + 𝑖 = 0
2 4
5 2 3
(𝑧 − ) = − − 𝑖
2 4
3
Let 𝜆2 be a square root of − − 𝑖,
4

𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Equating real parts,
3
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = − (1)
4

Equating imaginary parts,

2𝑎𝑏 = −1
1
𝑏=− (2)
2𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

1 2 3
𝑎2 − (− ) =−
2𝑎 4
1 3
𝑎2 − 2
=−
4𝑎 4
4𝑎4 − 1 = −3𝑎2
4𝑎4 + 3𝑎2 − 1 = 0

−3 ± √(−3)2 − 4(4)(−1)
𝑎2 =
2(4)

−3 ± √25
=
8
−3 ± 5
=
8
1
= −1 or
4

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1 1
Since 𝑎 is real, 𝑎2 ≥ 0 and hence 𝑎2 = so 𝑎 = ± .
4 2
1 1 1
When 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = −1 and when 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = 1 so 𝜆 = ± ( − 𝑖)
2 2 2

5 1
𝑧− = ± ( − 𝑖)
2 2
𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 or 3 − 𝑖

5b 𝑧 2 − (6 + 𝑖)𝑧 + (14 + 8𝑖) = 0

Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= (−(6 + 𝑖)) − 4(1)(14 + 8𝑖)

= 36 + 12𝑖 − 1 − 56 − 32𝑖
= −21 − 20𝑖
Let 𝜆2 be a square root of −21 − 12𝑖,
𝜆2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Equating real parts,
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = −21 (1)
Equating imaginary parts,
𝑎𝑏 = −10
−10
𝑏= (2)
𝑎
Substituting (2) into (1):

10 2
𝑎2 − (− ) = −21
𝑎
100
𝑎2 − = −21
𝑎2
𝑎4 − 100 = −21𝑎2
𝑎4 + 21𝑎2 − 100 = 0
(𝑎2 + 25)(𝑎2 − 4) = 0

Since 𝑎2 ≥ 0, 𝑎2 = 4 and hence 𝑎 = ±2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

10
When 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = − = −5
2
10
When 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = − =5
−2

Thus 𝜆 = ±(2 − 5𝑖)

Hence the roots of the equation are
−𝑏 ± 𝜆
𝑧=
2𝑎
−(−(6 + 𝑖)) ± (2 − 5𝑖)
=
2(1)
6 + 𝑖 ± (2 − 5𝑖)
=
2
𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 or 4 − 2𝑖

6 ̅ = −3𝑖 is also a zero, so (𝑧 − 3𝑖)(𝑧 + 3𝑖) = 𝑧 2 + 9 is a factor.

3𝑖

7a The coefficients of 𝑃(𝑧) are real and hence the conjugate is also a root.

7b The sum of the zeroes is

𝑏
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =−
𝑎
−8
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =−
1
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =8

Hence
2 − 5𝑖 + 2 + 5𝑖 + 𝛾 = 8
4+𝛾=8
𝛾=4
So the third root is 4.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

7c 𝑃(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 − 4)(𝑧 − (2 − 5𝑖))(𝑧 − (2 + 5𝑖 ))

= (𝑧 − 4)(𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 29)

1
8a 𝑧 = √12 + 12 cis (tan−1 (− )) (4th quadrant)
1
𝜋
= √2 cis (− )
4

2 3
8b 𝑧 = √(3√3) + 32 cis (tan−1 ( )) (2nd quadrant)
−3√3

5𝜋
= 6 cis ( )
6

𝜋
9a 4 cis
2
𝜋 𝜋
= 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
2 2
= 4(0 + 𝑖 × 1)
= 4𝑖

3𝜋
9b √6 cis (− )
4

3𝜋 3𝜋
= √6 (cos − 𝑖 sin )
4 4
1 1
= √6 (− −𝑖 )
√2 √2
= −√3 − √3𝑖

𝜋 π
10a 2 cis × 3 cis
2 3
π 𝜋
= (3 × 2) cis ( + )
2 3
3𝜋 2𝜋
= 6 cis ( + )
6 6
5π
= 6 cis ( )
6
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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

10b
10cis10𝜃
5cis5𝜃
10
= cis(10𝜃 − 5𝜃)
5
= 2cis(5𝜃 )

10c (3cis3𝛼 ) 2
= 32 cis(3𝛼 × 2)
= 9cis(6𝛼 )

11a |𝑧 − 2𝑖| = 2
Circle with centre 2𝑖 or (0, 2) and radius 2 units.

11b |𝑧 | = |𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖|
Line equidistant from 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑖.

Alternatively,
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 | = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2 − 2𝑖|
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 | = |(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 2)𝑖|

|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 |2 = |(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 2)𝑖|2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

0 = −4𝑥 + 4 − 4𝑦 + 4
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 8
𝑥+𝑦 = 2
𝑦 =2−𝑥

11c
𝜋
arg(𝑧 + 2) = −
4
𝜋
Endpoint of line at −2 + 0𝑖 (not included) and line extending with angle − .
4

Alternatively,
𝜋
arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2) = −
4
𝜋
arg(𝑥 + 2 + 𝑖𝑦 ) = −
4
𝑦 𝜋
tan −1 ( )=− (𝑥 ≠ −2)
𝑥+2 4
𝑦 𝜋
= tan (− )
𝑥+2 4
𝑦
= −1
𝑥+2
𝜋
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2) (For 𝑥 < −2, 𝑦 > 0 and the slope cannot be − , so 𝑥 > −2)
4

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

11d
𝑧−1 𝜋
arg ( )=
𝑧+1 2
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 1) − arg(𝑧 + 1) =
2
Consider point 𝐴 = 1 + 0𝑖 and point 𝐵 = −1 + 0𝑖.
The set of points 𝑧 represents an arc of a circle with centre 𝐶 and chord 𝐴𝐵
where the point 𝑃 moves anticlockwise along the curve from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
with the endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 excluded.
𝜋
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 =
2
Hence the chord 𝐴𝐵 forms the diameter of the circle so 𝐶 = 0 + 0𝑖 and radius is 1
unit.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

12 From |𝑧 | ≥ 1 we get that |𝑧 |2 ≥ 12 and hence 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 1

From Re(z) ≤ 2 we get that 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 𝜋 𝑦
From − ≤ arg 𝑧 ≤ we get that − ≤ tan−1 ≤ and hence −√3 ≤ ≤ √3 so
3 3 3 𝑥 3 𝑥
−√3𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ √3𝑥.

13a
𝑧
𝑤
−1 + √3𝑖
=
1+𝑖
(−1 + √3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
=
(1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)

−1 + (1 + √3)𝑖 − √3𝑖 2
=
1 − 𝑖2
−1 + (1 + √3)𝑖 + √3
=
2
1 1
= (√3 − 1) + (√3 + 1)𝑖
2 2

2 √ 3
13b 𝑧 = √(−1)2 + (√3) cis (tan−1 ) (2nd quadrant)
−1

𝜋
= √4 cis (𝜋 − )
3
2𝜋
= 2 cis
3

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

1
𝑤 = √12 + 12 cis (tan−1 ) (1st quadrant)
1
𝜋
= √2 cis
4

13c
2𝜋
𝑧 2 cis
= 3
𝑤 √2 cis 𝜋
4
2 2𝜋 𝜋
= cis ( − )
√2 3 4
8𝜋 − 3𝜋
= √2 cis ( )
12
5𝜋
= √2 cis
12

13d Equating parts (a) and (c),

5𝜋 1 1
√2 cis = (√3 − 1) + (√3 + 1)𝑖
12 2 2
5𝜋 5𝜋 1 1
√2 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = (√3 − 1) + (√3 + 1)𝑖
12 12 2 2
Equating the real parts,
5𝜋 1
√2cos = (√3 − 1)
12 2
5𝜋 √3 − 1
cos =
12 2√2
(√3 − 1) √2
=
2(2)

√6 − √2
=
4

14a 𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑧 + 𝑧̅
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑥 2 − 𝑖 2 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 = 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Circle with centre (1, 0) and radius 1 unit.

14b 𝑧̅ = 𝑖𝑧
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑖 2 𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 0

The real and imaginary parts must both be equal to zero, hence
𝑥+𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = −𝑥

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

14c |𝑧 + 2| = 2|𝑧 − 4|
|(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) + 2| = 2|(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ) − 4|
|(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦 | = 2|(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑖𝑦 |
|(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦 |2 = 4|(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑖𝑦 |2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4((𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 64 + 4𝑦 2
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 60 + 3𝑦 2
0 = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20 + 𝑦 2
0 = (𝑥 − 6)2 − 36 + 20 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 − 6)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

Circle with centre (6, 0) and radius 4 units.

15a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝑂
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑄
= −𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

= −(4 − 2𝑖) + (7 + 3𝑖)

= 3 + 5𝑖

15b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (since 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is isosceles |𝑃𝑅 | = |𝑃𝑄| and since ∠𝑃 = 90° and hence
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑖𝑃𝑄
𝜋
arg 𝑃𝑅 = arg 𝑃𝑄 + = 𝑖 arg 𝑃𝑄). Hence
2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑖(3 + 5𝑖) = 3𝑖 + 5𝑖 2 = −5 + 3𝑖

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

15c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅
= 4 − 2𝑖 + (−5 + 3𝑖)
= −1 + 𝑖

16a Since there is a right angle at 𝑧1 and since two sides of the triangle are of equal
length, the sides 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 must satisfy the equation.
(𝑧3 − 𝑧1 ) = ±𝑖 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

(𝑧3 − (4 − 𝑖)) = ±𝑖 (2𝑖 − (4 − 𝑖))

𝑧3 − 4 + 𝑖 = ±𝑖(3𝑖 − 4)
𝑧3 = (4 − 𝑖) ± 𝑖(3𝑖 − 4)
𝑧3 = (4 − 𝑖) ± (−3 − 4𝑖)
𝑧 = 1 − 5𝑖 or 7 + 3𝑖

16b Since there is a right angle at 𝑧2 and since two sides of the triangle are of equal
length, the sides 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 and 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 must satisfy the equation.
(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 ) = ±𝑖(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
(𝑧3 − 2𝑖) = ±𝑖((4 − 𝑖) − 2𝑖)

𝑧3 − 2𝑖 = ±𝑖(4 − 3𝑖)
𝑧3 = 2𝑖 ± 𝑖(4 − 3𝑖)
𝑧3 = 2𝑖 ± (4𝑖 + 3)
𝑧 = 3 + 6𝑖 or −3 − 2𝑖

17 <solution to come>

18a arg(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝜋
= arg (2 cis + 2𝑖)
12
𝜋 π
= arg (2 cis + 2 cis )
12 2
𝜋 π
= arg (cis + cis )
12 2

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= arg (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin )
12 12 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= arg (cos + cos + 𝑖 (sin + sin ))
12 2 12 2
𝜋 𝜋
sin + sin
= tan −1
( 12 2)
𝜋 𝜋
cos + cos
12 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ −
2 sin (12 2 ) cos ( 12 2)
2 2
= tan−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ −
2 cos (12 2 ) cos (12 2 )
( 2 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
+
sin (12 2 )
2
= tan −1
𝜋 𝜋
+
cos ( 12 2)
( 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
+
= tan−1 (tan (12 2 ))
2

7𝜋
= tan−1 (tan )
24
7𝜋
=
24

18b arg(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝜋
= arg (2𝑖 − 2 cis )
12
π 𝜋
= arg (2 cis − 2 cis )
2 12
π 𝜋
= arg (cis − cis )
2 12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= arg (cos + 𝑖 sin − cos − 𝑖 sin )
2 2 12 12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= arg (cos − cos + 𝑖 (sin − sin ))
2 12 2 12

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝜋 𝜋
sin − sin
= tan−1 ( 2 12 )
𝜋 𝜋
cos − cos
2 12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ −
2 cos ( 2 12) sin ( 2 12)
2 2
−1
= tan 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ −
−2 sin ( 2 12 ) sin (2 12)
( 2 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
+
= tan−1 (− cot ( 2 12))
2

7𝜋
= tan−1 (− cot )
24
7𝜋
= tan−1 (cot (− ))
24
7𝜋
= tan−1 (cot (𝜋 − ))
24
17𝜋
= tan−1 (cot )
24
𝜋 17𝜋
= tan−1 (tan ( − ))
2 24
5𝜋
= tan−1 (tan (− ))
24
5𝜋
= tan−1 (tan (𝜋 − ))
24
19𝜋
= tan−1 (tan )
24
19𝜋
=
24

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

19 |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 |

arg((𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )2 ) = 2 arg(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
Now 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 bisects the angle between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 as 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 represent two sides
of a rhombus whilst 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is the diagonal, thus
arg(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
1
= (arg(𝑧1 ) + arg(𝑧2 ))
2
1
= arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 )
2
Hence arg((𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )2 )
= 2 arg(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
1
= 2 ( arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 ))
2
= arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 )

20
𝑧2 − 1
𝑧2 + 1
(cis𝜃 )2 − 1
=
(cis𝜃 )2 + 1
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )2 − 1
=
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )2 + 1
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 2 sin2 𝜃 − 1
=
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 2 sin2 𝜃 + 1
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 − 1
=
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 1
−(1 − cos2 𝜃) + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
=
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 1 − sin2 𝜃
− sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
=
cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃
2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 2 sin2 𝜃
=
2 cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

=
cos2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 (𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 )
=
cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= tan 𝜃 ( )
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= 𝑖 tan 𝜃 ( )
𝑖 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= 𝑖 tan 𝜃 ( )
𝑖 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 2 sin 𝜃
𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= 𝑖 tan 𝜃 ( )
𝑖 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= 𝑖 tan 𝜃

21a

∠𝑂𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − arg(𝐴𝐶
= arg(𝐴𝑂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − arg(𝐴𝑂
= arg(𝐴𝑂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − arg(−𝑂𝐴
= arg(−𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 )
= arg(−𝑧 ) − arg(−𝑧 + 1)
−𝑧
= arg ( )
−𝑧 + 1

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

𝑧
= arg ( )
𝑧−1

∠𝑂𝐶𝐵

= arg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐶𝑂 − arg 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − arg(𝐶𝑂
= arg(−𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − arg(−𝑂𝐶
= arg(−𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 )
1
= arg 1 − arg(−1 + )
𝑧

1
= arg ( )
1
−1 +
𝑧
𝑧
= arg ( )
−𝑧 + 1
𝑧
= arg ( )
1−𝑧
Hence ∠𝑂𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝑂𝐶𝐵.

22a

|𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | denotes the length of the black line in the diagram above. On the other
hand |𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 | is the difference in length between the green and blue lines. The
latter distance must be shorter (unless the blue and green lines overlap in which
case the two distances are equal). Thus |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 |.

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Complex numbers I

22b
4
|𝑧 − | = 2
𝑧
𝑧2 − 4
| |=2
𝑧

|𝑧 2 − 4|
=2
|𝑧|
|𝑧 2 − 4| = 2|𝑧 |
|𝑧 2 | − |4| ≤ 2|𝑧 |
|𝑧 |2 − 4 ≤ 2|𝑧 |
|𝑧 |2 − 2|𝑧 | − 4 ≤ 0
The maximum value of |𝑧| will occur when |𝑧 |2 − 2|𝑧 | − 4 = 0.

−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(−4)

|𝑧 | =
2(1)

2 ± √4 + 16
=
2
2 ± √20
=
2
2 ± 2√5
=
2
= 1 ± √5

So the maximum value is √5 + 1.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 127